Monoclonal Antibodies - Types, Production and Applications

MONOCLONAL
ANTIBODIES
BY
NADIKATLAANUSHA
M.Pharm

CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
CLASSIFICATION OF ANTIBODIES
TYPES OF MONOCLONAL
ANTIBODIES (mAb)
• Murine Monoclonal Antibodies
• Chimeric Monoclonal Antibodies
• Humanized Monoclonal Antibodies
• Human Monoclonal Antibodies
STEPS INVOLVED IN PRODUCTION
OF mAb BY HYBRIDOMA
TECHNOLOGY
PROPAGATION OF MAB BY:
In vitro methods:
a) Batch tissue culture method
b) Semi permeable membrane
method
In vivo methods:
Mouse ascites method
EVALUATION OF MAB
a) Transchelation Challenge Test
b) Immunoreactivity studies
c) Micro ELISA system
d) Animal biodistribution study
APPLICATIONS OF MAB
a) Diagnostic Application
b) Catalytic mAb (Abzymes)
c) Therapeutic Application
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH
mAb’s
CONCLUSION ANUSHA NADIKATLA

INTRODUCTION
A membrane will have more than one single antigen to which T
helper cell surface proteins can bind.
Alternatively, some antigens may have more than one binding
sites (‘epitopes’)
ANUSHA NADIKATLA

All of the bound T-helper cells become ‘ACTIVATED’
Therefore, several different antibodies will be produced against
each pathogen (i.e. Polyclonal)
To target an antigen accurately, we need “One specific antibody”
i.e. “MONOCLONAL” antibody.
ANUSHA NADIKATLA

ANTIBODY
An antibody (Ab), also known as an immunoglobulin (Ig), is a
large, Y-shaped protein produced mainly by plasma cells that is
used by the immune system to neutralize pathogens such as
pathogenic bacteria and viruses.
Antibody contains 2 light chains and two heavy chains joined
together by disulfide bonds.
Each heavy chain contains carbo- hydrate residue.
Bottom trunk portion is known as constant region (Fc).
The upper arms are the antigen binding regions (Fab) known
as variable region.
This region in turn has several “hypervariable” regions known
as complementarity determining regions(CDR) which show
greater variability than the rest of the variable region.
ANUSHA NADIKATLA

The antibody recognizes a
unique molecule of the
pathogen, called an antigen,
via the Fab's variable region.
Each tip of the "Y" of an
antibody contains a
paratope(analogous to a lock)
that is specific for one
particular epitope (similarly
analogous to a key) on an
antigen, allowing these two
structures to bind together with
precision.
ANUSHA NADIKATLA

FUNCTIONS OF ANTIBODY
Antibodies have two major functions:
Recognize and bind antigen
Induce immune responses after binding
VARIABLE REGION CONSTANT REGION
The variable region
mediates binding.
Affinity for a given antigen
is determined by the
variable region.
The variable region confers
absolute specificity for an
antigen.
The constant region
mediates immune response
after binding.
Different classes of constant
regions generate different
isotypes.
Different isotypes of
antibody have differing
properties
ANUSHA NADIKATLA

CLASSIFICATION OF ANTIBODIES
POLYCLONALANTIBODIES
MONOCLONALANTIBODIES
ANTIBODY FRAGMENTS
CHIMERIC ANTIBODIES
HUMANIZED ANTIBODIES
BISPECIFIC ANTIBODIES
ANUSHA NADIKATLA

POLYCLONALANTIBODIES
If an animal is immunized with a protein, a wide array of B
cells will be stimulated to produce anti-protein antibodies.
They are a combination of immunoglobulin molecules
secreted against a specific antigen.
Polyclonal antibodies are a mixture of antibodies with
different antigen binding sites that may bind to different
epitopes or antigens of the immunizing agent with varying
affinities.
Each identify a different epitope.
They may be of different antibody classes.
ANUSHA NADIKATLA

An antibody binds to a specific region on an antigen called
an epitope.
A single antigen can have multiple epitopes for different,
specific antibodies.
ANUSHA NADIKATLA

A mixture of antibodies - all bind to epitopes of the original
antigen. Some bind with higher affinity than others.
ANUSHA NADIKATLA

MONOCLONALANTIBODIES (mAb)
Monoclonal antibodies are important reagents used in
biomedical research, in diagnosis of diseases, and in treatment of
such diseases as infections and cancer.
These antibodies are produced by cell lines or clones obtained
from animals that have been immunized with the substance that
is the subject of study.
To produce the desired mAb, the cells must be grown in either of
two ways: by injection into the abdominal cavity of a suitably
prepared mouse or by tissue culturing cells in plastic flasks.
ANUSHA NADIKATLA

