Report EIT 2

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CHAPTER 1
COMPANY PROFILE
1.1 COMPANY BACKGROUND
NP Leakless (M) Sdn. Bhd. has been recognised in 1979, before this it is known as NP
Packing Co. Sdn. Bhd. The company has progressed from a producer of simple gaskets to its
present capability of an Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) and Original Equipment
Service Parts (OES).
The company supplied to the several huge automobile and motorcycle corporation such as
Honda Malaysia, Perodua (Malaysia's second national automobile), Hicom Honda, Hicom
Yamaha, Hicom Suzuki, and Modenas (Malaysian national motorcycle). The Company’s
philosophy of providing superior quality product at competitive price and on time delivery has
earned itself a reputable track record with industries in the same field. The export markets of the
company have expanded to include areas such as Indonesia, Singapore, Thailand, Philippines,
Middle-East, Europe and many more.
The company has made collaboration with its Japanese J/V partner to successfully
develop a comprehensive range of innovative products for worldwide distribution. The Company
constantly seeks to understand the business needs of its and users and is committed to provide
solution to meet those requirement.
One of the objectives of the company is the satisfaction of the customers. By using the
modern production facilities and conducted by a team of experienced staff who are well-trained

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in the techniques of manufacturing and production, they have given the company the edge and
flexibility to cope with the demands of the wide range of products manufactured efficiently.
The company established quality standard and stringent requirement are adopted for all
the manufacturing and quality control processes. The production of the products is the best
quality products and services are guide by the company’s quality management systems.
The productions from the company are well accepted by many established automobile and
motorcycle corporations. The company’s commitment is to produce quality gaskets for
automobile, agriculture machineries, and motorcycle. The company is Original Equipment
Manufacturer (OEM) supplier for Malaysia Honda Accord, Civic, City, Perodua, and Malaysia’s
second national automobile. They also are the OEM supplier for Honda, Yamaha, Suzuki,
Kawasaki, and Modenas (Malaysian national motorbike) motorcycles.
LIST OF MACHINERIES:
1. PRESS MACHINE:
 25 ton = 3 units
2. HYDRAULIC PRESS MACHINE:
 200 ton = 1 unit
3. SYSCO (AUTOMATIC HYDARULIC PRESS MACHINE)
 CPC 70 ton = 1 unit

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Figure 1.1: Types of machines.
TYPES OF MACHINES
LI CHIN 45 TON
TCV 80 TON
LI CHIN 200 TON HYDRAULIC PRESS

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Figure 1.2: Types of products.
No Awarded From Year
Received
Title
1 KAH Motor (Honda Automobile) 2000 Honorary Tribute
2 KAH Motor (Honda Automobile) 2001 No 1 Best Car Distributor For
11 Consecutive Year
3 Motosikal Dan Enjin Nasional Sdn Bhd
(MODENAS) (Kawasaki)
2000 Good Overall Performance
Achiever For Year 2000
2002 Best Performance Vendor 2001
/ 2002
2002 Best Performance Vendor From
April 2001 - March 2002
2003 Appreciation Award
2006 Best Performance Vendor For
The Year 2005 / 06
2007 Certificate of Appreciation For
10 Years Service
10
Motosikal Dan Enjin Nasional Sdn Bhd
(MODENAS)
2009 Best Performance Vendor -
Category Medium Enterprise)
Year 2009
11
Hicom Honda MFG (M) Sdn Bhd

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12 Hicom Honda MFG (M) Sdn Bhd 2005 Best Performance Vendor From
15 Hicom Honda MFG (M) Sdn Bhd 2008 Best Performance Vendor Year
2008 / 2009
16 Hicom Honda (M) Sdn Bhd 2008 Best Performance Local Vendor
2008
17 Hicom Honda MFG (M) Sdn Bhd 2009 Best Performance Vendor Year
2009 / 2010
18 Hicom Honda MFG (M) Sdn Bhd 2011 Vendor Award for Year
2011/2012
19 Honda Malaysia Sdn Bhd 2006 Gratitude Award
20 Honda Malaysia Sdn Bhd 2014 Delivery Appreciation Award
2013
Table 1.1: Awards received by NP Leakless.

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1.2 ORGANIZATION CHART OF THE COMPANY
Figure 1.3: Organization chart.

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CHAPTER 2
COMPANY ACTIVITIES
2.1 INTRODUCTION
Gasket function as a mechanical seal which fills the space between two or more mating
surfaces, generally to prevent leakage from or into the joined objects while under compression.
NP Leakless also been called as Nippon Leakless Corporation is a well-known company for the
production of gasket. This is due to the market activities of the company which is cover until
international market. This company major country export are Thailand, Indonesia, Philippines,
Pakistan and Vietnam. There were various type of gasket been produce by this company most of
all are for motorcycles, automotive, and agriculture machines.
From the production of gasket there have been divided in two production which is
standard production and Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM). During placing order
customer will decide with gasket production they want to run otherwise standard gasket or OEM
gasket. Usually standard gasket often be ordered from the small local automotive and motorcycle
shop. For the OEM customers usually are coming from Honda Malaysia, Hicom Honda, Hicom
Yamaha, Perodua (Daihatsu), Hicom Suzuki, Modenas and Hicom Engineering.
The production of gasket line of any gasket will be followed as the order received and
usually the production will be added more than the ordered number about 200 pieces and kept in
the store. This is to cut the upcoming order for the same gasket for the next order. For the exhaust
gasket the production line will always continue because of the non-stop demand order from the

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customer. All gasket production will be control under quality control department 2 times a day.
This is to ensure that all gasket made are achieve the ISO and meets all the aspect. With this the
gasket that comes out through this company are in quality controlled passed.
2.2 NP LEAKLESS PRODUCTION PROCESS FLOW CHART OF GASKET
2.2.1 INCOMING RAW MATERIALS
FIGURE 2.1: Raw material storage
From the figure 2.1 it shows the actual figure inside the material store. The process started
with the incoming new raw materials. Every new raw materials comes will be stored in the
material store and will be recorded. Every material will be ordered once the material were getting
low. It is a normal procedure for all company to prevent the production line from getting stop due
to insufficient material.
2.2.2 SHEARING INTO REQUIRED SIZE

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FIGURE 2.2: Shearing machine
FIGURE 2.3: Shearing process
Gasket has its own types, design, materials and size. Before the production of gasket at
the press department all material will be sheared at the shearing department depend on the size
required. Form the figure 2.2 and figure 2.3 it shows a shearing machine and a worker from the
company that run the shearing machine. All material that have been sheared into the required size
will be taken to press department in making the gasket.
2.2.3 DIE SETUP

