Textile softener

AZMIR LATIF MSc in Textile Engineering
1
REPORT ON
TEXTILE
SOFTENER
MSc in
Textile
Engineering

2
General Introduction:
Softening agents are applied to textiles to improve their hand, drape, cutting
and sewing qualities. An effective softener must be readily dispersible in
rinse water and rapidly absorbed so that uniform deposition on the fabric can
occur within a relatively short treatment time and generally, exhaustion
should take place in about 5min for the softener to be effective and
economically usable. It must impart softness, fluffiness and lubricity to the
treated cloth and reduce static build-up, especially in the case of hydrophobic
fibers like cellulose acetate, nylon, polyester and acrylic fibers. These effects
should be obtained without the loss of fabric whiteness or brightness, and
then the treated fabric should retain its ability to absorb in subsequent use for
drying the body (bath towels) or other surfaces.
Fabric softener (also called fabric conditioner) is used to prevent static cling
and make fabric softer. It is available as a liquid or as dryer sheets. Popular
brand names include Downy (Lenor), Snuggle, Bounce, Comfort and Sta-
Soft.
Most modern washing machines have a dispenser which can add liquid
fabric softener to the load of laundry automatically on the final rinse; in
launderettes one may need to add it manually. Some brands of washing
powder have fabric conditioning built-in which is claimed to save money
when compared to buying ordinary washing powder and fabric softener
separately. Some fabric softeners are also claimed to make ironing easier or
to make clothes dry faster. For best results, un-diluted liquid fabric softener
should not be poured directly onto clothes.

3
Fabric softeners may also come in the form of dryer sheets, which are added
to clothing in the tumble dryer to soften the fabrics and prevent static. Many
alternative uses of dryer sheets have been suggested by users.
Fabric softeners work by coating the surface of the cloth fibers with a thin
layer of chemicals; these chemicals have lubricant properties and are
electrically conductive, thus making the fibers feel smoother and preventing
buildup of static electricity. Other functions are improvements of iron glide
during ironing, increased resistance to stains, and reduction of wrinkling.
Cationic softeners bind by electrostatic attraction to the negatively charged
groups on the surface of the fibers and neutralizing their charge; the long
aliphatic chains are then oriented towards the outside of the fiber, imparting
lubricity. Vinegar works on some materials in a similar way, as the hydrogen
ions bind to the anionic groups on the fibers.
The disadvantage of coating fibers by hydrophobic layer is in decreasing the
water absorption properties of the fabric, which may be undesirable in towels
and diapers. Therefore the cationic softeners are often combined with other
chemicals with lower affinity to the fibers. The use of fabric softener is
contraindicated in some articles, such as microfiber textiles.
Most good quality all-cotton towels do not need to be treated with fabric
softener and with repeated washings and dryings, they become softer
naturally. Over time, towels that have softened with fabric softener are less
absorbent

4
Literature Review (History):
A fabric softener is a liquid composition added to washing machines during
the rinse cycle to make clothes feel better to the touch. These products work
by depositing lubricating chemicals on the fabric that make it feel softer,
reduce static cling, and impart a fresh fragrance. The first fabric softeners
were developed by the textile industry during the early twentieth century. At
that time the process that was used to dye cotton fibers left them feeling
harsh. In the early 1900s, preparations known as cotton softeners were
developed to improve the feel of these fibers after dyeing. A typical cotton
softener consisted of seven parts water, three parts soap, and one part olive,
corn, or tallow oil. With advances in organic chemistry, new compounds
were created that could soften fabric more effectively. These improved
formulations soon found their way into the commercial market.
By the 1960s several major marketers, including Procter and Gamble, had
begun selling liquid fabric softener compositions for home use. The
popularity of these products dramatically increased over the next decade as
manufacturers developed new formulations that provided improved softness
and more appealing fragrances.
Despite their growing popularity, fabric softeners suffered from one major
disadvantage: the softener chemicals are not compatible with detergents and
therefore they can not be added to the washer until all the detergent has been
removed in the rinse cycle. Initially, this restriction required the consumer to
make an extra trip to the washing machine if they wanted to soften their
clothes. In the late 1970s manufacturers found a way to deliver fabric
softening benefits in a dryer sheet format. These sheets provide some of the
benefits of fabric softeners but give the added convenience of being able to

5
be added in the dryer instead of the washer rinse cycle. However, while dryer
sheets are very popular today, liquid softeners are still widely used because
they are more effective.
In the 1990s, environmentally minded manufacturers began test marketing
ultra-concentrated formulations. These "ultra" formulations are designed
such that only about one-quarter as much product has to be used and
therefore they can be packaged in smaller containers. However the perceived
value to the consumer is lower because there is less product and the price is
higher. It remains to be seen if these ultra concentrates will succeed in
today's marketplace.
By the end of the 1990s, annual sales of liquid fabric softeners in the United
States reached approximately $700 million (in supermarkets, drug stores,
and mass merchandisers). For the sake of comparison, about $400 million
worth of dryer sheets are sold each year. The major manufacturers such as
Procter and Gamble (Downy) and Lever Brothers (Snuggle), dominate about
90% of the market share while private label brands account for the remaining
10%.

6
Raw Materials
Conditioning agents:
Early fabric softener formulas were relatively simple dispersions of fatty
materials that would deposit on the fabric fibers after washing. One of the
most common ingredients used was dihydrogenated tallow dimethyl
ammonium chloride (DHTDMAC), which belongs to a class of materials
known as quaternary ammonium compounds, or quats. This kind of
ingredient is useful because part of the molecule has a positive charge that
attracts and binds it to negatively charged fabric fibers. This charge
interaction also helps disperse the electrical forces that are responsible for
static cling. The other part of the molecule is fatty in nature and it provides
the slip and lubricity that makes the fabric feel soft.
While these quats do soften fabrics very effectively, they also can make them
less absorbent. This is a problem for certain laundry items such as towels and
diapers. To overcome this problem, modern formulations use quats in
combination with other more effective ingredients. These newer compounds
have somewhat lower substantivity to fabric which makes them less likely to
interfere with water absorption.
One of the new classes of materials employed in fabric softener formulations
today is polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). Siloxane is a silicone based fluid
that has the ability to lubricate fibers to give improved softening and ease of
ironing. Other silicones used in softeners include amine-functional silicones,
amide-functional silicones and silicone gums. These silicone derivatives are
modified to be more substantive to fabric and can dramatically improve its
feel.

