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- 1. Play activities of normal and hospitalized child of all age group AMRITA A.S ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
- 2. play is language of the children , toys are their words
- 3. INTRODUCTION • Play therapy is a vital opportunities that is given to the child to act out his feeling , problems , fears, feeling of loneliness and hatred • Play therapy is important tool to manage stress • It is critical to childhood development
- 4. FUNCTION OF PLAY • Provides diversion and recreation • Encourage emotional expression , help safe release of anger • Provide sense of security • Helps reducing stress and feeling of home sickness
- 5. Function contd.. • Provide expressive ideas for curative outlets • Provide the sense of independence and opportunity to make choices • Encourage interaction and positive attitude towards others
- 6. Just as the adult works , the child plays, this is the business of the childhood……….
- 9. CATEGORIES OF PLAY • Physical play • Includes jumping , running, playing hide and seek • Provide exercise and essential in development • Seen commonly in toddlers , preschooler children
- 10. Expressive play
- 11. Expressive play • Expressive play • Provide children to express feeling through play materials • Includes watercolors , finger paints
- 13. Manipulative play Seen in infants • Manipulate the environment, people around them • Ex, drop a toy and wait for the parent to pick it up , clean it and returning it back to the infant and then they drop it again • This brings parents and the infant together in the game
- 14. Symbolic play
- 15. Symbolic play Symbolically express the child’s feeling • Uses this play to learn , to reinforce and alter the painful experience • Ex, a child from abusive family may act as the mother , loves , care and cuddles the doll • Or, same child can act as the abusive mother by screaming and beating the doll
- 17. Familiarization play Seen during hospitalization • Child hold materials and explore • Useful in preparing the child for fearful procedures and surgery • Ex, playing with dummy syringe , stethoscope
- 18. Dramatic play
- 19. Dramatic play • During hospitalization • Child will act out the situation that they suspect will happen to them or have witnessed • May be therapeutic for the child in the hospital
- 20. Creative play
- 21. Creative play If the child is too angry or fearful to act out feeling through dramatic play • Be able to draw pictures that expresses their feeling and emotions • For example, a child before going for chemotherapy draws a picture regarding self mutilation, pain etc
- 22. Surrogate play
- 23. Surrogate play Seen during hospitalization • For the child who is ill and cannot play, another child or parents will act as a surrogate • Watching them play is stimulating for the child
- 24. others • Other games • Like board games , card games • Played by school age children as these children learn to play by rules and to take turns
- 25. PLAY THERAPY AND DEVELOPMENT • Through the play child develops , learns and ultimately maturates , it encourages emotional and social development
- 26. Physical developmentIntellectual development Moral development Creative development Therapeutic development Social development Play helps in…..
- 27. Physical development • Develops physical and intellectual abilities • Infants and young children – develop tactile, visual, sensory, auditory development through playing with rattle , balls • Toddlers and preschooler – enjoys climbing trees and exploring the environment • School age child – enjoys more complex forms like skating cycling etc
- 28. Intellectual development • Learn different shapes, sizes , colors , textures , numbers and name of the object • Learn language ability by speaking with others • Understand real world from unreal
- 29. Moral development • Learn moral values from parents , teachers and other adults • Show honesty , integrity , sportsmanship while playing • Learn to take responsibility of their own action
- 30. Creative development • Shows creativity through playing with clay , fingers paint • Plays with different objects like representing wooden boxes houses, blocks train etc • if Parents are urging children to play with only one kind of toy ,they are hampering the child’s sense of creativity
- 31. Therapeutic development • Provides release of stress and tension of all age groups • For ex , a child is disturbed by the arrival of a new sibling may assume the role of the mother in the play and care for the doll while mother is caring for the baby
- 32. Therapeutic development contd.. • child may assume the role of adult to lessen the stress • For ex , school age child may act as the doctor or nurse • Express feeling in threatening environment
- 33. Social development • Social and emotional development is enhance through play • Develop social relationship while playing in group
- 35. Types of play • Unoccupied play • No play in real sense • Lowest form of social involvement • Child may move around randomly , crawling under the table , climbing the tree , follow another person or just stand alone
- 36. Solitary play • Independent play • does not acknowledge what others are doing • Pre toddlers and toddlers engage in this type of play
- 37. Onlooker play • Child watches others play but does not become engaged in their play • may sit or stand near the children playing • Different from unoccupied play as in this play the child is interested in the other children activity • Less frequently observed in children
- 38. Parallel play • Child play with same toys as used by children nearby • Child play alongside but not with others • Preschooler engages in this type of play
- 39. Associative play • Interaction occurs between children • Learn to follow other children “borrow” and “ lending “ toys among other children • typical in school age children
- 40. Cooperative play • Play by dramatizing a real life situation like “playing house “ or “doctor patient” • There are leaders and followers in this group • Typical of older preschool children
- 41. CHARACTERSTICS OF PLAY ACCORDING TO THE AGE • Infants • Engages in social effective play • For ex , adults talk to infant while cuddling and in response the infant smiles or imitate adult behavior
- 42. Contd… • Infants and young children • Engages in sense pleasure play • For ex , play with a various colors , textures , shapes • Learn the movements of their bodies like walking , rocking and bouncing
- 43. Contd… • Infants also engages in skill play • In this a activity that is carried out repeatedly until it is learned • Skills learned through imitation like games of pee – ka-boo etc
- 44. Contd.. • Preschooler and schooler children engages in imitative and dramatic play • In which they imitate adult activity • For ex , a child may imitate adults by making a phone using a toy phone
- 45. Contd.. • Later preschooler children engages in formal type of play • Like ring – a – rosy • School age children will be more interested in hobbies • Like playing more complex games monopoly , puzzles etc
- 46. Contd... • Adolescence engages in imaginative play • Like girls imagine themselves as a beautiful heroines and boys thinks themselves a man.