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FIGURE 2.4: Die setup
Once the order be made the technician will take the order list and setup the die on the
press machine. Figure 2.4 above shows a die being installed on one of the press machine. This
company has a lot of die since it has a lot of customer with different gasket. The technician will
take the related die on the die rack and bring it to the press machine to be installed. The die on the
rack are arranged according to the type of motorcycles and automobile. Every die has its own
labelled which might be easier in finding the die. The installment of the die on the machine must
be made carefully if not it will affect the die lifetime and also the gasket produced.
2.2.4 QUALITY CHECKING
FIGURE 2.5: Gasket quality checking

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Once the die been setup on the machine a test will be run first to check the gasket
produced. Figure 2.5 above shows a standard procedure in checking the gasket. If the quality
checking shows a positive result on the gasket produced it means the production can be
continued. If the result shows is opposite there must be a problem at the die and the production
line can’t be continued until there is an approval from the quality control department.
2.2.5 SINGLE PRESS BLANKING
FIGURE 2.6: Single press blanking
Once get the approval from the quality department the production of the gasket will be
run. Every gasket production are be made by press method except for exhaust gasket. Figure 2.6
above give the actual view of the pressing blanking of a gasket.

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2.2.6 SCRAPPING INNER
FIGURE 2.7: Scrapping inner process
Figure 2.7 above tells us about scrapping process for any unwanted part that still stick at
the gasket. Not all gasket will need to come through to this process only for certain gasket.
Usually gasket made from non-asbestos will need to come through this process compare to gasket
made from graphite, copper and aluminum.
2.2.7 APPEARANCE CHECKING AND COUNTING
FIGURE 2.8: Appearance checking and counting

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From the figure 2.8 it explain that before the gasket been packed it must need to be
checked for the appearance and counting. This is to ensure all gasket produce is follows the
customer needs and the quality control. Any defect gasket will be rejected. This gasket will be
bundled up for 50 pieces in one bundle.
2.2.8 STORAGE
FIGURE 2.9: Gasket storage
Figure 2.9 shows that for any once the gasket production finished it will be packet and
been stored at the storage at the packing department. Packing department will take the gasket
from the storage to be packed before released it to the market.
2.2.9 PACKING AND DELIVERY
FIGURE 2.10: Packing and delivery

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Figure 2.10 shows the actual packed comes from the NP Leakless company. The packing
start with skin pack machine. In vacuum skin packaging the product is placed on the after hard
paper board. After evacuation the product is sealed with a special skin film. Other packaging
method is by sealing machine which the plastic are place on the track and it will flow through the
sealing machine sealed the tip of the plastic. After all been done it will be sealed in a box before
been delivered to the customer.
2.2.10 DIAGRAM FLOW CHART
FIGURE 2.11: Diagram flow chart of the gasket production
Figure 2.11 above would be a clear view about all the flow chart process of a gasket.
Started from the raw material then to the shearing process and setup of die on the machine until
the last process which is delivery. This diagram show a standard procedure being held by the
company.

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2.3 TYPES OF GASKET
2.3.1 EXHAUST GASKET
FIGURE 2.12: Exhaust gasket
Exhaust gasket was the production that will never be stopped because the high demand
from the automobile and motorcycles corporation. The company run the exhaust gasket for the
majorly come from the Honda automotive company. Every exhaust gasket have its own
dimension with is used at different parts.
FIGURE 2.13: Flowchart process of an exhaust gasket
Coiling
Tip
removing
Moulding
Checking /
Jig thickness
Checking /
Jig inner
Checking /
Jig outer
Checking
visualPacking roll
Packing
carton

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The figure above was a flowchart of an exhaust gasket. It started with the coiling process.
For coiling process the company have two type of the coiling machine which is manual coiling
machine and semi-auto coiling machine.
In coiling process a stainless steel that have been cut with a fixed length will be coiled for
one rotation and then be sealed by spark welded. Then a graphite will be filled into the stainless
coil and the rotated until the graphite have been coiled up with the stainless steel. The coil one
again will be sealed with the spark welded at three point to ensure the coil are welded perfectly
FIGURE 2.14: Coiled process
FIGURE 2.15: Exhaust gasket after coiling process
As shown in the figure 2.14 the coiling machine is a manual coiling machine and for the
figure 2.15 is an image of an exhaust gasket after have been finished coiled up. The next process
would be tip removing. The tip removing will be removed manually by a cutter. This job will be

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done for one by one of exhaust gasket. During this the gasket will be trimmed if any burr exist
before been handed to the press department to be moulded. Once the gasket be moulded an
inspection will be made to check the inner and outer diameter of the gasket. This is to ensure that
the gasket have a same diameter at all side. If during the inspection the diameter of the gasket
shows a different diameter the exhaust will be categorized as a defected gasket. Then the problem
might be comes from the press machine. Then the company technician will look for the machine
if to solved the problem.
2.3.2 OTHER TYPES GASKET
Other than production of exhaust ring gasket this company also run production for other
types of gasket. Figure 2.16 below show a picture of gasket than be made by this company. The
gasket are consists of cylinder head gasket, cylinder base gasket, clutch gasket, crankcase gasket,
agriculture gasket and automotive gasket.
FIGURE 2.16: Product gasket list

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CHAPTER 3
SELF ACTIVITIES
3.1 INTRODUCTION
During my 10 weeks internship in NP Leakless, I have to do various kinds of works.
Some of the works I have go through during my second semester in University Malaysia Pahang
(UMP) under course Mechanical Laboratory 1 and 2. Some of the works give me a new
knowledge and skills to do the jobs. The technician guide me to do the job and with the helped of
another internship students give me a very valuable experiences.
Every morning, I have to do the inspection on the press machines in Press Department.
There are 27 machines in the department. The objective to do the inspection is to make sure that
the press machines in good condition and safe to the operators. If the machines have a problem, I
will immediately tell to the technician so that he can fix it.
The second task is to grind the metal die surface to make it sharp again. The grinding
process will be done by using the surface grinding machine. Almost every day I will do the
grinding because it takes a lot of time to finish for a single metal die. There are a lot of metal dies
that needed to be grinding. These tasks help a lot the technician because he can save his time for
another important works. During that time, I will do the grinding and the technician will do his
work which is to set up the metal dies on the press machines.
Next, I have to service the machines in Press Department and machines in Packing
Department. I also have to service air compressors and chillers at the back of the factory. The
services on press machine have to be done once a week. There are two types of service which are