7
Emulsifiers:
The conditioning ingredients used in fabric softeners are not typically
soluble in water because of their oily nature. Therefore, another type of
chemical, known as an emulsifier, must be added to the formula to form a
stable mixture. Without emulsifiers the softener liquid would separate into
two phases, much like an oil and vinegar salad dressing does.
There are three types of emulsifiers used in fabric softener formulations:
micro-emulsions, macro-emulsions, and emulsion polymers. Macro-
emulsions are creamy dispersions of oil and water similar to hand lotions or
hair conditioners. The emulsifier molecules surround the hydrophobic oil or
silicone droplets and allow them to be dispersed in water. A micro-emulsion
is chemically similar, but it creates oil particles that are so small that light
will pass around them.
Therefore, a micro-emulsion is characterized by its clarity and transparency
as opposed to being milky white. Furthermore, one of the advantages of
micro-emulsion is that the silicone particles are so tiny that they will actually
penetrate into the fibers, while macro-emulsions only deposit on the fiber's
surface. The third type, emulsion polymers, creates dispersions that look
similar to a macro-emulsion. This system does not use true emulsifiers to
suspend and dissolve the oil phase. Instead, emulsion polymers create a
stabilized web of molecules that suspend the tiny silicone droplets like fish
caught in a net.
The emulsifying system used in softeners must be chosen carefully to ensure
the appropriate level of deposition on the fabric. A blend of non-ionic
emulsifiers (those that have no charge) and cationic emulsifiers (those that
have a positive charge) are typically used. Anionic surfactants (which have a

8
negative charge) are rarely used because the fabric conditioning agents have
a positive charge which would tend to destabilize an anionic emulsion.
Other ingredients:
In addition to conditioning agents and emulsifiers, fabric softeners contain
other ingredients to improve their aesthetic appeal and to ensure the product
will be shelf stable. For example, fragrance and color are added to make the
product more pleasing to consumers. In addition, emulsion stabilizers and
preservatives are used to ensure the product quality.
The Manufacturing Process:
The preferred method for manufacturing liquid softeners involves heating
the ingredients together in one large mixing vessel. Mixing tanks should be
constructed from high grade stainless steel to prevent attack from the
corrosive agents in the formula. The tank is typically equipped with a
jacketed shell that allows steam and cold water to be circulated, so the
temperature of the batch can be easily controlled. In addition the tank is
fitted with a propeller type mixer that is driven by a large electric motor.
This kind of mixing blade provides the high shear that is needed to properly
disperse the ingredients.
The first step in the manufacturing process is to fill the tank with the
specified amount of water. Water is added first because it acts as a carrier for
all the other ingredients. Deionized water is used because it is free from
metal ions that can affect the performance of the batch. Conventional
formulations can contain as much as 80-90% water.
Once the water has been added to the tank, heating and mixing is initiated.
When the water has reached the appropriate temperature, the emulsifiers are

9
added. Since these chemicals tend to be waxy solid materials they are added
at relatively high temperatures (between 158-176TF [70-80°C]). While the
order of addition depends on the specific formula, it usually more effective
to disperse the emulsifiers prior to adding the less water-soluble materials.
Emulsifiers are used between 1-10%, depending on the specific chemicals
that are selected.
The conditioning ingredients used in softeners are not typically water
soluble, so they are added to the water phase after the emulsifiers. For a
typical strength formulation about 5% is used. For more concentrated
formulations, levels of 10% are more common. When blends of quats and
silicones are used, the silicones are used at levels as low as 0.5-1.5%.
When pre-emulsified silicones are used in the formula they are added late in
the process when the temperature is lower and there is less mechanical
agitation in the batch. If higher molecular weight silicones are used that have
not been pre-emulsified they must be added to the batch at high temperatures
with a high level of agitation to ensure the silicone oil droplets are evenly
dispersed.
Heating and mixing continues until the batch is homogeneous. At this point
cool water is circulated around the tank to lower the temperature. As the
batch cools, the remaining ingredients, such as preservatives, dyes, and
fragrance, are added. These ingredients are used at much lower
concentrations, typically below no more than a few percent for fragrance and
less than 1% for preservatives and dyes. When the batch is complete, a
sample is sent to the analytical chemistry lab to ensure it meets quality
control standards for solids, pH, and viscosity. The completed batch may be
pumped to a filling line or stored in tanks until it is ready to be filled.

10
When the product is ready to be filled into the package, it is transferred to an
automated filling line. Plastic bottles are fed onto a conveyor belt that carries
them under a filling nozzle. At the filling head there is a large hopper that
holds the formulation and discharges a controlled amount, usually set by
volume, into the bottle. The filled package continues down the conveyor line
to a capping machine that applies the closure and tightens it. Finally, the
filled bottles are packed in cartons and stacked pallets for shipping.
Quality Control:
The finished fabric softer formulations are tested using a number of different
protocols. Simple laboratory tests are used to determine basic properties such
as pH, viscosity, and percent solids. These tests can help confirm that the
correct ingredients were added at the appropriate levels.
Other, more rigorous, tests are done to ensure the formulation is functioning
correctly. One such evaluation is a water absorbency test, sometimes called
the Drayes Wetting Test. This procedure involves dropping small pieces of
treated fabric onto water and recording the length of time required for the
fabric to sink. This measurement is taken 10 times to obtain an average
result.
Anti-wrinkle properties can be evaluated by asking panelists to rate samples
of fabric before they have been ironed. They are asked to numerically rate
the amount of wrinkling between the test sample and the fabric softener
treated sample. The test to measure ease of ironing is also done using trained
panelists.

11
These tests are performed on swatches of identical fabrics with the only
difference being that one fabric has been treated with softener and the other
has been washed in detergent only. 100% cotton pillowcases are used for
wrinkling and ironing tests while 100% cotton terry towels are used for
evaluating softness and water absorbency. The swatches are dried in a
controlled environment at 71.6°F (22°C) and 65% relative humidity for 24
hours before testing.
The Future:
There are two formula related areas that will affect the future of fabric
softeners. The first is the impact the ultra-concentrates will have on the
market. At the time of this writing it is too soon to tell if they will be
accepted by consumers. The second area is related to the role that multi-
functionality will play in the future. As chemists develop new more
efficacious ingredients there is more potential for additional consumer-
perceivable benefits. At the turn of the millennium, multifunctional fabric
softener formulations are the latest trend. These new products not only soften
clothes but also improve the ease of ironing, reduce wrinkling in the dryer,
and provide stain protection. Both Lever Brothers and Procter and Gamble
have capitalized on this trend with new formulations that deliver multiple
fabric care benefits.
Finally, manufacturers may turn to new delivery forms to make softeners
easier to use. One new method introduced by P&G in the late 1990s is the
"Downy Ball." This is a reusable plastic tennis ball sized sphere that is filled
with liquid Downy and added to the washer at the beginning of the cycle.
The ball stays sealed during washing but the spinning of the rinse cycle
triggers it to open and release the softener. For consumer who does not have
an automatic softener dispenser on their washing machines, the "Downy

12
Ball" saves them from the trouble of adding the liquid in a separate step.
Other innovative dispensing devices like this may become more common as
manufacturers strive to differentiate their products from the competition.
Composition:
The earliest fabric softeners were developed during early 20th century to
counteract the harsh feel which the drying methods imparted to cotton. The
cotton softeners were typically based on water emulsion of soap and olive
oil, corn oil, or tallow oil.
Contemporary fabric softeners tend to be based on quaternary ammonium
salts with one or two long alkyl chains, a typical compound being
dipalmitoylethyl hydroxyethylmonium methosulfate. Other cationic
compounds can be derived from imidazolium, substituted amine salts, or
quaternary alkoxy ammonium salts. One of the most common compounds of
the early formulations was dihydrogenated tallow dimethyl ammonium
chloride (DHTDMAC).
Anionic softeners and antistatic agents can be, for example, salts of
monoesters and diesters of phosphoric acid and the fatty alcohols. These are
often used together with the conventional cationic softeners. Cationic
softeners are incompatible with anionic surfactants presenting the bulk of
surfactants used in detergents, with which they form inefficient precipitate;
therefore they can not be mixed with the detergent, but have to be added
during the rinse cycle instead. Anionic softeners can be combined with
anionic surfactants directly. Other anionic softeners can be based on smectite
clays. Some compounds, such as ethoxylated phosphate esters, have
properties of softening, anti-static, and surfactant.