CHARACTERISTICS OF POLYCLONALAND MONOCLONALANTIBODIES
MONOCLONALANTIBODIES POLYCLONALANTIBODIES
Derived from a single B cell clone Derived from different B lymphocytes cell lines
mAb offer reproducible, predictable &
potentially inexhaustible supply of Ab
with exquisite specificity
Batch to batch variation affecting Ab reactivity &
titre
Expensive production Inexpensive production
Long production time Rapid production
Large quantities of specific antibodies Large quantities of nonspecific antibodies
Recognize a single epitope on an antigen Recognize multiple epitopes on an antigen
Production is continuous and uniform
once the hybridoma is made
Different batches vary in composition
Enable the development of secure
immunoassay systems
Not powerful tools for clinical diagnostic tests
ANUSHA NADIKATLA

ANTIBODY FRAGMENTS: Earliest MoAb’s were of
nonhuman origin which are immunogenic and exhibit human
antimouse response(HAMA).To overcome this problem,
antibody was cleaved into Fc and Fab fragments by papain
digestion. The Fab fragments are less immunogenic than intact
antibodies, penetrate more into tumour cells, longer halflife. But,
Antigen binding capacity is lost up to some extent.
CHIMERIC ANTIBODIES: It contains Fc region of human
immunoglobulin (IgG) and Fab regions are murine (mouse)
origin. These are slightly immunogenic.
HUMANIZED ANTIBODIES: These are produced by rDNA
technology. Majority of antibody framework is human in origin,
but the CDR’s (responsible for antigen binding) are murine.
BISPECIFIC ANTIBODIES: Each of the two arms, are
specific for two different antigens i.e. Target 1, Target 2
ANUSHA NADIKATLA

MONOCLONAL
ANTIBODIES (mAb)
ANUSHA NADIKATLA

MONOCLONALANTIBODIES (mAb)
Monoclonal antibodies are specific antibodies produced by
fusing B-cells (B-lymphocytes) derived from a single ancestral
B-cell with a tumour (myeloma) cell.
These cultures of B-cells are called Monoclonal as they are
derived from a single ancestral B-cell.
These cells are used to harvest single kind of antibodies called as
Monoclonal antibodies.
They are highly specific and offer more consistent efficacy.
Monoclonal antibodies (mab) are antibodies that are identical
because they were produced by one type of immune cell, all
clones of a single parent cell.
ANUSHA NADIKATLA

TYPES OF MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES (mAb)
1. Murine Monoclonal Antibodies
2. Chimeric Monoclonal Antibodies
3. Humanized Monoclonal Antibodies
4. Human Monoclonal Antibodies
ANUSHA NADIKATLA

MURINE MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES
A murine antibody is one of which both chain types are of mouse
origin. A murine antibody is identified by the pre-stem -o- in its
INN.
Major problems associated with murine antibodies include
Reduced stimulation of cytotoxicity
Formation of complexes after repeated administration
Allergic reactions
Anaphylactic shock
ANUSHA NADIKATLA

CHIMERIC MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES
Chimeric Ab are obtained by genetically fusing the mouse
variable domains to human constant domains [Boulianne et
al.,1984; Morrison et al., 1984;Wright et al., 1992].
A chimeric antibody is one of which both chain types are
chimeric as a result of antibody engineering.
A chimeric chain is a chain that contains a foreign variable
domain (V-D-J-REGION) (originating from one species other
than human, or synthetic) linked to a constant region (C-
REGION) of human origin.
Affinity and specificity unchanged.
Also cause human antichimeric antibody response (30% murine
resource).
ANUSHA NADIKATLA

mAb are genetically engineered using a molecular approach.
Variable regions are Isolated using polymerase chain
reaction (PCR). A chimeric antibody is identified by the pre-
stem -xi- in its INN.
Issues with Chimeric mAb:
There are problems that can arise from using mouse-human
Ab. sometimes the body may elicit an anti-chimeric Ab in
the present of these genetically engineered Ab.
ANUSHA NADIKATLA

HUMANIZED MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES
A humanized antibody is one of which both chain types are
humanized as a result of antibody engineering.
A humanized chain is a chain in which the complementarity
determining regions (CDR) which are the responsible for antigen
binding within the variable regions, are foreign (originating from
one species other than human, or synthetic) whereas the
remaining chain is of human origin, creating ‘‘CDR-grafted’’ or
‘‘humanized’’ antibodies.
This is, in essence a human Ab with small segments containing
mouse Ab genes.
By extension an antibody is described as humanized if more
recent protocoles were used for the humanization.
A humanized antibody is identified by the pre-stem -zu- in its
INN. ANUSHA NADIKATLA

HUMAN MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES
A human antibody is one of which both chain types, and the J chain
in the case of polymeric antibodies, are of human origin.
A human antibody is identified by the pre-stem -u- in its INN. Note
that, in the case of polymeric antibodies, the INN name is only
based on the immunoglobulin chain origin.
The monoclonal antibodies produced by using mice are quite
suitable for in vitro use.
However, their administration to humans is associated with
immunological complications, since they are foreign to human
body.
Production of human monoclonal antibodies is preferred. However,
it is difficult to produce human MAbs by conventional hybridoma
technology.
Human antibodies directly from humans!
It has proven technically much more difficult to immortalize and
clone human B-cells and human hybridomas.
Also it raises ethical problems of immunizing human donors
ANUSHA NADIKATLA