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button service and pumped the grease. The button service will prevent the button’s machine get
stuck with the scrapping paper or any other materials. There are a lot of materials that use to
make the gaskets. The grease will be pump to the slide and will reduce the friction force between
slide and the wall.
The services for machine in Packing Department, I have to refill the lubricant oil into the
skin pack machine. The service will be done when the staff in Packing Department asks to do so.
It is about once every three days. For the sealing machine, I have to blow away all the scrapping
plastics on the machine with the air gun and put the grease on the gears inside the machine. For
every two weeks, I have to service the air compressors and the chillers. By using the air gun, I
will blow away all the dust inside and outside of both machine. After that, I will refill the
lubricant oil into the air compressor.
Furthermore, I also have to replace the malfunction lamp in the factory. The places that I
have replaced the lamp are Press Department, Maintenance Department, Packing Department,
Sysco Department, and canteen. This task is the easiest task compared to the others. Besides, I
also repair the machines. I will help the technician during the disassembling the parts. The
technician will do the repairing. After that, I will help the technician to assemble the parts back to
the machine.
Lastly, I will help the technician to set up the metal die on the machine. It will reduce the
technician’s burden because the metal dies are very heavy. It will save the strength and time to
set up the metal die on the machines.
3.2 INSPECTION OF THE MACHINES
Every day, I will inspect the press machines in Press Department. This was to make sure
that the machines were in good condition. On the other hand, the operators will be safe to use the
machines. It is only takes about five minutes for one machine. There are 27 machines in the Press
Department.

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Figure 3.1: Li Chin press machine (45 ton)
LIST OF THE PARTS THAT NEED TO BE INSPECTED:
i. Motor
ii. Belt
iii. Air pressure
iv. Fly wheel
v. Slide
vi. Slide oil
vii. Grease
viii. Button
ix. Emergency button
x. Sensor
xi. Safety

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There two types of inspection which are inspecting by visual and test. The motor, belt, air
pressure, fly wheel, slide, slide oil, and grease are inspecting by visual. Usually the motor and fly
wheel of the machines is in good condition. The belt sometimes loses the track, so I have to
adjust the belt to follow the track back. If the belt not adjusted it may be harm to the belt and the
belt will be broken. The air pressure must between 5-6kg only. That was the specific weight of air
that needs to operate the press machines.
I must make sure that the slide will work smoothly. Every two days I will pump the oil
that provided beside the machine to lubricate the slide. For the slide oil, I have to make sure that
the oil at the required level. Most of the machines are in high level of slide oil. The machines
contain left and right button. Both of the buttons must be press to running the machines. I have to
make sure that the button will work properly. After that, I will test the emergency button and
sensor. The machines will not running if it senses the operator’s hand near the press slide. After
all the criteria are fulfilling, the machines are safe to use by the operators.
3.3 GRINDING THE METAL DIES
Almost every day I will grind the metal dies. The objective is to make the metal dies
sharp again. The technician has to disassemble the metal dies before it can be grinding. There are
a lot of metal dies that need to grind. The metal die has lower and upper parts. Both of the
surfaces have to grind. The metal die contains a lot of screws that tight the metal. I observed the
technician disassembled the metal die one by one.

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FIGURE 3.2: Lower part of the metal die
FIGURE 3.3: Upper part of the metal die.
After the metal die has disassembled, I will put the lower and upper parts of the metal die
on the grinding table. The metal die will be grind by using surface grinding machine. The
company has two units of the machine. Both of the parts will be grind together with each of the
parts will be place at each of the machine. Usually, for the lower part I will set up on the new

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machine because the grinder of the machine is small. While the upper part will be placed on the
old machine because of the grinder is big. The surface that needed to grind of the lower part was
less compared to the surface of the upper part.
I put the metal die on the grinding table and activate the magnetic force. The magnetic
force used to hold the metal die. Next, I have to set up the movement of grinder in x-direction and
in y-direction. I have to make sure that the grinder will touch the entire metal die surface. Then, I
have to set up the movement in z-direction by attach the grinder to the surface of metal die. After
finish the set up, I have to turn on the coolant and the grinder to run the machine. Before switch
to automatic, I need to make sure that all the surface of metal die touches the grinder. The surface
of metal die does not 100% flat. After the grinder touch the entire surface, I run the machine
automatically. I only need to adjust in z-direction of the machine to grind the metal die. After
finish the grinding, I will recorded the data and submitted to the head of Maintenance
Department.
FIGURE 3.4: Surface grinding machine.
Figure 3.4 above shows the surface grinding machine that been used in the company.
Surface grinding is used to produce a smooth finish on flat surfaces. It is a widely used abrasive
machining process in which a spinning wheel covered in rough particles cuts chips of metallic or
nonmetallic substance from a workpiece, making a face of it flat or smooth.

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The machine consists of a table that traverses both longitudinally and across the face of
the wheel. The longitudinal feed is usually powered by hydraulics, as may the cross feed,
however any mixture of hand, electrical or hydraulic may be used depending on the ultimate
usage of the machine. The grinding wheel rotates in the spindle head and is also adjustable for
height, by any of the methods described previously. Modern surface grinders are semi-automated,
depth of cut and spark-out may be preset as to the number of passes and, once set up, the
machining process requires very little operator intervention.
Depending on the workpiece material, the work is generally held by the use of a magnetic
chuck. This may be either an electromagnetic chuck, or a manually operated, permanent magnet
type chuck; both types are shown in the first image.
The machine has provision for the application of coolant as well as the extraction of metal
dust.
3.4 SERVICE THE MACHINES AND AIR COMPRESSOR
3.4.1 PRESS MACHINE SERVICE
I have been assigned to service the machines in Press Department and Packing Department.
For press machines, I have to do button service and pump the grease. This service should be done
once a week. The tools that I have to use are air gun and the mask. The mask is needed because it
will prevent the dust entered during our respiratory process.