13
The softening compounds differ in affinity to different materials. Some are
better for cellulose-based fibers, others have higher affinity to hydrophobic
materials like nylon, polyethylene terephthalate, polyacrylonitrile, etc.
Silicone based compounds such as polydimethylsiloxane comprise the new
softeners which work by lubricating the fibers. Silicone derivatives are used
as well. Modified to contain amine or amide groups; they bind better to the
fabrics and have much improved feel. They have essentially the same role as
oils had in the early formulations.
As the softeners themselves are often of hydrophobic nature, they are
commonly occurring in the form of an emulsion. In the early formulations,
soaps were used as emulsifiers. The emulsions are usually opaque, milky
fluids. However there are also micro emulsions where the droplets of the
hydrophobic phase are substantially smaller. The advantage of micro
emulsions is in the increased ability of the smaller particles to penetrate into
the fibers. A mixture of cationic and non-ionic surfactants is often used as an
emulsifier. Another approach is using a polymeric network, an emulsion
polymer.
Other compounds are included to provide additional functions; acids or bases
for maintaining the optimal pH for adsorption to the fabric, electrolytes,
carriers (usually water, sometimes water-alcohol mixture), and others, e.g.
Silicone-based anti-foaming agents, emulsion stabilizers, fragrances, and
colors. A relatively recent form on the market is the ultra-concentrates,
where the amount of carriers and some other chemicals is substantially lower
and much smaller volumes are used.

14
In recent years, the importance of delivering perfume onto the clothes has
possibly exceeded that of softening. The perfume levels in fabric softeners
has gradually increased, requiring high shear mixing technology to be used
to incorporate greater amounts of perfumes within the emulsions. Long term
release of perfume on the fabric is a key technology now being utilized. Each
country tends to have different perfume requirements and brands may have
different softener/perfume ratio depending on the count.
Fabric softener:
 Fabric softeners work by coating the surface of the cloth with a thin
layer of chemicals.
 So the term softener can be defined as an auxiliary applied to textile
material in order to improve its handle with mo0re pleasing touch.
Based on the ionic natures softener can be classified into six
categories:
1. Cationic softeners
2. Anionic softeners
3. Non ionic softeners
4. Amphoteric softeners
5. Reactive softeners
6. Silicone softeners
7. Anti-ozone Softener
8. Urethane Softeners
9. Macro softener
10. Micro softener

15
Some Commercial Softener
Introduction Softener Ointment OP is high polymer, applied in soft
finishing of cotton and its blending textiles. It can acquire excellent smooth
and soft handle feeling.
Advantage
(1) More advantage of smooth and excellent antistatic ability.
(2) Wide application,can be used in dipping or padding process for various
fibers.
(3) Excellent dispersibility and penetrability,Can combine with fiber quickly.
(4) Low yellowing change,especially applied to white fabrics.
(5) Special soft and fluffy, solid and thick handle.
(6) It can reduce the friction coefficient of acrylic fiber and metal.
(7) No bubble in using process, applied to overflow dyeing machine and
continuous pad dyeing process.
(8) High biodegradation, the biodegradation rate exceeds 90%.
(9) Little amount for use while delivering a notable effect, thus saving cost
effectively.
Basic Character
Appearance: off-white to light yellow ointment
Ionic: weakly cationic
PH Value: 5.0-6.5(1% water solution)
Dissolution: Dissolve in cold water of any proportion easily
Use Area

16
Soft finish of cotton,to improve the slippery,softness and sewing properties
of fabrics.
Usage amount for reference
Dipping Process
Softener Ointment OP 4-10 %( o.w.f)
Bath ratio 1:20 40℃×20min→dehydration→drying
Package 25Kg or 120kg plastic barrel.
Storage Store in cool and ventilated warehouse. Take care of heavy pressure
to prevent agglomeration. Six months of storage period.
Introduction Softener Flake ESC is fatty acyl amide, applied in soft
finishing of cotton, hemp and its blending textiles. It can acquire excellent
soft handle feeling.
Advantage
(1) The textiles have soft, smooth and full handle feeling after finishing.
(2) It has little effect on whiteness and shade.
(3) It can be in the same bath with cationic fixative.
(4) The stability of formulated working liquid is good
Basic Character
Appearance: Tiny yellow to light yellow flakes
Ionic: Cation
PH Value: 5.0-7.0(1% water solution)
Dissolution: Dissolve in cold water of any proportion easily
Use Area
Soft finish of nature fibre, its blended knitting and tatting textiles and
slopwork

17
(1)Dipping Process
10% Softener flake ESC 2-5 %( o.w.f)
(2)Padding Process
10% Softener flake ESC 15-40g/l
Dilution After marinating in cold water for 4 hours, it can be dissolved
completely. Or add the soft flakes in room temperature, heated until to the
4o-45℃ with continuous stirring, maintaining 30 minutes. Stir fully to be
dissolved completely
Package 25Kg/Bag
Storage Store in cool and ventilated warehouse. Take care of heavy pressure
to prevent agglomeration. One year of storage period
Use Area : Soft Finish of cotton, hemp and its blended fabrics
Usage amount for reference:
(1). Dipping Process: Super Soft Elastic Amino Silicone Oil NB-8450
Emulsified Liquid 1-6%(o.w.f)
(2) .Padding Process: Super Soft Elastic Amino Silicone Oil NB-8450
Emulsified Liquid 10-50g/l
Emulsifying Method ：
Formula (30%Emulsion) Steps

18
Silicone Oil
NB-8450
20.0% 1. First add Emulsifiers to reactor, and
then add Silicone Oil NB-8450, stirring
for 30-40minutes.
2. Add Acetic Acid I slowly, stirring
for ten minutes.
3. Slowing add water I when stirring to
the reactor.
4. Add the rest water and acetic acid.
5. Sample and test the appearance.
Qualified products is transparent
emulsion, or blue fluorescence (it is
best to put them in the glass to be
observed)
6. Test PH, the standard 5.5±0.5. If not
reach, add acetic acid.
Supporting
Emulsifier
10.0%
Acetic
acidⅠ
0.1%
Acetic acid
II
0.9%
Water I 50.0%
Water II 19.0%
Package：100Kg Plastic Barrel
Storage: Store in cool and ventilated warehouse.8 months of storage period
Introduction:
Yellow Stain-free Amino Silicone Oil NB-8260 is modified silicone oil,
applied in soft finish of various fiber textiles especially cotton, terylene and
its blended fabrics, which can get perfect handle feeling.

19
Advantage
(1) It endows the fabrics with excellent soft and smooth handle.
(2) Little yellow change, doesn't affect shade.
(3) The stability of working fluid of emulsified liquid is good, and it has
good compatibility with adhesive and dope.
(4) It can be the same bath with softener flake and formaldehyde-free
fixative.
Character:
Appearance: colourless to light yellow transparent heavy body
Ionic: weak cationic
Amino Value: 0.1-0.2mmol/g
Viscosity: 8000-120000mpa•s
Use Area :
Soft finish of cotton, terylene and its blended fabrics.
Usage amount for reference:
(1) Dipping Process: Yellow Stain-free Amino Silicone Oil NB-8260
Emulsified Liquid 1-6%(o.w.f)
(2) Padding Process: Yellow Stain-free Amino Silicone Oil NB-8260
Emulsified Liquid 10-50g/l
Emulsifying Method ：
Formula
(30%Emulsion)
Steps
Silicone Oil 20.0% 1. First add Emulsifiers to reactor, and then add

20
NB-8260 Silicone Oil NB-8240, stirring for 30-40minutes.
2. Add Acetic Acid I slowly, stirring for ten
minutes.
3. Slowing add water I when stirring to the
reactor.
4. Add the rest water and acetic acid.
5. Sample and test the appearance. Qualified
products is transparent emulsion, or blue
fluorescence (it is best to put them in the glass to
be observed)
6. Test PH, the standard 5.5±0.5. If not reach,
add acetic acid.
Supporting
Emulsifier
10.0%
Acetic acid I 0.1%
Acetic acid II 0.9%
Water I 50.0%
Water II 19.0%
Package：120Kg Plastic Barrel
Storage: Store in cool and ventilated warehouse.8 months of storage period.
New Type Super Soft Smooth and Clear Silicone Emulsion RH-NB-834
Introduction New Type Super Soft Smooth and Clear Silicone Emulsion
RH-NB-834 is liner block polysiloxane compound by multielement
polymerization. It has new structure and has blocked EO,PO, hyamine,epoxy
in the main chain. It has excellent handle and high performance to price rate,
which change the feature of amino silicone oil completely and solve the
problem caused by amino silicone oil.

