2. Allan Paivio
Proposed that presenting information in both
visual and verbal form enhances recall and
recognition (Shelly, Gunter, & Gunter, 2012).
Dual Coding Theory: assumes that people
process information in two different ways;
processing of images and processing of
languages. (Shelly, et al., 2012).
3. Robert Gagne
Came up with 5 categories of learning (Shelly, et
al., 2012).
1. Verbal Information: can state what has been heard
2. Intellectual Skills: can discriminate between facts
and follow directions
3. Cognitive Strategies: reads books
4. Motor Skills: can use a mouse
5. Attitudes: learners enjoy reading
4. Howard Gardner
Theory of multiple Intelligences
Gardner has identified 8 intelligences:
linguistic, logical, spatial, kinesthetic,
musical, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and
naturalist
He believes that an individual is capable of
having all 8 intelligences, but some
intelligences will be more dominant than
others (Shelly, et al., 2012).
5. Benjamin Bloom
Shelly (2012) says that Bloom defined the
cognitive domain as a students’ intellectual
level, in other words, what students know
and how they organize ideas and thoughts.
From Bloom’s research, he concluded that
every child has the ability to learn.
6. Key Points of the Theory
Shelly (2012) stated that, “According to the
cognitive theory, activities like thinking and
remembering seem like a behavior, thus
providing an avenue to use behavior analysis
to measure their effect on learning”(p.261).
Atherton (2011) says cognitive theory is
interested in how people understand
material.
Aptitude and capacity to learn
7. Classroom Implications
Students need to stray away from lecturing
and get the students to actively participate.
Teachers should understand and incorporate
different learning styles.
Each student has a different type of
intelligence. They should use their dominant
intelligence, while also working to improve
their non dominant intelligences.
8. What I think about the Theory
As a teacher I will incorporate cognitive
learning into my lesson plans. I believe that
students gain from classroom participation. I
will find ways to incorporate different learning
styles to benefit every child. I strongly stress
this theory over behaviorism. Students are
NOT just “programmed animals” that merely
respond to environmental stimuli.
9. References
– Atherton J S (2011) Learning and
Teaching; Cognitive theories of learning [On-
line: UK] retrieved 12 November 2012 from
http://www.learningandteaching.info/learning/cog
nitive.htm
– Teachers Discovering Computers: Integrating
Technology in a Connected World (7th Ed.), Shelly,
Cashman, Gunter, and Gunter (2012).
10. Photo Resources
http://www.flickr.com/creativecommons
1. Taken by Aban Nesta taken on December
21, 2006
2. Taken by Kerry Ball on August 15, 2008
3. Taken by Nikki Jane on July 17, 2008
