Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto implemented several economic, land, education, and labor reforms during his time as Prime Minister of Pakistan from 1971 to 1977. This included nationalizing major industries, setting ceilings on land ownership, making education compulsory and free up to 10th grade, and passing laws to protect workers' rights. Bhutto also oversaw the introduction of a new socialist-leaning constitution in 1973 that established a parliamentary democracy, granted fundamental rights, and added some Islamic provisions like declaring Islam the state religion. Additionally, Bhutto signed the 1972 Simla Agreement with India to settle the 1971 war and improve diplomatic relations between the two countries.

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Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto
Economic Reforms:
 Nationalization, Govt. wanted to save people from adverse impact of
galloping prices. Govt. raised the wages and salaries which laid tremendous
inflationary stress on the economy. Nationalization programme could not
arrest inflation and also missed the corporatist element
Land Reforms (1st March 1972):
 It was promised of fixing a low ceiling, abolition of absentees, landlordism
and promotion of cooperative farming.
 Landholdings limited to 150 acres irrigated and 300 acres un-irrigated in
1972.
 Landholdings later limited to 100 acres irrigated and 200 un-irrigated in
1977.
 Rights of pre-emption were granted to the tenants for the area cultivated by
them, to ensure security to the tenancy rights.
 In 1975, small landholders of 12 acre irrigated and 25 acres un-irrigated
were exempted from land revenue and cesses.
 Generous tax deductions allowed for the purchase of agricultural
machinery, agriculture credit also channeled into financing mechanization.
Social or Educational Reforms:
 1st Phase of Educational policy announced in Oct, 1972.
 Education made compulsory up to class 8th.
 In 2nd Phase Education made compulsory and free up to class 10th.
Labor Reforms:
 Labor Law Ordinance 1975, to satisfy the militant labor force.

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 The industrialists & factory owners were made responsible for bearing the
expenditure of education of one child of every worker or labourer.
 Constitution of 1973: (Key Features)
 14 August 1973
 Democratic Creation
 Parliamentary System
 Bi-cameral Legislature
 Provincial Autonomy
 Fundamental Rights granted.
 Direct Elections
 Independence of Judiciary
 Protection of Rights of Minorities.
 Socialist flavor
 The guarantee of preserving the Constitution.
 Solution of Qadiyani issue
 The Separate Electoral system
 Urdu as State language
 Islamic Provisions:
o Objective Resolution in preamble.
o Sovereignty of Allah
o Islam as state religion
o Laws making in the light of Quran & Sunnah
o End of Usury
o Red Cross changed Red Crescent

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o Alcohol, gambling, and night clubs banned
o Sunday holiday were replaced with Friday.
o Establishment of Ministry of Religious Affairs.
o Copies of holy Quran placed in all the rooms of first class hotels.
o Enforcement of Zakat &Ushar.
o President & P.M must be Muslim.
o Definition of Muslim & the acceptance of Khatm-e-Nabuvvat in the
oath.
o The correct printing of Holy Quran
o The teaching of Arabic
o The formation of the Islamic Council
Simla Agreement or Accord:
 29 June—2 July, 1972
 Both countries shall respect each other’s borders, in line with the UN
Charter. In other words, the occupied territories shall be returned and the
troops shall be pulled back to the pre-war positions.
 Both take gradual steps to normalize their mutual relations, which included
restoration of communication & transport, increase in the cultural,
economic ties & diplomatic relations.
 Jammu & Occupied Kashmir’s cease fire line shall be respected.
 Both countries agreed to continue their talks about Kashmir and the return
of the prisoners of war.