POTENTIAL ADVANTAGES OF MONOCLONAL
ANTIBODIES
Single matched genetic source of antibody.
Prevention of allogeneic immune response to mixed sequences
in non-antigen-binding regions.
Producing clone can be amplified to produce unlimited
quantities of monoclonal as a pharmaceutical source.
Antibody coding information can be engineered to precise
sequential specifications to produce desired target binding to
avoid adverse immunological reactions.
Monoclonal antibodies truly represent a homogeneous state of a
single molecular species. Each MAb is specific to a given
antigenic determinant. This is in contrast to the conventional
antiserum that contains polyclonal antibodies. The wide range of
applications of MAbs is described later. ANUSHA NADIKATLA

Measuring protein and drug levels in serum.
Typing tissue and blood.
Identifying infectious agents.
Identifying clusters of differentiation for the classification and
follow-up therapy of leukemias and lymphomas.
Identifying tumor metastasis.
Identifying and quantifying hormones.
Immunoaffinity Purification
ANUSHA NADIKATLA

LIMITATIONS OF MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES
Hybridoma technology is laborious and time consuming. MAbs are
produced against a single antigenic determinant; therefore, they
cannot differentiate the molecule as a whole. Sometimes, they may
be incapable of distinguishing groups of different molecules also.
The presence of retroviruses as a part of the mammalian
chromosomes is a common occurrence. Mice used in MAb
production carry several viruses (adenovirus, hepatic virus,
retrovirus, reovirus, cytomegalovirus, thymic virus). The presence
of some of these viruses has been detected in the hybridomas.
This poses a great danger, since there is no guarantee that MAb
produced is totally virus-free, despite the purification. For this
reason, US Food and Drug Administration insists that MAb for
human use should be totally free from all pathogenic organisms,
including viruses. ANUSHA NADIKATLA

STEPS IN THE PRODUCTION OF MONOCLONAL
ANTIBODIES
1) PRODUCTION OF MAB BY HYBRIDOMA TECHNOLOGY:
The generation of mAB producing cells requires the use of animals,
usually mice. The procedure yields a cell line capable of producing
one type of antibody protein for a long period. A tumor from this
“immortal” cell line is called a HYBRIDOMA.
2) PROPAGATION OF MAB BY:
In vitro methods:
a) Batch tissue culture method
b) Semi permeable membrane method
In vivo methods:
Mouse ascites method
ANUSHA NADIKATLA

SEQUENCE FOR MONOCLONALANTIBODY
PRODUCTION BY HYBRIDOMA TECHNOLOGY
1) Immunize animal (mouse or rabbit)
2) Screening of mice for antibody production and Isolate spleen cells
(containing antibody-producing B cells)
3) Preparation of myeloma cells
4) Fusion of myeloma cells with immune spleen cells (e.g. using PEG -
polyethylene glycol)
5) Allow unfused B cells to die. Add HAT culture to kill unfused myeloma
cells.
6) Cloning of hybridoma cell lines by “Limiting dilution” or Expansion &
stabilisation of clones by ascites production.
7) Screen supernatant of each clone for presence of the desired antibody
(ELISA).
8) Grow the chosen clone of cells in tissue culture indefinitely.
9) Harvest antibody from the culture supernatant.
10)Characterization and Storage. ANUSHA NADIKATLA

STEP 1: IMMUNIZATION OF MICE AND SELECTION
OF MOUSE DONORS FOR GENERATION OF
HYBRIDOMA CELLS
The very first step in hybridoma technology is to immunize mice
with appropriate antigen that is prepared for injection either by
emulsifying the antigen with Freund’s adjuvant or other
adjuvants or by homogenizing a gel slice that contains the
antigen.
The antigen can be whole cells, membrane fragment, or complex
molecules.
The injections at multiple sites are repeated several times.
This enables increased stimulation of B-lymphocytes which are
responding to the antigen.
ANUSHA NADIKATLA

Three days prior to killing of the animal, a final dose of antigen
is intravenously administered.
The immune-stimulated cells for synthesis of antibodies have
grown maximally by this approach.
The concentration of the desired antibodies is assayed in the
serum of the animal at frequent intervals during the course of
immunization. Mice serum’s are screened using various
techniques such as ELISA.
When the serum concentration of the antibodies is optimal, the
animal is sacrificed.
The spleen is aseptically removed and disrupted by mechanical
or enzymatic methods to release the cells.
The lymphocytes of the spleen are separated from the rest of the
cells by density gradient centrifugation.
ANUSHA NADIKATLA