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FIGURE 3.5: Button service
FIGURE 3.6: Pump the grease
Usually the button service will be done after finish the inspection of the machines. While
pump the grease will be conducted in the evening before end of the day. The objective to do the
button service is to prevent the button get stuck during the operators running the machines. Based
on my experiences, there are a lot of scrapping papers and materials under the button. After
button service, the button easier to press and the production of gaskets will increases. Moreover,
the grease will be pump into the container in figure 3.6 beside the machine. Some of the machine
use lubricant oil. The container of lubricant oil placed beside the machine and a little bit lower.
The function of pump the grease is to reduce the friction force acting between the slide and the
wall. So, it will maintain the machines in good condition and long lasting.
3.4.2 REFILL OIL SHELL TELLUS V68 ONTO MACHINE TCV80

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FIGURE 3.7: Press machine (80 ton)
For the machine in figure 3.7, the technician and I have to replace the lubricant oil inside
the machine with new lubricant oil. Annually, the technician will change the lubricant oil inside
the machine. For this machine, the lubricant oil used is Tellus 68. The viscosity of the oil is
higher than the lubricant oil used for the skin pack machine and the air compressor. This is
because the press machine has a lot of gears compared to the both machine. With the help of
forklift, the process of replace the lubricant oil becomes easier.
This machine have a visual oil indicator to see the oil level inside. During my routine
checked machine I discover that the oil level of this machine are below the low level hence I and
the other maintenance members need to refill the machine with the new oil. I order to refill new
oil to the tank we need to take out the oil inside the tank before refill it with the new oil. We will
bring one empty oil barrel and another oil barrel filled with Shell Tellus S2 V68. The empty oil
barrel are used to place the old oil from the tank machine. To empty the tank there is an oil valve
behind the machine and we just need to attach a long pipe from the valve to the empty tank. Then
when the valve open the oil from the tank will drain out to the empty oil barrel. The old oil will
be sent back to the oil factory to be recycled.

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Once all oil inside the tank have been drained out then the valve will be closed because
we will start to fill the machine with the new oil. The oil tank of the machine is located at the top
of the machine so in this case I will be at the top of the machine to refill the oil into the tank. The
other members will began refill the oil from the oil barrel into the small container to passed it to
me at the top of the machine. With the help of forklift 4 small container being lift up to me at the
top of the machine. To fully refill the oil tank there are about 11 small container used. It is about
three quarters of the oil barrel used to fully refill the machine.
3.4.3 AIR COMPRESSOR SERVICE
Beside the Maintenance Department, the company placed the air compressors and the
chillers. Every two weeks, I will service the both of the machines. The tools that used to service
the air compressors are air gun and the mask. There will be a lot of dust compared to the dust
during button service. Firstly, I have to disassemble the cover of the air compressor’s motor.
Then, by using the air gun I blow away all the dust that occupied in that area. Secondly, I have to
check the level of the lubricant oil inside the air compressor. Usually, I will refill the lubricant oil
to its required level. The name of the lubricant oil is Tellus 46. The number of the oil indicated
the viscosity of the oil. The higher the indicated number the higher the viscosity of the oil. I will
do the same things for the chillers. The chillers only needed to blow away all the dust. It does not
need to refill the lubricant oil.
FIGURE 3.8: Air compressor

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Figure 3.8 above is a compressor air that NP Leakless used. This company have about two
compressor air but only one compressor air that been used and the other one is not. It is enough to
use one compressor to supply air pressure at the whole machine in press department However for
the second compressor will be used once the other air compressor be serviced. This means that
the air compressor supplied will not be cut when I and the other members serviced the
compressor.
The air compressor been used in this company is an advance model with a new integrated,
high efficiency air end. The air compressor delivers un-paralleled performance and wide
turndown range to meet a variety of plant air needs.
o 27 to 128 CFM
o 75 to 190 psig
o Variable Speed
o Wide turndown range
o Delcos Pro dual position controller
o TEFC Motor
o Quiet Enclosed
3.4.4 PACKING MACHINE SERVICE
In the Packing Department, there are two types of machine that I usually do the services.
The machines are skin pack machine and sealing machine. Both of the machines have two units.
For the skin pack machine, I will refill the lubricant oil into the machines. The lubricant oil that
used for the machine is the same as the lubricant oil used for the air compressor which is Tellus
46. This service will be conducted whenever the staff of the Packing Department asks to do so.
Usually, I have to refill the lubricant oil once every three days.

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FIGURE 3.9: Shell Tellus V46 container
Figure 3.9 above shows a container of Shell Tellus V46 that I used to skin pack machine.
To refill oil into this machine the tank are located behind the machine. Firstly I need to make sure
that the machine are switch off. This is as our safety during the works. Then I need to turn off the
air pressure before I open the tank valve. For skin pack machine it used lubricant oil type Shell
Tellus V46. Every machine in the company used different types of lubricant oils. It is all depend
on the types of the machine, machine function, and also type of machine gearbox. Usually
machine that have a lot of gearbox will used lubricant oil with less concentration. Machine with a
lot gearbox doesn’t need a high concentrated lubricant oil because it will hard the movement of
the gearbox. As for this machine the lubricant oils used was not too dense.
This machine doesn’t have a visual oil indicator to indicate that the oil levels are low so in
other word we have to know when the machine shows that it have a low oil levels. Skin pack
machine used heat against the plastic film so that the film will seal the gasket fully without air
left inside. When the heat supplied doesn’t seems to be enough its means that the oil level in the
tank are low. When this happen the operator handle this machine will inform the maintenance
department and I will refill the oil into this machine. It doesn’t need a lot of oil just only a half
cup oil to be refilled. It can’t be refilled fully tank because when the machine operated the oil
might be came out if I refill the oil fully.
As shown in the figure 3.10 it is a figure of skin pack machine that been used in the
company. There are two units of skin machine in the company and usually I will refill both of the
machine since it will be easier my works. During the works I need to make sure that I am

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working in a safety condition. It is because I am handling with a high temperature condition
machine so I need to always precaution all the safety procedures.
FIGURE 3.10: Skin pack machine
3.4.5 SERVICE SEALING MACHINE
Another service works that I have done during my practical is servicing sealing machine.
Figure 3.11 below shows a sealing machine that been used by this company. For the sealing
machine, I have to blow away all the scrapping plastics with the air gun. Sometimes there are
plastic scrap that stick at the seal metal. This would be a problem because the machine can’t seal
the plastic perfectly due to some scrap plastic stick at the seal metal. I need to tear out the scrap
away with something equipment with slotted head.
After that, I have to put the grease on the gears inside the sealing machine. This will
make the gears move smoothly. Greased apply can’t be too much just for to keep the gear run
smoothly. When I apply to much grease on the gear it will blow away thus it will look a little bit
dirty. However the grease will keep the sealing machine long lasting. This machine usually been
serviced for every two weeks. Figure 3.11 below shows a sealing machine. This company have
two units sealing machine that been operated every day.