21
Advantage
(1) Special smooth and nice ,silky smooth and clear, soft handle.
(2) Wide application, excellent handle finish for terylene or terylene, viscose,
cotton blending fabrics.
(3) Little yellowing change, applied to white and light colour fabrics.
(4) It will not stick to the roller, vat and no oil spot.
(5) It can be used together with cationic/non-ionic softener to increase the
whole property largely.
(6) It has some hydrophilic and antistatic property. Can be re-dyed
(7) Increase the application property and anti-alkali and anti-acid stability
when used together with amino silicone emulsion.
(8) High temperature endurable, electrolyte endurable and acid, alkali
endurable. Good operational property
(9) Can be used together with disperse dyes, OBA, coat in same
bath（Adjust the Ph value to 7）
(10) Use directly
Basic Character
Appearance: Semi-transparent to milky emulsion
Ionic: weakly cationic/non-ionic
Ph Value: 5.5-6.5(1% water solution)
Chemical: new type block silicone macromolecule chemical
Use Method
Applied to bulky and elastic handle of terylene, terylene/cotton,cotton, T/R,
etc
(1)RH-NB-834 Dipping Process: 3-5% (o.w.f)
(2) RH-NB-834 Padding Process: 10-30g/L
Package 50kg/plastic barrel or 100kg/plastic barrel.
Storage Store in cool and ventilated warehouse. 6 months of Storage period.

22
The Manufacturing Process of Softener
A fabric softener is a liquid composition added to washing machines during
the rinse cycle to make clothes feel better to the touch. These products work
by depositing lubricating chemicals on the fabric that make it feel softer,
reduce static cling, and impart a fresh fragrance. The first fabric softeners
were developed by the textile industry during the early twentieth century. At
that time the process that was used to dye cotton fibers left them feeling
harsh. In the early 1900s, preparations known as cotton softeners were
developed to improve the feel of these fibers after dyeing. A typical cotton
softener consisted of seven parts water, three parts soap, and one part olive,
corn, or tallow oil. With advances in organic chemistry, new compounds
were created that could soften fabric more effectively. These improved
formulations soon found their way into the commercial market.
By the 1960s several major marketers, including Procter and Gamble, had
begun selling liquid fabric softener compositions for home use. The
popularity of these products dramatically increased over the next decade as
manufacturers developed new formulations that provided improved softness
and more appealing fragrances.
Despite their growing popularity, fabric softeners suffered from one major
disadvantage: the softener chemicals are not compatible with detergents and
therefore they can not be added to the washer until all the detergent has been
removed in the rinse cycle. Initially, this restriction required the consumer to
make an extra trip to the washing machine if they wanted to soften their
clothes. In the late 1970s manufacturers found a way to deliver fabric
softening benefits in a dryer sheet format. These sheets provide some of the
benefits of fabric softeners but give the added convenience of being able to
be added in the dryer instead of the washer rinse cycle. However, while dryer
sheets are very popular today, liquid softeners are still widely used because
they are more effective.
In the 1990s, environmentally minded manufacturers began test marketing
ultra-concentrated formulations. These "ultra" formulations are designed
such that only about one-quarter as much product has to be used and
therefore they can be packaged in smaller containers. However the perceived
value to the consumer is lower because there is less product and the price is
higher. It remains to be seen if these ultra concentrates will succeed in
today's marketplace.

23
By the end of the 1990s, annual sales of liquid fabric softeners in the United
States reached approximately $700 million (in supermarkets, drug stores,
and mass merchandisers). For the sake of comparison, about $400 million
worth of dryer sheets are sold each year. The major manufacturers such as
Procter and Gamble (Downy) and Lever Brothers (Snuggle), dominate about
90% of the market share while private label brands account for the remaining
10%.
Design
Product development chemists create fabric softeners that are designed to
meet a series of specific marketing requirements. First, the formulations
must deliver a variety of attributes desired by consumers such as superior
softness, improved iron glide, reduced wrinkle formation during the wash
cycle, improved wrinkle removal after washing, better color retention, and
enhanced stain protection. In addition, the formulas must be safe to use,
environmentally friendly, aesthetically pleasing, and cost effective. Chemists
use technical evaluations in combination with consumer testing to design
formulations that are both effective and affordable.
Raw Materials
Conditioning agents
Early fabric softener formulas were relatively simple dispersions of fatty
materials that would deposit on the fabric fibers after washing. One of the
most common ingredients used was dihydrogenated
tallow dimethyl ammonium chloride (DHTDMAC), which belongs to a class
of materials known as quaternary ammonium compounds, or quats. This
kind of ingredient is useful because part of the molecule has a positive
charge that attracts and binds it to negatively charged fabric fibers. This
charge interaction also helps disperse the electrical forces that are
responsible for static cling. The other part of the molecule is fatty in nature
and it provides the slip and lubricity that makes the fabric feel soft.
While these quats do soften fabrics very effectively, they also can make them
less absorbent. This is a problem for certain laundry items such as towels and
diapers. To overcome this problem, modern formulations use quats in
combination with other more effective ingredients. These newer compounds
have somewhat lower substantivity to fabric which makes them less likely to
interfere with water absorption.

24
One of the new classes of materials employed in fabric softener formulations
today is polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). Siloxane is a silicone based fluid
that has the ability to lubricate fibers to give improved softening and ease of
ironing. Other silicones used in softeners include amine-functional silicones,
amide-functional silicones and silicone gums. These silicone derivatives are
modified to be more substantive to fabric and can dramatically improve its
feel.
Emulsifiers
The conditioning ingredients used in fabric softeners are not typically
soluble in water because of their oily nature. Therefore, another type of
chemical, known as an emulsifier, must be added to the formula to form a
stable mixture. Without emulsifiers the softener liquid would separate into
two phases, much like an oil and vinegar salad dressing does.
There are three types of emulsifiers used in fabric softener formulations:
micro-emulsions, macro-emulsions, and emulsion polymers. Macro-
emulsions are creamy dispersions of oil and water similar to hand lotions or
hair conditioners. The emulsifier molecules surround the hydrophobic oil or
silicone droplets and allow them to be dispersed in water. A micro-emulsion
is chemically similar, but it creates oil particles that are so small that light
will pass around them. Therefore, a micro-emulsion is characterized by its
clarity and transparency as opposed to being milky white. Furthermore, one
of the advantages of micro-emulsion is that the silicone particles are so tiny
that they will actually penetrate into the fibers, while macro-emulsions only
deposit on the fiber's surface. The third type, emulsion polymers, create
dispersions that look similar to a macro-emulsion. This system does not use
true emulsifiers to suspend and dissolve the oil phase. Instead, emulsion
polymers create a stabilized web of molecules that suspend the tiny silicone
droplets like fish caught in a net.
The emulsifying system used in softeners must be chosen carefully to ensure
the appropriate level of deposition on the fabric. A blend of non-ionic
emulsifiers (those that have no charge) and cationic emulsifiers (those that
have a positive charge) are typically used. Anionic surfactants (which have a
negative charge) are rarely used because the fabric conditioning agents have
a positive charge which would tend to destabilize an anionic emulsion.
Other ingredients
In addition to conditioning agents and emulsifiers, fabric softeners contain
other ingredients to improve their aesthetic appeal and to ensure the product