STEP 2: SCREENING OF MICE FOR ANTIBODY
PRODUCTION
After immunization, blood samples are obtained from mice for
measurement of serum antibodies.
Serum antibody titer is determined with various techniques, such
as ELISA, flow cytometry.
If the antibody titre is high – cell fusion can be performed.
If the titre is too low – mice can be boosted until an adequate
response is achieved.
If the titre is high enough – mice are commonly boosted by
injecting antigen without adjuvant.
Then the mice are euthanized and their spleens removed for in
vitro hybridoma cell production immunization of mice.
ANUSHA NADIKATLA

STEP 3: PREPARATION OF MYELOMA CELLS
Myeloma cells are immortalised cells that are cultured with
8-azaguanine to ensure their sensitivity to the hypoxanthine
aminopterin thymidine(HAT) selection medium used after
cell fusion.
A week before cell fusion,myeloma cells are grown in 8-
azaguanine.
ANUSHA NADIKATLA

STEP-4: FUSION OF MYELOMA CELLS WITH
IMMUNE SPLEEN CELLS
Single spleen cells from the immunized mouse are fused with the
previously prepared HGPRT defective myeloma cells.
Fusion is accomplished by co-centrifuging freshly harvested
spleen cells & myeloma cells in polyethylene glycol, a substance
that causes cell membranes to fuse for a short period (a few
minutes), since it is toxic.
PEG is removed by washing and the cells are kept in a fresh
medium.
The cells are then distributed to 96 well plates containing feeder
cells derived from saline peritoneal washes of mice.
ANUSHA NADIKATLA

Myeloma cells have been genetically engineered (HGPRT-)
such that they cannot use Hypoxanthine, Aminopterin, and
Thymidine (HAT medium) as a source for nucleic acid
biosynthesis and will die in culture. These cells are composed
of a mixture of hybridomas (fused cells), free myeloma cells
and free lymphocytes. Only B cells that have fused with the
engineered myeloma cells will survive in culture when grown in
HAT medium.
ANUSHA NADIKATLA

STEP-5: ALLOW UNFUSED B CELLS TO DIE. ADD
HAT CULTURE TO KILL UNFUSED MYELOMA
CELLS
Cells are plated in hypoxanthine-aminopterin-thymidine (HAT)
selection medium – inhibitor of aminoterin which blocks
nucleotide synthesis.
Only fused cells with grow on HAT.
Cells are distributed on feeder cells (murine bone-marrow ) to
promote growth of the hybridomal cells.
This happens in 7-10 days of culture.
Selection of a single antibody producing hybrid cells is very
important.
This is possible if the hybridomas are isolated and grown
individually.
ANUSHA NADIKATLA

The suspension of hybridoma cells is so diluted that the
individual aliquots contain on an average one cell each.
These cells, when grown in a regular culture medium, produce
the desired antibody.
Unfused myeloma cells die because they cannot use the salvage
pathway to make nucleotides and they are poisoned with
aminopterin that blocks their pathway to nucleotide synthesis.
Fused myeloma cells and normal cells do not die because the
normal cell partner can make nucleotides in the presence of
aminopterin, it can use the salvage pathway.
ANUSHA NADIKATLA

STEP-6: CLONING OF HYBRIDOMA CELL LINES BY
“LIMITING DILUTION” OR EXPANSION &
STABILISATION OF CLONES BY ASCITES
PRODUCTION
A mouse is inoculated with the cell and thereby becomes a factory
for producing the mAb.
Small clusters of hybridoma cells from the 96 well plates can be
grown in tissue culture followed by selection for antigen binding or
grown by the mouse ascites method with cloning at a later time.
The hybridomas now are ready to be diluted and grown, thus
obtaining a number of different colonies, each producing only one
type of antibody.
ANUSHA NADIKATLA

Single Hybridoma Clone by Limiting Dilution (getting one
clone or less per well)
ANUSHA NADIKATLA

STEP-7: SCREENING SUPERNATANT OF EACH
CLONE FOR PRESENCE OF THE DESIRED
ANTIBODY (ELISA)
The hybridomas must be screened for the secretion of the antibody
of desired specificity.
The culture medium from each hybridoma culture is periodically
tested for the desired antibody specificity.
The two techniques namely ELISA and RIA are commonly used for
this purpose.
In both the assays, the antibody binds to the specific antigen
(usually coated to plastic plates) and the unbound antibody and
other components of the medium can be washed off.
Thus, the hybridoma cells producing the desired antibody can be
identified by screening.
The antibody secreted by the hybrid cells is referred to as
monoclonal antibody. ANUSHA NADIKATLA