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FIGURE 3.11: Sealing machine
3.4.6 SERVICE WATER CHILLER
A water chiller is a mechanical device used to facilitate heat exchange from water to a
refrigerant in a closed loop system. The refrigerant is then pumped to a location where the waste
heat is transferred to the atmosphere.
At week 2 I was asked by my head department to look for water chiller at the air
compressor places. He asked me to service the water chiller also he said to me that the water
chiller have not be serviced for too long. Since he has been busy with his works so he doesn’t
have a time to service the machine. He also told me that the machine need also to be serviced at
least once a month.

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FIGURE 3.12: Water chiller
Based on the figure 3.12 there is the actual water chiller that I have run the serviced
works. Usually the service works only takes parts in removing the dust at the chiller. So I open
both side of the chiller and applied an air gun to the bodies inside. Then I open the fan chiller and
clean the fan. At first there were a lot of dust at the machine since it has not been serviced for a
long time. If after removing all the dust at the fan, condenser and any other parts does not make
the chiller function well it must be because of:
• Valve malfunction
• Leakage happen at the tube
After finished the serviced works my head department comes to check for the machine He
found that the main problem of the water chiller is not causes due to not be serviced for a long
time but because of leakage happen at the air tube. Then a report has been made and the water
chiller will be sent to the related company to be repaired since the machine are still under a
warranty.

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3.4.6.1 HOW WATER CHILLER WORKS
A vapor-compression chiller consists of four primary components of the vapor-
compression refrigeration cycle. They include a compressor, evaporator, condenser and a
metering device.
Vapor-compression chillers typically utilize HCFC or CFC refrigerants to achieve a
refrigeration effect. Compressors are the driving force in a vapor-compression chiller and act as a
pump for the refrigerant.
Compressed refrigerant gas is sent from the compressor to a condenser unit that rejects
the heat energy from the refrigerant to cooling water or air outside of the system.
The transfer of heat allows the refrigerant gas to condense into a liquid which is then sent to a
metering device.
The metering device restricts the flow of liquid refrigerant which causes a drop in
pressure. The drop in pressure causes the warm refrigerant liquid to change phase from liquid to
gas and in doing so absorbs heat from the water to be cooled due to adiabatic flash evaporation.
The metering device is positioned so that the expanding refrigerant gas is contained
within the evaporator, transferring the heat energy from the water to be cooled into the refrigerant
gas. The warm refrigerant gas is then sent back to the compressor to start the cycle over again and
the newly chilled water in the separate loop can now be used for cooling.
3.5 REPLACE THE MALFUNCTION LAMP
In the 5th week, I have been given the task to replace the entire malfunction lamp in Press
Department, Maintenance Department, Packing Department, and canteen. There are three
possibilities if the lamp is not functioning. The possibilities are:
a) The lamp is not functioning.
b) The starter is not functioning.
c) The ballast is not functioning.

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All the information above was told by the technician. The lamps in Maintenance
Department have a lot of malfunction lamp. After checking the lamp, most of the ballasts were
not functioning. For a whole day I spend to replace the ballast. There are several tips to know
what kind of problem if we have a malfunction lamp. If the lamp getting flicker it is caused by
the lamp itself. Just change the lamp and it will light normally like before. Other cases happen if
the lamp doesn’t light on and there is no sign of burning at the lamp thus this is caused by the
starter or the ballast. If the problem are due to starter then just change with the new starter and the
problem will be solved.
For the malfunction cases there will be two ways to know that the ballast of the lamp are
problem. One is when I have change the lamp and the starter stills there is no change happen then
the problem is due to ballast itself. Two is when I switch on the lamp then there is a short circuit
happen this problem is assign that the ballast might be burnt or broken. For single fluorescent
lamp we will simply find the ballast but for pair fluorescent to know what ballast are broken I
need to test it with a test pen. If I test the ballast with the test pen and the test pen light doesn’t
light on so it is means that the ballast are broken.
FIGURE 3.13: Lamp FIGURE 3.14: Starter

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FIGURE 3.15: Ballast
3.6 METAL DIE SET UP
Every day, the technician needs to set up the metal die on the press machine. It is
according to the order that received by the company. Sometimes, the technician also has to adjust
the press machine so that the thickness of the gaskets follows the criteria. I will assist the
technician to set up the metal die. This will reduce the burden of the technician and save the time
and strength.

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FIGURE 3.16: Flow of the metal die set up.
Figure 3.16 above shows the flow chart diagram of the metal die setup. For the whole
week the setup works will be handled by the technician and the head department. This works will
not be passed to the practical students because the die must be setup carefully and perfectly cause
if it is been done incorrectly the sequences might be happen the die broken and the machine will
broke.
As for the whole weeks I just observe the setup works at least I would have knew how all
the setup works happen. The metal setup are started with take the die at the die rack. All die are
made of metal and the weight of all dies are very heavy. To lift it with hand is not good idea. To
lift the die from the rack to the press machine I will use the hand annual stacker with adjusted
fork. The die will be place on the stacker and I will bring the stacker to the press machine to place
the die on the press machine. Then the technician will handle from this point to setup the die onto
the press machine.
3.7 REFILL LUBRICANT OIL
Every machine has its own type of lubricant oil. Since every machine has its own type of
works and different kind of mechanical parts. Every lubricant oil have different type of
properties. All type lubricant oil are distinguished with the oil number. Lubricant with high
number indicate that the viscosity is high. As for lubricant with low number indicate that the
viscosity is low.