25
will be shelf stable. For example, fragrance and color are added to make the
product more pleasing to consumers. In addition, emulsion stabilizers and
preservatives are used to ensure the product quality.
The emulsifiers and then conditioning ingredients are added to water. The
batch is heated and mixed. Then the other ingredients are added.
The Manufacturing
Process
1. The preferred method for manufacturing liquid softeners involves
heating the ingredients together in one large mixing vessel. Mixing
tanks should be constructed from high grade stainless steel to prevent
attack from the corrosive agents in the formula. The tank is typically
equipped with a jacketed shell that allows steam and cold water to be
circulated, so the temperature of the batch can be easily controlled. In
addition the tank is fitted with a propeller type mixer that is driven by
a large electric motor. This kind of mixing blade provides the high
shear that is needed to properly disperse the ingredients.
The first step in the manufacturing process is to fill the tank with the
specified amount of water. Water is added first because it acts as a
carrier for all the other ingredients. Deionized water is used because it
is free from metal ions that can affect the performance of the batch.
Conventional formulations can contain as much as 80-90% water.
2. Once the water has been added to the tank, heating and mixing is
initiated. When the water has reached the appropriate temperature, the
emulsifiers are added. Since these chemicals tend to be waxy solid

26
materials they are added at relatively high temperatures (between 158-
176TF [70-80°C]). While the order of addition depends on the specific
formula, it usually more effective to disperse the emulsifiers prior to
adding the less water-soluble materials. Emulsifiers are used between
1-10%, depending on the specific chemicals that are selected.
3. The conditioning ingredients used in softeners are not typically water
soluble, so they are added to the water phase after the emulsifiers. For
a typical strength formulation about 5% is used. For more
concentrated formulations, levels of 10% are more common. When
blends of quats and silicones are used, the silicones are used at levels
as low as 0.5-1.5%.
4. When pre-emulsified silicones are used in the formula they are added
late in the process when the temperature is lower and there is less
mechanical agitation in the batch. If higher molecular weight silicones
are used that have not been pre-emulsified they must be added to the
batch at high temperatures with a high level of agitation to ensure the
silicone oil droplets are evenly dispersed.
5. Heating and mixing continues until the batch is homogeneous. At this
point cool water is circulated around the tank to lower the temperature.
As the batch cools, the remaining ingredients, such as preservatives,
dyes, and fragrance, are added. These ingredients are used at much
lower concentrations, typically below no more than a few percent for
fragrance and less than 1% for preservatives and dyes. When the batch
is complete, a sample is sent to the analytical chemistry lab to ensure it
meets quality control standards for solids, pH, and viscosity. The
completed batch may be pumped to a filling line or stored in tanks
until it is ready to be filled.
6. When the product is ready to be filled into the package, it is
transferred to an automated filling line. Plastic bottles are fed onto a
conveyor belt that carries them under a filling nozzle. At the filling
head there is a large hopper that holds the formulation and discharges
a controlled amount, usually set by volume, into the bottle. The filled
package continues down the conveyor line to a capping machine that
applies the closure and tightens it. Finally, the filled bottles are packed
in cartons and stacked pallets for shipping.
Quality Control
The finished fabric softer formulations are tested using a number of different
protocols. Simple laboratory tests are used to determine basic properties such

27
as pH, viscosity, and percent solids. These tests can help confirm that the
correct ingredients were added at the appropriate levels.
Other, more rigorous, tests are done to ensure the formulation is functioning
correctly. One such evaluation is a water absorbency test, sometimes called
the Drayes Wetting Test. This procedure involves dropping small pieces of
treated fabric onto water and recording the length of time required for the
fabric to sink. This measurement is taken 10 times to obtain an average
result.
Anti-wrinkle properties can be evaluated by asking panelists to rate samples
of fabric before they have been ironed. They are asked to numerically rate
the amount of wrinkling between the test sample and the fabric softener
treated sample. The test to measure ease of ironing is also done using trained
panelists.
These tests are performed on swatches of identical fabrics with the only
difference being that one fabric has been treated with softener and the other
has been washed in detergent only. 100% cotton pillowcases are used for
wrinkling and ironing tests while 100% cotton terry towels are used for
evaluating softness and water absorbency. The swatches are dried in a
controlled environment at 71.6°F (22°C) and 65% relative humidity for 24
hours before testing.
The Future
There are two formula related areas that will affect the future of fabric
softeners. The first is the impact the ultra-concentrates will have on the
market. At the time of this writing it is too soon to tell if they will be
accepted by consumers. The second area is related to the role that multi-
functionality will play in the future. As chemists develop new more
efficacious ingredients there is more potential for additional consumer-
perceivable benefits. At the turn of the millennium, multifunctional fabric
softener formulations are the latest trend. These new products not only soften
clothes but also improve the ease of ironing, reduce wrinkling in the dryer,
and provide stain protection. Both Lever Brothers and Procter and Gamble
have capitalized on this trend with new formulations that deliver multiple
fabric care benefits.
Finally, manufacturers may turn to new delivery forms to make softeners
easier to use. One new method introduced by P&G in the late 1990s is the
"Downy Ball." This is a reusable plastic tennis ball sized sphere that is filled
with liquid Downy and added to the washer at the beginning of the cycle.

28
The ball stays sealed during washing but the spinning of the rinse cycle
triggers it to open and release the softener. For consumer who do not have an
automatic softener dispenser on their washing machines, the "Downy Ball"
saves them from the trouble of adding the liquid in a separate step. Other
innovative dispensing devices like this may become more common as
manufacturers strive to differentiate their products from the competition.
Reasons for using softener:
 As the textile material goes under various mechanical and chemical
processes that make the surface of the material harsh. For example,
Removal of natural oil and waxes by scouring and bleaching.
 Resin finishing of textile material also imparts some degree of
harshness. soaping of textile material also add harsh feeling to the
material.
 As consumers are much more caring about the touch of textile
material. This is also reason for using softener.
Desirable properties of textile softener:
 It should be easy to handle.
 It should have good compatibility to other chemicals.
 It should not affect the shade of the material.
 It should not affect the fastness of dyed material.
 It should not cause any yellowing effect on dyed and finished material.
 It should be stable to high temperature.
 It should be non volatile by water vapour.
 It should be non toxic and non caustic.
 It should be easily bio degradable.