STEP-8: GROW THE CHOSEN CLONE OF CELLS IN
TISSUE CULTURE INDEFINITELY
This is done in vitro on culture bottles. The single hybrid cells producing
the desired antibody are isolated and cloned. Two techniques are
commonly employed for cloning hybrid cells-limiting dilution method
and soft agar method.
Limiting dilution method: In this procedure, the suspension of
hybridoma cells is serially diluted and the aliquots of each dilution are
put into micro culture wells. The dilutions are so made that each
aliquot in a well contains only a single hybrid cell. This ensures that
the antibody produced is monoclonal.
Soft agar method: In this technique, the hybridoma cells are cultured
in soft agar. It is possible to simultaneously grow many cells in
semisolid medium to form colonies. These colonies will be
monoclonal in nature. In actual practice, both the above techniques are
combined and used for maximal production of MAbs.
ANUSHA NADIKATLA

STEP-9: HARVEST ANTIBODY FROM THE CULTURE
SUPERNATANT
The monoclonal antibody has to be subjected to biochemical and
biophysical characterization for the desired specificity.
It is also important to elucidate the MAb for the immunoglobulin
class or sub-class, the epitope for which it is specific and the
number of binding sites it possesses.
The stability of the cell lines and the MAbs are important. The
cells (and MAbs) must be characterized for their ability to
withstand freezing, and thawing.
The desired cell lines are frozen in liquid nitrogen at several
stages of cloning and culture.
STEP-10: CHARACTERIZATION AND STORAGE
ANUSHA NADIKATLA

PROPAGATION OF MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY
ANUSHA NADIKATLA

IN VITRO PROPAGATION OF mAb
A major advantage of using mAB rather than polyclonal antiserum is
the potential availability of almost infinite quantities of a specific
monoclonal antibody toward a single epitope. In general, mAB is
found either in the medium supporting the growth of a hybridoma in
vitro or in ascitic fluid from a mouse inoculated with the hybridoma.
BATCH TISSUE –CULTURE METHOD:
The simplest approach for producimg mAB be in vitro is to grow
the hybridoma cultures in batches and purify the mAB from the
culture medium.
Fetal bovine serum is used in most tissue- culture media and
contains bovine immunoglobulin at about 50µg/ml.
In most cases, hybridoma growing in 10% fetal calf serum(FCS)
can be adapted with in 8 – 12 days to grow in < 1% FCS or in FCS
free media. By this approach it yields concentrations that are
typically below 20µg/ml.
ANUSHA NADIKATLA

SEMI PERMEABLE –MEMBRANE –BASED SYSTEMS:
In this method the use of a barrier, either a hollow fiber or a
membrane, with a LMW(10,000-30,000KD),has been
implemented in several devices to permit cells to grow at high
densities.
These devices are called semipermeable-membrane-based
systems.
In this method isolate the cells and mAB produced in a small
chamber separated by a barrier from a larger compartment that
contains the culture media.
Two membrane- based systems are available:
The mini-PREM(unisyn tech,Hopkinton)
The CELLine(Integra Bioscience) ANUSHA NADIKATLA

ADVANTAGES:
 Reduce the use of mice at the antibody-production stage.
 It is a method of choice for large scale production.
 Avoid the need to submit animal protocols to IACUC’s.
 Decrease the need for laboratory personnel.
 Using semi permeable membrane based systems produce mAB in high
concentrations.
DISADVANTAGES: Some hybridomas do not grow well in culture or are lost
in culture. The loss of proper glycosylation of the antibody might make the
antibody product unsuitable for in vivo experiments because of:
Increased immunogenicity, reduced binding affinity.
Changes in biologic functions, accelerated clearance in vivo.
In vitro culture methods are generally more expensive and limited by the amount of
equipment.
Batch culture supernatants contain less mAB per ml of medium than the mouse
ascites fluid.
Membrane based in vitro methods are contaminated with dead hybridoma cells and
dead hybridoma cell products, thus requiring early and expensive purification.
ANUSHA NADIKATLA

IN VIVO PROPAGATION OF mAb
MOUSE ASCITES METHOD
In vivo propagation involves ascites production from rodent hybridomas.
During this process,the monoclonal cells are injected into the peritoneal cavity
of a mouse and allowed to grow. After 2 weeks,there is abuild- up of ascitic
fluid, which contains the antibodies. These antibodies can then be removed
from the peritoneal cavity using a needle syringe.
Advantages:
This method usually produces very high concentrations that often do not
require further conc. Procedures that can denature antibody and decrease
effectiveness. The high conc. of the desired mAB in this method avoids the
effects of contaminants. Relatively inexpensive and easy
Disadvantages:
This method involves the continued use of mice requiring daily observation.
mAB produced by this method can contain various mouse proteins and
contaminants. This method can cause significant pain or distress in mice. There
are ethical concerns with using animals.
ANUSHA NADIKATLA

HARVESTING mAb
BY
AFFINITY
CHROMATOGRAPHY-
ANTIBODY
PURIFICATION
Antigen can be bound to the
support matrix in order to
purify antigen-specific
antibody from a polyclonal
antiserum.
ANUSHA NADIKATLA