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TABLE 3.1: Product specifications
Table 3.1 above tells about the specification of every different types of lubricant oils.
Each lubricant oils have its own uses. For lubricant oil like Shell Tellus V100 the oil have a high
viscosity. We simply know it from the oil texture itself. For oil V100 have a thick texture
compare to oil V46 and V32. Shell Tellus V100 usually be used by lathe machine.
3.8 LATHE SPARE PARTS
During the internship I also been asked by the head department to lathe shaft pin to use as
a spare parts. He asked me to lathe about 6 pin because one of the common problem of a loosed

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clutch is the pin broken. He handled me one digital Vernier caliper along with the dimension of
the clutch pin. The lathe machine is not a new thing for me since I have used it in my study on
mechanical laboratory 1. The difference from what I have learned at the university is that the
lathe machine is a 3-jaw chuck machine whereas this company use 4-jaw chuck machine.
The difference between this two machines is when to centering work in the 4-jaw chuck.
Here are the steps to center work in a 4-jaw chuck:
1. Put the workpiece in the chuck and center it by eye. 4-jaw chucks have grooves in
the face of the chuck body to make this easier.
2. Set a dial indicator against the workpiece.
3. By hand, turn the chuck through one complete revolution
4. Rotate the chuck so that one jaw is aligned with the plunger of the dial indicator.
5. Adjust the jaw that is aligned with the dial indicator plunger and the opposite jaw
so the indicator reads zero.
6. Rotate the chuck 90 degrees so another jaw is aligned with the indicator plunger.
7. Adjust the jaw that is aligned with the dial indicator plunger and the opposite jaw
so the indicator reads zero.
A quick way to center a square piece is to first center a round bar of the same size using
the procedure described above. Then loosen two adjacent jaws to remove the round piece, put in
the square piece, and retighten the same two adjacent jaws.
Once the workpiece have been centered then I started the lathing works. The centering
works was been helped by my other maintenance member. His name is Ehsan Bairuni from the
Industry Training Institute he knows how to centered workpiece at 4-jaw chuck. For the rest work
it all been left to me.

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FIGURE 3.17: Lathe machine
Figure 3.17 above is a 4-jaw chuck lathe machine. I once asked him why this company
prefer to use the 4-jaw chuck rather than 3-jaw chuck then he answered me that for 4-jaw chuck it
can grip a rectangular workpiece compare to 3-jaw it can not.
A 4-jaw chuck is a great, almost essential, accessory for any serious lathe worker. While
it lacks the self-centering convenience of the the 3-jaw chuck, it has other capabilities. Some
things you can do with the 4-jaw are:
 Grip rectangular and other non-cylindrical shapes for turning or facing
 Form rectangular shaped objects
 Precisely center cylindrical stock to within the limits of the lathe's accuracy
 Hold stock off-center for turning cams or drilling off-center holes

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TABLE 3.2: ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF A 3-JAW
Benefits of a 3-jaw Disadvantages of a 3-jaw
Self centering Can’t hold square bar-stock
Can hold hex bar-stock Run-out/off-ceter can’t be easily fixed
Quick and easy use Can’t hold irregular shaped work
Can’t turn off-center
TABLE 3.3: ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF A 4-JAW
Advantages of a 4-jaw Disadvantages of a 4-jaw
Work can be centered to high precision Slower to mount
can handle square/rectangular bar Can’t hold hex-stock
can turn work off-center
Slighty more grip on round stock
Table 3.2 and table 3.3 above show advantages and disadvantages between 3- jaw and 4-
jaw lathe machine. From the table shown above lathe machine with 4-jaw chuck seems to have a
lot of benefit compare to 3-jaw lathe machine. As can be seen for 4-jaw lathe machine it can be
used for workpiece with square shape and rectangle shape.
3.9 TAKE OUT SHAFT PRESS MACHINE
Shaft problem due to the thread at the shaft have been teared off. Once this happen the
machine will produce a loud sound will be produce from the machine clutch. If the machine been
left without being repaired it will affect the clutch and the other parts inside the bodies of the
machine. To take out the shaft there a lot a lot of parts and screw need to be disassemble first.
The shaft will be the last part after all other things have been taken out. First part need to take out
is the clutch itself.
To take out the clutch must need to take out the air duct cable. There are a lot of
equipment used in order to take out the shaft. The disassemble works must be taken carefully

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because of the clutch itself is big and heavy. After taken out the shaft then I need to take out the
flywheel. Before take out the fly wheel I need to take the v belt. There are about 3 v belt at the
flywheel.
The flywheel are attached along with the bearing. We must take it out carefully without
damage the bearing. The fly wheel is big and heavy so we need to tie the flywheel to the fixed
fork forklift. To take out the flywheel we need to hijack it out slowly and at the same time forklift
must be ready to hold the flywheel once the flywheel has been moved out from the shaft. After
successfully moved out the flywheel then we can take out the shaft from the machine.
This work was been assist by all maintenance members. Everyone has it own parts in this
works. Once the shaft been taken out I and the technician carried it to the maintenance
department to be repaired. All parts and screw have been place in a one place so that it will easier
for us to assemble it again once the repaired works finished.
FIGURE 3.18: Press machine

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The figure 3.18 above was a machine that I need to remove the shaft. All press machine
has its own design, size and brands. Not all press machine will have the same step to take out the
shaft. As my head department said this machine is difficult because the shaft is located at top of
the machine and if the machine big the shaft also big. All works will becomes hard because we
are dealing with large parts with a heavy weights.
3.10 REPAIR BROKEN FLYWHEEL TEETH
Broken flywheel teeth was because vigorous way in handling the machine. at first the
broken teeth will take only 2 or 3 places but if this thing are not being handle as soon the broken
teeth will be more. Thus the flywheel cant operated normally.
FIGURE 3.19: Normal flywheel teeth
Figure 3.19 above is a normal flywheel of a press machine without a single broken teeth.
If the flywheel teeth has broken there is no other ways to order another new flywheel. It still can
be repaired but it will not take a long time to be happen again. My head department Mr. Ah
Teong said he once repaired the flywheel teeth but to be happen again will take about 3 to 4
month. Compared if change with the new flywheel the lifespan is about 1 year to 1 and a half
year.

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FIGURE 3.20: Broken flywheel teeth
Figure 3.20 above shows the exact view of the broken flywheel teeth. According to the
figure about 10 places have a broken teeth and it could be more if it does not been repaired.
The problem once happen at machine press number 6. It is when I check for the every
press machine the operator for machine no. 6 hand me a flakes of the flywheel teeth. Once I took
the flakes and gave it to Mr. Ah Teong he told me stop the machine and take out the flywheel.
To open the flywheel I just need to open the flywheel case first. After then I just need to
take out the small gear that attach to the flywheel. The broken teeth flywheel is the big flywheel
where the small gear doesn’t effect anything.
After the small gear have been removed out now the only left is the big flywheel to be
taken out. To remove the flywheel a forklift need to use in order to tied it to the forklift. The
forklift will hold the flywheel once the flywheel have been taken out. I tied the flywheel tightly
with two v belt to hold the weight of the big flywheel. The v belt need to be uptight between the
flywheel and the forklift so that once the flywheel out from the machine the forklift will directly
hold the flywheel.
After I finish taken out the flywheel I put the flywheel in its box to be taken to the
maintenance department. For a while the machine will be hold up until the flywheel have been
repaired. I bring the flywheel which have been sealed in a wooden box to the maintenance
department with a trolley. From there my head department will starting repair the broken
flywheel teeth.