29
Mechanisms of Softening Effect:
Softeners provide their main effects on the surface of the fabrics. Small
softener molecules, in addition, penetrate the fiber and provide an internal
plasticization of the fiber forming polymer by reducing of the glass transition
temperature. The physical arrangement of the usual softener molecules on
the fiber surface is important and shown in Fig.-1.
Depending on the ionic nature of the softener molecule and the relative
hydrophobicity of the fiber surface, cationic softeners orient themselves with
their positively charged ends toward the partially negatively charged fabrics
(zeta potential), creating a new surface of hydrophobic carbon chain that
provide the characteristic excellent softening and lubricity seen with cationic
softeners.
Anionic softeners, on the other hand, orient themselves with their negatively
charged ends repelled away from the negatively charged fiber surface. This
leads to higher hydrophilicity, but less softening than with cationic softeners.
The orientation of non-ionic softeners depends on the nature of the fiber
surface, with the hydrophilic portion of the softener being attracted to
hydrophilic surfaces and the hydrophobic portion being attracted to
hydrophobic surface.

30
Fig. 1 Schematic orientation of softeners on fiber surface (a) Cationic
softener and (b) Anionic Softener at fiber surface Non-ionic softener at (c)
hydrophobic and (d) hydrophilic fiber surface.

31
Cationic Softeners:
Cationic softeners have been defined as material which dissolved or disperse
in water, concentrate and orient at interfaces and ionize in such a way that
the cationic includes a hydrocarbon chain, which is hydrophobic and
contains from 8 to 25 carbon atoms.
Chemistry of cationic softeners:
The simplest cationic are the primary, secondary and tertiary mono-amines
and their salts, formed by neutralization of the amines, usually with acetic
acid. The primary and secondary amines have little importance in the textile
field, since the free hydrogen on the nitrogen atom leads to fabric, yellowing.
But, they serve as raw materials for making quaternary aminonium
compounds. Reaction, with alkylating like methyl chloride, benzyl chloride,
dimethyl sulphate, etc converts the insoluble amines into water soluble salts,
which are more active than the original amines. These quaternary
compounds have excellent thermal stability, especially on the acidic site.
Stearyl or distearyl dimethyl ammonium chloride or methosulphate, cetyl
dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride or methosulphate, etc belong to this
group.
The next groups of commercial importance are amido-amines, which are
formed by the reaction of a fatty acid or a glyceride (fat) and a substituted or
unsubstitued short-chain polyamine. Generally, the reaction occurs at only
one of the amine functions, giving an amide leaving one or more unreacted
amino functional groups. The amine may be diethylene tri-amine, N. N-
diethyl ethylene, etc. Derivatives of ethylene diamine have high melting
points and exhibit poor solubility.

32
This amide is quaternised either with glacial acetic acid or hydrochloric acid
to give cationic fabric softeners. They are good, especially for chlorinated
wool, which is quite harsh. All the members of this group are quite stable to
hydrolysis.
Imidazolines are the next group of cationic softeners. These are formed from
fatty acids and polyethylene polyamine.
COOHR +H2N CH3 CH2 NH CH2 CH2 NH2
R CO NH CH2 CH2 NH CH2 CH2 NH
-H2O
-H2O (Heating)
CH3
CH2
N
CR
N
CH3 CH2 NH2
The cyclic compound (imidazoline) has a lower melting point and higher
solubility than the parent amidoamine. These cyclic products may
subsequently be acetylated, neutralized or reacted with ethylene oxide.
A fourth group of cationic includes aminoesters, prepared by reaction of
fatty acid or acid chloride with amino alcohols like diethanolamine or
hydroxyethyl ethylene diamine.

33
COOHR + NH CH2 CH2 OH
NH H2C CH3 OH
HOCH2 CH2 NH CH2
R COOCH2 CH2
CH2 NH CH2 CH2
R COOH CH2
HO
NH2
NH CH2 CH2
R COO CH2 NH2
CH2
These are quite water soluble, give good softening properties and are easy to
make, but being esters, have a definite disadvantage of being easily
hydrolyzed. After quaternisation also, the ease of hydrolysis is retained by
them.
Cationic softener belonging to the fifth group may be prepared from
dicyandiamide and stearyl amine followed by reaction with ethylene oxide
and quqternisation. The treatment with ethylene oxide to obtain the adduct is
done to impart water solubility to the compound.

34
2H2N C N H2N C NH C
NH
N
C18H37 NH2 H2N C NH C
NH
(Steanyl amine)
C18H37 NH C NH C NH2
NH NH
(Steanyl diguanide)
CH2
O
CH2
C18H37 NH C NH C NH CH2 CH2 OH
NH3
NH
CH3--COOH
C18H37 NH C NH C NH2
+ CH2 CH2 OH
NH NH
HOOC CH3
Cationic Softeners.
The typical cationic softener structure for example, N,N- distearyl-N, N-
dimethyl ammonium chloride(DSDMAC).Cationic softeners have the best
softeners and are reasonably durable to laundering. They can be applied by
exhaustion to all fibers from a high liquor to goods ratio bath they provide a
hydrophobic surface and poor rewetting properties, because their
hydrophobic group are oriented away from the fiber surface. They are
usually not compatible with anionic product.
Cationic softeners attract soil, may cause yellowing upon exposure to high
temperatures and way adversely effect the light fastness of direct and
reactive dyes. Inherent ecological disadvantages of many convential
(unmodified) quaternary ammonium compounds (quaternaries)are fish
toxicity and poor biodegradability. But they are easily removed from waste
water by adsorption and by precipitation with anionic compound.
Quaternaries with ester groups, for example triethanol amine esters, are
biodegradable, through the hydrolysis of the ester group. The example of an
ester quaternary in Fig.-2 is synthesized from triethanolamine, esterified with

35
a double moler amount of stearic acid and then quaternarised with
dimethylsulfate.
CH
R N R X
CH3
3
2
- X =HSO or
-
-
4
R =(CH ) CH2 n 3
R = CH32
+
Quaternary ammonium salt.
R NH X3
-+
R = Long alkyl chain
Amine Salts.
CH3 (CH )2 16 C
N
N
R3
CH
CH
2
2
R = H or CH CH NH3 2 2 2
Imidazolines.
Fig.-2. Chemical structure of typical cationic softeners.
Cationic surfactants used as fabric softeners
"Monoesterquat" used as fabric softener.

36
"Diesterquat" used as a fabric softener.
Another diesterquat used as a fabric softener.
Distearyldimethylammonium chloride, a fabric softener with low
biodegradability, has been phased out.
Anionic Softeners.
Anionic softeners are heat stable at normal textile processing temperature
and compatible with other components of dye and bleach baths. They can
easily be washed off and provide strong antistatic effects and good rewetting
properties because their anionic groups are oriented outward and are
surrounded by a thick hydration layer. Sulfonates are, in contrast to sulfates,
resistant to hydrolysis Fig.-3.They are often used for special applications,
such as medical textiles, or in combination with anionic fluorescent
brightening agents
R SO3
R = Long alkyl chainO Na
Alkylsulfate salt
R SO3
R = Long alkyl chainNa
Alkylsulfonate salt
Fig.-3. Chemical structures of typical anionic softeners.