LARGE SCALE PRODUCTION OF mAb
The production MAbs in the culture bottles is rather low (5-10
(ig/ml).
The yield can be increased by growing the hybrid cells as ascites
in the peritoneal cavity of mice.
The ascitic fluid contains about 5-20 mg of MAb/ml.
This is far superior than the in vitro cultivation techniques.
But collection of MAb from ascitic fluid is associated with the
heavy risk of contamination by pathogenic organisms of the
animal.
In addition, several animals have to be sacrificed to produce
MAb.
Hence, many workers prefer in vitro techniques rather than the
use of animals. ANUSHA NADIKATLA

EVALUATION OF MAB
1. Transchelation Challenge Test: The samples were submitted to
two different challenge media, serum and cysteine solution, in
order to test the "in vitro stability".
Serum: 10 µg of the labelled antibody is added to 1 mL of fresh
human serum. After a mild shaking, the sample was analysed by
paper and ITLC chromatography, aswell as electrophoresis if
considered necessary.
Cysteine: Two cysteine solutions were added to a solution of the
radiolabelled antibody, such that the final molar ratio were 0.5:1
and 500:1 in relation to MoAb. The protein concentration was 350
µg/mL. After incubations at room temperature and 37°C for over 4
hrs the solutions were analysed by a paper chromatography system,
whose mobile phase was PBS ,pH 7.2. ANUSHA NADIKATLA

2. Immunoreactivity studies:
a. Micro ELISA system: The immunoreactivity of reduced and labelled was
determined in a competitive binding assay against the native antibody by a
micro ELISA system, Polystyrene plates (high binding, COSTAR), were
coated with ior-CEA-1 diluted in coating buffer. The plate was incubated
for 18 h at 37°C and then washed with washing buffer (phosphate buffer
saline (PBS) with 0.05% of Tween 20) three times with 200 µL of buffer
per well. Two hundred µl of CEA (2 µg/mL) and modified or control
antibody were incubated in Eppendorf vials to a final volume at 200 µL
and vortexed for 10 sec. After incubation at 37°C for 1 h the plate was
washed and a solution of p-nitrophenyl phosphate in diethanolamine
buffer. The color was developed in 30 min at room temperature and the
reaction was stopped with NaOH 3 M . The absorbance values were
measured in a ELISA plate reader (Organon, Teknica) at 405 nm.
b. Animal biodistribution study: Female mice weighing 18-25 gm were used
in the experiment. About 100 µL of labelled mAB , were injected
intraperitoneally. Four hr later, the animals were sacrificed. Radioactivity in
each organ was counted in a gamma counter and recorded as percentage of
dose/g tissue. ANUSHA NADIKATLA

APPLICATIONS OF MAB
The application of monoclonal antibodies can be broadly
categorized as:
DIAGNOSTIC
APPLICATION
CATALYTIC MAB
(ABZYMES)
THERAPEUTIC
APPLICATION
ANUSHA NADIKATLA

DIAGNOSTIC APPLICATION
The western blot test & immuno dot blot tests detect the protein on a
membrane. Useful in immunohistochemistry, which detect antigen in fixed
tissue sections. Immuno fluoresence test,which detect the substance in a
frogen tissue section or in live cells.
MAbs are utilized in diagnostic kits for the diagnosis of various infectious
diseases, detecting pregnancy, monitoring drug levels, matching
histocompatibility antigen, detecting diabetes, cancer and in
immunoscintigraphy.
FDA licensed a new diagnostic imaging agent that can determine the extent
of disease in patients diagnosed with small cell lung cancer (SCLC).
Because these agents can detect tumor in different part of the body at one
time, it can help physician to advice certain patients with advanced forms of
the disease about treatment option without requiring further diagnostic
tests.
The new agent, Nofetumomab, is a fragment of a monoclonal antibody that
when tagged with the radioisotope technique, can detect a protein found on
the surface of most small lung cancer cells. ANUSHA NADIKATLA

CATALYTIC MAb (ABZYMES)
Abzymes are usually raised in lab animals immunized against
synthetic haptens, but some natural abzymes can be found in
normal humans (anti-vasoactive intestinal peptide autoantibodies)
and in patients with autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus
erythematosus, where they can bind to and hydrolyze DNA.
The antibodies are extremely efficient at binding ground states
of the target molecule while enzymes obtained their catalytic
efficiency from tight binding of the transition state for the
reaction.
Thus antibodies can be made efficient catalysts if they are made
for reaction transition state.
ANUSHA NADIKATLA

IMMUNOCONJUGATE
These are antibodies conjugated (joined) to a second molecule,
usually a toxin, radioisotope or label.
For mAB’s targeted drug delivery, a drug is bound covalently to
an antibody.
The resulting immunoconjugate may contain a spacer between
drug and antibody (or) a polymer to increase the number of drug
molecules that can be bound to each antibody.
The drug can be incorporated noncovalently into a liposome or
microsphere to which the targeting antibody is bound to surface
is known as Immunoliposome or Immunomicrosphere.
ANUSHA NADIKATLA