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I once asked my head department that why don’t the company order a new flywheel to
replace the broken one. He replied that the order have been made but it will take a long time to
the new flywheel arrived. In that period of time he will just repair the broken flywheel for a
moment. If not the production line will be hold for a long time and he feared that the target can’t
be achieved for the gasket ordered. Even though the problem will be solved but it will just for a
temporary moment to wait for the new flywheel arrived.
At the maintenance department my head department are busy repaired the flywheel. What
did he do, he just welding at the place where the broken teeth happen. His action was not to be
recommended because it might fragile the other teeth. This is because the welding part will be
strong because it have been treat with a new teeth. The effect will take over for the other teeth
since hat from the welding will disturb the particle structure of the other teeth. In that case the
other teeth except the welding teeth will be fragile and the consequences will be the same
problem will be happen again in the next time. Just for a moment the problem are solved and the
production are running again as usual.
It repair work take about 4 days which is not too long if we want to wait for the ordered
flywheel arrived. Once the repair finish I along with the technician Mr. Zuwari will setup back
the flywheel to the machine. The setup work not to tough compared to the setup of the shaft.
Before this we need to use forklift to take out the flywheel but for this time the forklift driver was
not available hence we still can use a stacker to lift the flywheel.
To place the flywheel onto the stacker a pallet need to place first at the stacker and then
the flywheel will be placed onto it. The stacker was brought as near as possible to the flywheel
hole so that it would easier for us to put it back at it place. The flywheel hole must be parallel
with the hole and the flywheel will be pushed inside. Tighten back the flywheel tightly and put
back the small gear that attach to the flywheel.
To keep the flywheel apply some grease along the flywheel teeth so that it will run
smoothly and the teeth of the flywheel can be maintain. To test the machine the case need to put
back so that when the gear moved the grease will not splatter to the surrounding. Once all finish
the machine was run and tested. The machine shows a better condition than before. Just for a

45 | P a g e
temporary time the problem was solved but the flywheel will need to be monitored because it
might happen again at the other part of the flywheel teeth.
3.11 REPLACE SHEAR METAL FOR SHEARING MACHINE
Replace shear metal die was the new works that I have experienced through all the
training weeks. It is notice when the shearing machine was not shear the raw material smoothly
which means that the cutter have been torn off and need to be replace with the new cutter.
FIGURE 3.21: Shearing machine
Figure 3.21 above was an image of a shearing machine that have been used to shear raw
materials that been used to make different types of gasket. The shearing machine also known as
die cutting, is a process which cuts stock without the formation of chips or the use of burning or
melting. In strict technical terms, the process of "shearing" involves the use of straight cutting
bladesorm of sheet metal or plates, however rods can also be sheared. Shearing-type operations
include: blanking, piercing, roll slitting, and trimming.
Most shearing operations are accomplished by the action of two blades, one fixed and one
moving vertically, meeting progressively from one side of the material to the other much like
ordinary hand shears. The angular alignment of the blades is called the rake. Also to be
considered is the blade or knife clearance to each other. Both rake and clearance are a function of
the type and thickness of the material to be cut.
The “slip-plane” is the final cracking from both the top and bottom of the work after the
descending upper blade partially cuts through the work. This upper blade is usually inclined in

46 | P a g e
relation to the bottom blade, 1/2 to 2-1/2 degrees. This concentrates cutting pressure exactly at
the juncture of the blades and assures a cut exactly parallel to the blades. The slight offset also
helps clean material from between the blades.
Shearing is also done on a “shearing die” mounted in a stamping press, however most
shearing is accomplished with a machine designed especially for the operation and is called a
“shear.”
The typical shear consists of:
• a fixed bed to which one blade is attached
• a vertically moving crosshead which mounts on the upper blade
• a series of hold-down pins or feet which hold the material in place while the
cutting occurs
• a gaging system, either front, back, or squaring arm, to produce specific
workpiece sizes
Depending on the quality and thickness of the sheared material, the blades on the shearing
machine may be of a higher-quality metal. The general rule for metal cutting is that the blades
must be harder than the material being cut, but this rule doesn’t always hold true in a shearing
machine. Since the cut is so fast and the pressure is so high, steel can often cut steel with little
problem. Still, some machines use special steel or carbide alloys for their blades.
FIGURE 3.22: Shear metal blade

47 | P a g e
Figure 3.22 above was an image of a new shearing metal blades. Shearing metal blade
have 4 sides each other which means that it can be used for 4 times once the other sides of the
blade were torn off. To setup procedure of a shearing must be taken carefully in order to take care
the sharpness of the blades. Once the blade torn it can’t be used unless the blade being grinded.
But it will be difficult because the company doesn’t have a large grinding machine to grind the
shear metal blade.
After finish with the installment of the shear metal blade a test need to be run. The test are
regarding the metal blade does it have been tighten correctly if not an adjustment towards the
metal blade need to be done. To the metal blade a sheet of large paper will be place and will be
sheared. Start the machine and see if the sheet paper been cut perfectly. At first the paper sheet
are not being cut at all thus the sheet have slip it means that there is a space between the two
blade and it need to be adjusted.
My head department Mr. Ah Teong will make the adjustment because it need a details
skills to adjust the blade from being torn. Once again the machine been tested and there is also
some space exist at the other half side of the metal blade. And once again the blade been tighten
and adjusted once again. The test will be run until the metal blade cut the paper sheet been cut
perfectly and smoothly. Once the adjust finish anther adjustment need to be done which is the up
and down direction of the metal blade. The adjustment is just by adjust the spring that located at
the both side of the machine. The up and down movement of the sear machine must not be to
open widely just enough to move upward and downward thus cut the raw material. The raw
materials that need to be cut were not too thick.
3.12 OPEN METAL DIE
A die is a specialized tool used in manufacturing industries to cut or shape material
mostly using a press. Like molds, dies are generally customized to the item they are used to
create. Products made with dies range from simple paper clips to complex pieces used in
advanced technology.
Forming dies are typically made by tool and die makers and put into production after
mounting into a press. The die is a metal block that is used for forming materials like sheet metal
and plastic.