37
Non-Ionic Softeners Based On Paraffin And Polyethylene.
Polyethylene can be modified by air oxidation in the melt at high pressure to
add hydrophilic character (mainly carboxylic acid group).Emulsification in
the presence of alkali will provide higher quality more stable products. They
show high lubricity that is not durable to dry cleaning they are stable to
extreme pH conditions and heat at normal textile processing condition, and
compatible with most textile chemicals.
CH3 (CH )2 n CH3
Polyethylene
R 2 R = Long alkyl chainO(CH CH O) H2 m
Ethoxylated fatty alcohol
R 2C O(CH CH O) H24 R = (CH ) CH4 2 3nm
Ethoxylated fatty acid
Fig.-4. Chemical structures of typical Non-ionic softeners.
Amphoteric Softener.
Typical properties are good softening effects, low permanence to washing
and high antistatic effects. They have fewer ecological problems than similar
cationic products. Examples of the betaine and the amine oxide type are
shown in Fig.-5.
CH
R N O
CH
3
3
R = Long alkyl chain
Alkyldimethylanime oxide softener.
H C O
H C3
N CH C
CH3
3
R

38
O
3
N CH C
CH3
CH
R 2
C NR 2(CH )3
3
N
CH3
CH
C
H
Betaine Softeners
Fig.-5.. Chemical structure of typical amphoteric softeners.
Silicone Softeners.
None-ionic and cationic examples of silicone softeners are shown in Fig.-
6.They provide very high softeners, special unique hand, high lubricity, good
sewbability, elastic resilience, crease recovery, abrasion resistance and tear
strength. They show good temperature stability and durability, with high
degree of permanence for those products that form cross linked films and a
range of properties from hydrophobic to hydrophilic.
Sio Sio Si
CH3
CH CH33
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
Polydimethyl silicone
Sio Sio Sio Si
CH3
CH CH33
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
R
n
X Y

39
R =(CH ) OCH CHCH N (CH )
n
2 3 2 2 3 3
OH
Cationic silicone softener.
Fig – 6. Chemical structures of typical silicone softeners.
Mode of action:
When a quaternary ammonium softener is dissolved in water, it ionizes into
a hydrophilic head with a negative charge and a hydrophobic tail carrying a
positive charge. On the other hand, when textile fibers are entered into water
they acquire a negative charge. When a textile fiber is entered into an
aqueous solution of a cationic softener.
During the softening treatment the negative charge on the fiber surface
attracts the positive tail of the cationic softener. This result in firmly
anchoring of the softener residue on the fiber substance, somewhat similar to
sheathing the fiber with an oily film. This is responsible for obtaining a soft
handle and a pliable, well lubricated fiber surface
Softening agent for fibres
Fabric make changes in the structure and improve the feel of the material.
There are mainly three types : non - surfactant, surfactants, non - surfactant
and surfactant mixture. The first and third categories softener many types,
such as silicone oil, mineral oils, fatty alcohols, fatty acids, fatty amines, and
other neutral oil. Since these two categories softener difficult to dissolve in
water, when used to be dissolved in solvents, except in special
circumstances, the average has not. Currently used mainly surfactants, such
as cationic, anionic, gender-based and other non-ionic surfactant, the
development trend is most used quaternary ammonium salts, is also useful
and silicone-type of polyethylene. Recently there and play the role of soft
detergent formulations, washing fibers can be inhaled to maintain and
upgrade the textile softness.

40
Chemical structure of different softener

41

42
PDMS (polydimethylsiloxane) with the Mono-Aminoalkyl Functional
Group

43
The interaction energy is at its lowest (most negative) for
PDMS-diamine

44
Materials & Methods
Materials:
1. silicone Softener
2. Cationic Softener
3. Non ionic softener
4. Acetic Acid & Alkali (use for pH Control)
5. Water
6. Fabric
7. pH Paper
Methods:
1. Exhaust Method(for dyeing machine)
2. Padding Method(for stenter machine)
1. Exhaust Method: Amount of Softener taken from the dye bath by fiber
yarn or fabric being finished.
2. Padding Method: Textile Finishing machine for impregnating fabric in
open width and squeezing out excess softener to obtain a uniform wet
pick up.

45
Result & Discussion
Discussion:
Procedure: At fist we have to take a white color sample. Preparing for good
hand feel or softness. Now we are workings of Exhaust Method.
Name of softener : ALKASIL SIM
Chemical Manufacturer : ALKA
Chemical Character : Silicone emulsion softener
Ionic Character : Non-Ionic
Ph : 4.5-6.5(10% Solution)
Recipe:
ALKASIL SIM =2.5%
Time = 20 minute
Temperature = 400
c
Acetic Acid = 0.5-1.0gm/l (adjust ph 5.5)
M: L =1:6
Description:
At first we are taking water 1:6 liter then ph control 5.5 and adding softener
ALKASIL SIM dozing in the M/C. maintain 400
c temperature Run time 20
minute and checking hand feel then unloading the fabric.

46
Discussion
Procedure: At fist we have to take a white color sample. Preparing for good
Name of softener : ULTRATEX REP
Chemical Manufacturer : Ciba
Chemical Character : Silicone emulsion softener
Ph : 6.5-8.5 (5% Solution)
Recipe:
ULTRATEX REP =2.5%
Time =20minute
Temperature =400
c
Acetic Acid =0.5-1.0gm/l (adjust ph 5.5)
M: L =1:6
Description:
ULTRATEX REP dozing in the M/C. maintain 400
c temperature Run time
20 minute and checking hand feel then unloading the fabric.

47
Fig: Fong’s dyeing M/C

48
Sample
Before Swatch:
After Swatch:
Alkasil sim Ultratex rep

49
Result:
 Before using Softener sample fabric is hand feel is hard.
 After using ALKASIL SIM Softener sample fabric is hand feel is
soft.
 After using ULTRATEX REP Softener sample fabric is hand feel is
soft more than ALKASIL SIM using Softener sample
 When we are using ALKASIL SIM as a result slightly Radish tone
effect of the fabric color.
 When we are using ULTRATEX REP as a result slightly Yellowish
tone effect of the fabric color.

50
Diagram:
70%
75%
80%
85%
90%
95%
100%
Alkasil sim Ultratex rep
Series1
Bar Diagram
Alkasil sim
Ultratex rep
Pie Chart

51
Discussion:
Procedure: At fist we have to take a Blake color sample. Preparing for good
Name of softener : ALKASIL 64
Chemical Character : Amino-functional polysiloxane
Ph : 6.0-7.0(10% Solution)
Recipe:
ALKASIL SIM =3%
Time =30minute
Temperature =400
c
M:L =1:8
Description:
ALKASIL 64 dozing in the M/C. maintain 400

52
Discussion:
Procedure: At fist we have to take a Blake color sample. Preparing for good
Name of softener : Appretan EM
Chemical Manufacturer : Clariant
Chemical Character : Polynylacetate dispersion
Ph : 4.2 (5% Solution)
Recipe:
Appretan EM =3%
Time =30minute
Temperature =400
c
M:L =1:8
Description:
Appretan EM dozing in the M/C. maintain 400
After using ALKASIL SIM Softener sample fabric is hand feel is soft. 30
minute and checking hand feel then unload the fabric.