THERAPEUTIC APPLICATION
Improving the outcome of bone marrow transplantation by
using CD52 MAbs to prevent Graft-Versus-Host disease and
Graft rejection.
Graft-versus-Host Disease (GVHD) is a major cause of
mortality and mobidity after allogenic bone marrow
transplantation, but can be avoided by removing T-
lymphocytes from the donor bone marrow.
However, T-cell depletion increases the risk of graft rejection.
This study examined the use of CD52 MAb to eliminate T-
cells from both donor marrow and recipient to prevent both
GVHD and rejection.
Alemtuzumab is the monoclonal antibody used for this
purpose. ANUSHA NADIKATLA

mAb IN TISSUE TRANSPLANTATION
Muromonoab-CD3:
Muromonoab-CD3 is used for the treatment of acute organ
transplant rejection.
It is effective in preventing graft rejection after kidney, heart or
livertransplantation.
Muromonoab-CD3 is effective in patients who after acute
cardiac or liver allograft rejection do not respond to steroid
therapy.
ANUSHA NADIKATLA

mAb IN PSORIASIS
Psoriasis is a disease of the immune system that involves T
lymphocytes.
The etiology and pathogenesis of psoriasis results from complex
communications that cause activation of T lymphocytes and
trafficking to the skin.
Further reactivation causes inflammation and overproduction of
skin, resulting in lesions and plaques
ANUSHA NADIKATLA

Efalizumab is a humanized
IgG1_ antibody produced by
recombinant DNA technology.
It exhibits immunosuppressive
function. It binds to CD11a,
which is the α-subunit of
leukocyte function antigen
(LFA)-1.
Efalizumab decreases the cell
surface expression of CD11a,
which is expressed on all
leukocytes.
ANUSHA NADIKATLA

mAb IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
Monoclonal antibodies have been shown to be
clinically effective in suppressing inflammation in
RA.
They may be used to treat disease flares and in
combination with conventional DMARDs to achieve
better disease control.
some mAbs, such as anti-CD4,improve disease for a
prolonged period in animal models of RA.
ANUSHA NADIKATLA

It is a chimeric
monoclonal antibody
produced by recombinant
DNA technology and is
directed against TNF-α.
It is composed of human
constant and mouse
variable regions.
Infliximab binds to the
soluble and the membrane
bound form of TNFα,
resulting in the
neutralization of its
biological activity.
ANUSHA NADIKATLA

mAb IN THROMBOSIS
Abciximab (ReoPro):
Abciximab is a Fab fragment of a chimeric monoclonal antibody
that is directed against GPIIb/IIIa receptors.
These receptors are located on platelets where they are involved
in platelet aggregation.
Abciximab inhibits platelet aggregation by blocking GPIIb/IIIa
receptors, thus preventing the binding of fibrinogen,
vonWillebrand factor and other molecules promoting adhesion to
the receptors on platelets. It increases bleeding and activated
clotting times and reduces the response of platelets to adenosine
diphosphate.
ANUSHA NADIKATLA

mAb IN CANCER TREATMENT
It involves mAB that bind
only to cancer cell- specific
antigens and induce an
immunological response
against the target cancer
cell.
The mAB can also be
modified for delivery of a
toxin, radioisotope,
cytokine or other active
conjugate.
ANUSHA NADIKATLA

MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES FOR CANCER
Radio immunotherapy
Antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (ADEPT)
Immunoliposomes
ADEPT(antibody directed enzyme prodrug therapy)
ADCC(antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity)
CDC(complement dependent cytotoxicity)
scFV(single-chain Fv fragment)
ANUSHA NADIKATLA

EXAMPLES OF FDAAPPROVED TREATMENTS OF
CERTAIN CANCERS
MAB NAME
TRADE
NAME
USED TO TREAT
APPROVED
IN
Rituximab Rituxan Non-Hodglymphoma 1997
Trastuzumab Herceptin Breast cancer 1998
Gemtuzumab
ozogamicin*
Mylotarg
Acute myelogenous leukemia
(AML)
2000
Alemtuzumab Campath
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia
(CLL)
2001
Ibritumomab tiuxetan* Zevalin Non-Hodgkin lymphoma 2002
Tositumomab* Bexxar Non-Hodgkin lymphoma 2003
Cetuximab Erbitux
Colorectal cancer
Head & neck cancers
2004
2006
Bevacizumab Avastin Colorectal cancer 2004
ANUSHA NADIKATLA

mAb IN AUTO IMMUNE DISEASES
Monoclonal antibodies used for autoimmune diseases , which are
effective in rheumatoid arthritis, crohn’s disease and ulcerative
colitis.(Infliximab,Limumab) Preventing acute rejection of kidney
transplants (Basiliximab,Daclizumab). Useful in moderate to
severe allergic asthma(Omalizumab). Immunoliposomes are used
for intracellular delivery of compounds that intrinsically do not
enter the diseased cells.
• Eg: Methotrexate-γ-aspartate.
ANUSHA NADIKATLA