- 47. AGE APPROPRIATE TOYS FOR CHILDREN • Infancy • From 0 to 5 months Place a crib mobile within infant reach Pacifier for sucking Large bright pictures on the crib walls Provide multicoloured fuzzy toys that infant can not swallow
- 48. Contd.. • From 5 to 8 months Harder toys with movable parts Provide complex soft cuddly toys Provide different texture of food for infant to feel Provide floating toys for bathing
- 49. Contd.. • From 8 to 10 months Show large pictures in the book Plays pee ka boo Vocalizes sounds like bye Place infant in jumper seat to encourage standing and jumping
- 50. Contd.. • From 10 to 12 months • Place infant in walker and encourage letting go • Provide crayons for drawing • Encourage infant to push a chair
- 51. Contd.. • Toddler ( from 2 to 3 year) • Motor play – push pull toys, pedal walker, small car, block play • Creative play-manipulation of sand, mud or clay as well as use of crayons and finger paints • Dramatic play-enjoys playing with dolls and household items • Quiet play-singing simple songs, simple dancing to the music
- 52. Contd.. • Preschooler ( from 3 to 5 year) • Preschooler runs, climb • Boys and girls play dolls house imitating others adults in the house
- 53. Contd.. • 3 year old • Enjoys nursery rhymes • Plays with dolls house , dolls bed , tea set • 4 and 5 year old • Plays dolls house by wearing mother’s heels , old dress and puts on make up • Enjoys playing with simple puzzles • Runs and jump • Listening and reading stories
- 54. Contd.. • School age child • Plays more complex games like football, cricket • Have same gender friends
- 56. SELECTING A SAFE TOY FOR A CHILD • according to child’s age , interest, Environment, abilities as well as safety. • read the labels for age and safety recommendation • According to their abilities for example, shooting games or electrical games are not advised for young children.
- 57. Contd.. • Plays should teach new skills • should be checked to see they are non toxic, inflammable ,sturdy, easy to keep clean and safe. • Toys should not have sharp edges, sharp points that can puncture • No propelled toys that can injure eyes for ex ,missile or weapons.
- 58. Contd.. • No part of the toys should be swallowed or inhaled • No excessive noise that can damage the hearing of the children • No elements that can causes burn are used for ex, cooking toys • No toxic paints or other toxic materials are used . Parents should check the labels
- 59. SUITABLE TOYS DURING HOSPITALIZATION • Small children needs the comfort and reassurance of familiar things such as stuffed toys that child can hugs for comfort and takes to bed at night. • Large number of toys often confuse and frustrate the child.
- 60. Role Of Nurse • should carefully observe the play of children can determine needs , concerns , and feelings that cannot be put into words. • Nurses must protect children if their play becomes too aggressive and guide them into less destructive types of play activities
- 61. Contd.. • Understand child social and emotional condition • Orient to the hospital • Reinforce and encourage question • Discuss the way parents participate in the care • Assess and discuss family support , make referral
- 62. RESEARCH ABSTRACT • Study conducted by D ’Antonio (1984) states that through therapeutic play nurses working with young hospitalized child can ascertain both effects hospitalization and illness had on the child and also enhance the emotional growth.