53
Fig: Fong’s dyeing M/C

54
Sample
Before Swatch:
After Swatch:
ALKASIL 64 Appretan EM

55
Result:
 After using ALKASIL 64 Softener sample fabric is hand feel is soft.
 After using Appretan EM Softener sample fabric is hand feel is soft
more than ALKASIL 64 using Softener sample
 When we are using ALKASIL 64 as a result slightly Radish tone
 When we are using Appretan EM as a result slightly Yellowish tone

56
Diagram:
82%
84%
86%
88%
90%
ALKASIL 64 Appretan
EM
Series1
Bar Diagram
ALKASIL 64
Appretan EM
Pie Chart

57
Discussion:
Procedure: At fist we have to take a Red color sample. Preparing for good
Name of softener : ALKASOFT 5200
Chemical Character : Fatty acid amide derivative
Ph : 5.0-6.0(10% Solution)
Recipe:
ALKASOFT 5200 =4%
Time =20minute
Temperature =400
c
M:L =1:6
Description:
ALKASOFT 5200 dozing in the M/C. maintain 400

58
Discussion:
Procedure: At fist we have to take a Red color sample. Preparing for good
Name of softener : AVIVAN LNS
Chemical Manufacturer : Ciba
Chemical Character : Substituted fatty acid amide
Ph : 7.5-8.5 (1% Formulation)
Recipe:
AVIVAN LNS =4%
Time =20minute
Temperature =400
c
Acetic Acid =0.5-0.6gm/l(adjust ph 8.0)
M:L =1:6
Description:
AVIVAN LNS dozing in the M/C. maintain 40 0c temperature Run time 20

59
Fig: Fong’s Dyeing M/C

60
Sample
Before Swatch:
After Swatch:
ALKASOFT 5200 AVIVAN LNS

61
Result:
 After using ALKASOFT 5200 Softener sample fabric is hand feel is
soft.
 After using AVIVAN LNS Softener sample fabric is hand feel is soft
more than ALKASOFT 5200 using Softener sample
 When we are using ALKASOFT 5200 as a result slightly Radish tone
 When we are using AVIVAN LNS as a result slightly Yellowish tone

62
Diagram:
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
ALKASOFT
5200
AVIVAN
LNS
Series1
Bar Diagram
ALKASOFT
5200
AVIVAN LNS
Pie Chart

63
Discussion:
Procedure: At first we have to take a Navy + Green combo color sample.
Preparing for good hand feel or softness. Now we are workings of Exhaust
Method.
Name of softener : ALKASOFT SCO
Chemical Character : Fatty acid condensation product
Ionic Character : Cationic
Ph : 3.0-4.0(10% Solution)
Recipe:
ALKASOFT SCO =4%
Time =20minute
Temperature =400
c
Acetic Acid =1.5-1.60gm/l(adjust ph 3.5)
M: L =1:6
Description:
ALKASOFT SCO dozing in the M/C. maintain 400

64
Discussion:
Procedure: At fist we have to take a Navy+Green combo color sample.
Preparing for good hand feel or softness. Now we are workings of Exhaust
Method.
Name of softener : Cepreton UCp
Chemical Character : Aliphatic condensation product
Ionic Character : Cationic
Ph : 3.0-6.0 (1% Solution)
Recipe:
AVIVAN LNS =4%
Time =20minute
Temperature =400
c
M:L =1:6
Description:
At first we are taking water 1:6 liter then ph control 3.5and adding softener
Cepreton UC p dozing in the M/C. maintain 400

65

66
Sample
Before Swatch:
After Swatch:
ALKASOFT SCO Cepreton UCp

67
Result:
 Before using Softener sample fabric is hand feel is hard.
 After using ALKASOFT SCO Softener sample fabric is hand feel is
soft.
 After using Cepreton UC p Softener sample fabric is hand feel is soft
more than ALKASOFT SCO using Softener sample
Diagram:
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
ALKASOFT
SCO
Cepreton UCp
Series1
Bar Diagram
ALKASOFT
SCO
Cepreton UCp
Pie Chart

68
Discussion:
Procedure: At fist we have to take a Yellow color sample. Preparing for
good hand feel or softness. Now we are workings of Exhaust Method.
Name of softener : ALKASIL CPS
Chemical Character : Silicone base
Ph : 6.0-7.0(10% Solution)
Recipe:
ALKASIL CPS =5%
Time =20minute
Temperature =400
c
M: L =1:6
Description:
ALKASIL CPS dozing in the M/C. maintain 400

69
Discussion:
Procedure: At fist we have to take a Yellow color sample. Preparing for
good hand feel or softness. Now we are workings of Exhaust Method.
Name of softener : Cepreton UN p
Chemical Character : Aliphatic condensation product
Ph : 8.o-10.0 (1% Formulation)
Recipe:
AVIVAN LNS =5%
Time =20minute
Temperature =400
c
M:L =1:6
Description:
Cepreton UN p dozing in the M/C. maintain 400

70

71
Sample
Before Swatch:
After Swatch:
ALKASIL CPS Cepreton UNp

72
Result:
 Before using Softener sample fabric is hand feel is hard.
 After using ALKASIL CPS Softener sample fabric is hand feel is
soft.
 After using Cepreton UN p Softener sample fabric is hand feel is soft
more than ALKASIL CPS using Softener sample
 When we are using ALKASIL CPS as a result slightly Radish tone
 When we are using Cepreton UN p as a result slightly Yellowish tone
Diagram:
ALKASIL
CPS
Cepreton
UNp
S170%
80%
90%
Series1
Bar Diagram
ALKASIL CPS
Cepreton UNp
Pie Chart

73
Fig: Stenter Machine (Bruckner 8 Chamber)
Made in Germany
For Finishing

74
Conclusion
BIRDS Group is a well planned versatile project. The administrations
management chain of command all are well organized. They are devoted to
satisfy the customer with their activities.
Has following excellent features, which are worth mentioning in this
conclusion. These are
 The dyeing process of BIRDS Group is very quick & accurate. It is
amazing that with only 15 ton m/c capacity BIRDS Group is capable
of 15 ton production daily. Furthermore very limited amount of re-
dyeing is carried out in BIRDS group which proves the excellence o
the dye-house.
 BIRDS Group has a very good labor management policy which
enables the smooth running of the production time
.
 The dye house is very clean with excellence working atmosphere due
to plenty of air planned layout.
University has given me the chance to perform the industrial attachment
in BIRDS Group. This attachment acts as a bridge to minimize the gap
between theoretical and practical knowledge. Undoubtedly this
attachment taught me more about textile technology, industrial
management and production process. Besides it gave us the first
opportunity to work in an industry. I believe that, the experience of this
industrial will help me in my future carrier as a textile engineer.

75
Index
ATIRA = Ahmadabad Textile Industry research Association.
AACA =American Apparel Contractors Association.
AAEI =American Association of Exporters & Importers.
AATCC =American Association of Textile Chemists & Colorists.
ACSA =American Cotton Shippers Association.
AFTAC =American Fiber, Textile apparel Coalition.
BGMEA =Bangladesh Garments Manufacturing Export Association.
BTMC =Bangladesh Textile Mills Corporation.
BKMEA =Bangladesh Knit Manufacturing Export Association.
BCIRA =British Cotton silk & Manufactured Fibers Research
Association.
BWTA =Boston Wool Trade Association.
CTI =Canadian Textiles Institute.
CCI =Cotton council International.
CYCA =Craft Yarn Council of America.
ETAD =Ecological and Toxicological Association of Dyestuffs
Manufacturing Industry.
EATP =European Association for Textile Polyolefin’s.
FS =Fiber Society.
HKA =Hand Knitting Association.
HFA =Hard Fibers Association.
IFAI =Industrial Fabrics Association International.
ITT =Institute of Textile Technology.
BISFA =International Bureau for the Standardization of Manmade
Fibers.
KTA =Knitted Textile Association.

76
LTA =Linen Trade Association.
MMFPA =Man-made Fiber Producers Association.
NAHM =National Association of Hosiery Manufacturers.
NCTE =National Council for Textile Education.
NKMA =National Knitwear Manufacturers Associations.
PCA =Polyester council of America.
SPAI =Screen Printing Association International.
SI =Shirley Institute.
WIRA =Wool Industries Research Association.
AZMIR LATIF

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