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FIGURE 3.23: Metal die
The most common type of metal die that have in the company s the blanking metal dies.
A blanking die produces a flat piece of material by cutting the desired shape in one operation.
The finish part is referred to as a blank. Generally a blanking die may only cut the outside
contour of a part, often used for parts with no internal features. Three benefits to die blanking are:
 Accuracy. A properly sharpened die, with the correct amount of clearance
between the punch and die, will produce a part that holds close dimensional
tolerances in relationship to the parts edges.
 Appearance. Since the part is blanked in one operation, the finish edges of the
part produces a uniform appearance as opposed to varying degrees of burnishing
from multiple operations.
 Flatness. Due to the even compression of the blanking process, the end result is a
flat part that may retain a specific level of flatness for additional manufacturing
operations.
Metal die have a lower part and upper part. To grind the metal die the upper part and the
lower part need to be taken out first. As shown in the figure 3.23 the part that with the spring is
the lower part and the other part is the upper part of a metal dies. Equipment used to disassemble
a metal dies are a set of alignment keys, a rubber hammer and one hollow pipe steel.

49 | P a g e
CHAPTER 4
CONCLUSION
As a student of the University Malaysia Pahang, I would like to say that this training
program is an excellent opportunity for us to get to the ground level and experience the things
that we would never gain through straight into a job. I got a new experience and useful
knowledge for the future. Besides that, when I was in this company, indirectly I was exposed to
real working environment. Furthermore, I am also able to apply the knowledge gained here to use
in the future when the real work later.
During the 10 weeks industrial training at this company, I was given tasks that are
appropriate as a trainee. Through tasks and activities that were followed during the training
industry, I have gained extensive experience and useful lessons and at once I was able to
understand the situation in the real workplace. I learnt a great deal on applying the knowledge
that I have gained in the university.
Learning something from book and lectures is nothing like having firsthand experience.
At NP Leakless (M) Sdn Bhd, I got to apply my mechanical engineering knowledge. The
company gives the full freedom for the trainee to get a sufficient training. The trainees are
allowed to ask and do anything that relevant to the training.
From the training I’m able to experience the real industrial environment which is very
challenging. Throughout the training I learnt a lot about machines such as grinding machine,
lathe machine, press machine, metal die, and welding. I also learnt several problems that always
encounter on machines and how to repair it.

50 | P a g e
This training has been a good platform for me to develop my skill furthermore. The only
chance that an undergraduate has to have this experience is the industrial training period. The
training program was a lot more useful throughout the whole 10 weeks. In my opinion, I have
gained lots of knowledge and experience that I needed to be a successful engineer.

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CHAPTER 5
RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 INTRODUCTION
NP Leakless has been the first supplier of gasket in the automotive industry for many
years. All its effort in making the best remarkable gasket production should be praised and proud.
Established in 1979 NP Leakless starting to create its name in the market from the simple
production of gasket until now they have manage to present of an Original Equipment
Manufacturer (OEM).
First of all I would like to credit a lot of thanks to the NP Leakless Administrative
Manager Mr. Lee Soo Kiat for his kindness in given the opportunity to do my practical in this
company. Furthermore I also admired all of his works in managing the company to become as the
leading manufacturers in gasket production. It can be seen as NP Leakless in the present has
become the supplier for several huge automobile and motorcycles corporations such as Honda
Malaysia, Perodua (Malaysia's second national automobile), as well as, Hicom Honda, Hicom
Yamaha, Hicom Suzuki, and Modenas (Malaysian national motorcycle).
All of the success that the company created can be seen from the awarded received
through all the years. All of the awards received shows that the company have a great
management handling. Systematic management can be a key of a success company. Through all
the weeks I have been in the company there is certain thing that can be improved. The company
itself was remarkable in its management but if any good improvement can be made that would be
a better circumstance for the company to move forward further.

52 | P a g e
5.2 RECOMMENDATION
Through all my internship weeks in this company I have been placed in the maintenance
department. Started to learn in servicing machine there were a lot of things that I have received.
As maintenance members it was my duty to take care every single machine operated in the
company. Through all that week there were many things that I have seen and faces. In here I
would like to propose a method for the company be implemented. The problem arise when I
helped the company technician in installment the metal dies onto the press machine.
The improvement that I want to make for the company is improving the work list
schedule. The problem arise when any new order came there is no systematic arrangement of
works. The production will run as usual no matter how much the quantity gasket ordered. For low
quantities order there will be a problem for the technician members in setup the metal dies onto
the press machine. A suggestion been made to hold any order came with low quantities because it
will burden the technician in setup and remove the metal dies.
As an example if there is an order for a gasket for amount 400 pieces. The job will be on
the worklist and will be given to the technician to setup the die. Production for 400 pieces gasket
would take about 3 hours and then finished. After then the technician would need to remove the
die and placed it on the dies rack. The problem happen when for a short period the same order
came and the technician has to setup again the same die even though the die has been run in a
past days. Once happen for the next two days the same order came in and the same die need to be
setup again.
This problem has been repeated again and again with no any improvement action be
made. My suggestion was to make a form for the order came and in that form will be the
quantities ordered and the due date. With this the company can arrange any order came with
systematically. If there is three order came with different order quantities it should be to run the
higher order quantities and followed by the lowest order. With the due date given it could be the
references to choose which order will need to run first. Any low quantity order will be hold down
before the dateline and the production need to be in extra quantity so that it can cover for the next
new order came in. The extra production will be keep in the inventory as if the same order came
it can be used.

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CHAPTER 6
REFERENCES
1. "Hand-operated metal shear of heavy-duty work", Popular Mechanics53 (6), June 1930:
979, ISSN 0032-4558.
2. Steel Shearing Machine, retrieved 2011-07-29.
3. http://www.lubrifianti.com/documente-up/fisa-tehnica_83649.pdf
4. http://www.npgasket.com/about.html
5. Klenck, Thomas. "How it Works: Air Compressor". Popular Mechanics. Retrieved 30
July 2010.
6. Compressor types: rotary screw, reciprocating, and vane compressors
7. http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/air-compressor-types-d_441.html
8. How Stuff Works: How Air Conditioners Work-Chilled-water and Cooling-tower AC
Units
9. "Die Cutting Machine Tools". RSK Sales. Retrieved 14 February2015.
10. Degarmo, Black & Kohser 2003, pp. 430–431.
11. Twede, Diana; Selke, Susan E. M. (2005), Cartons, crates and corrugated board:
handbook of paper and wood packaging technology, DEStech, p. 436, ISBN 978-1-
932078-42-8.
12. Soroka, Walter (2008), Illustrated Glossary of Packaging Terminology (2nd ed.),
DEStech, p. 64, ISBN 978-1-930268-27-2.

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