CLINICALAPPLICATIONS OF MONOCLONALS IN
AUTOIMMUNITYAND TRANSPLANTATION MEDICINE
Zenapax
Targeted to IL-2 Receptor alpha subunit on activated T-Cells (Anti-TAC)
Modulates acute kidney rejection
Orthoclone OKT3
Targeted to CD3 co-receptor on activated T-cells
Controls rejection in liver, heart, and kidney transplants
Remicade
Targets Tumor Necrosis Factor mediator of inflammation
Treatment of Autoimmune Rheumatoid Arthritis and Crohn’s Disease
Xolair
Antibody to IgE (Antibody to an antibody)
Type 1 Allergy Treatment ANUSHA NADIKATLA

mAb IN ALLERGY
Allergic disorders, including asthma, allergic rhino conjunctivitis, atopic
dermatitis, food allergies, urticaria and anaphylaxis have significant
impacts on our daily lives.
ANUSHA NADIKATLA

TYPE TARGET MODE
Omalizumab IgE Humanized
Pascolizumab IL-4 Humanized
Certolizumab TNF-α receptor Humanized
Rituximab CD20 CD20 Chimeric
ANUSHA NADIKATLA

PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH MOUSE mAb
The therapeutic use of rodent monoclonal antibodies in humans is
limited by their immunogenic, short circulating half-life, and inability
to efficiently trigger human effectors mechanisms.This is due to
differences between the mouse and humans.
Also severe allergic response in human when mouse mAb are
introduced to a patient.
Also constant region of marine mAb are not effective in interacting
with human effectors molecules.
Main difficulty is that mouse antibodies are "seen" by the human
immune system as foreign, and the human patient mounts an immune
response against them, producing HAMA ("human anti-mouse
antibodies")
This problem derives from the fact that although antibodies show
some conservation there are many sequence differences between
rodent antibodies and human antibodies ANUSHA NADIKATLA

PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH mAb’s
Cancer cells are heterogenous, so those cells that are not recognised
by MoAb can escape and proliferate.
Some tumours contain semidead cores with poor circulation and thus
cannot be reached by monoclonals.
MoAb’s can interact with circulating target antigens before reaching
this target.
Patients can experience possible immunogenic reactions.
A MoAb is not as specific invivo as would be predicted from invitro
studies.i.e, tumour antibodies may bind to normal cells as well as
target cells.
MoAb’s have poor penetration incase of solid tumors due to lack of
vasculature.
For these reasons, it is proven more effective to combine MoAb with
standard chemotherapeutic agents.
ANUSHA NADIKATLA

CONCLUSION
The monoclonal antibody production technology has
revolutionized the world of Biotechnology. Advances in
genetic engineering over the years have provided numerous
ways to design mAbs that are more robust and efficacious
compared with their original murine version. mAbs have not
only been used as diagnostics, therapeutics, research reagents,
drug targettor for various infectious diseases but also
cancerous, metabolic and hormonal disorders. mAb
technology in conjunction with recombinant DNA technology
has successfully led to the reconstruction of chimeric,
humanized and fully human antibodies and has enormous
potentials for therapeutic uses.
ANUSHA NADIKATLA

REFERENCES
1. Anon. (1989). Code of Practice for the Production of Monoclonal Antibodies, 6 pp.
Rijswijk, The Netherlands: Veterinary Public Health Inspectorate, Department of Animal
Experimentation.
2. Kuhlmann, I., Kurth, W. & Ruhdel, I. (1989). Monoclonal antibodies: in vivo and in vitro
production on a laboratory scale, with consideration of the legal aspects of animal
protection. ATLA 17, 73ñ82.
3. van der Kamp, M. & de Leeuw, W.A. (1996). Short review of in vitro production methods
for monoclonal antibodies. NCA Newsletter 3, 10ñ12.
4. Hendriksen, C., Rozing, J., van der Kamp, M. & de Leeuw, W. (1996). The production of
monoclonal antibodies: are animals still needed? ATLA 24, 109ñ110.
5. “Production of Monoclonal Antibodies” ;Wayne M. Yokoyama, Michelle Christensen, Gary
Dos Santos,Diane Miller, Jason Ho, Tao, Wu, Michael Dziegelewski, Francisca A.
Neethling ; Current Protocols in immunology, unit 2.5
6. “Production of monoclonal antibodies: Strategy and tactics “; St. Groth, Doris Scheidegger ;
Journal of Immunological Methods, Volume 35, Issues 1–2, 15 July 1980, Pages 1-21
7. Bruno CJ, Jacobson JM, Ibalizumab: an anti-CD4 monoclonal antibody for the treatment of
HIV-1 infection; J Antimicrob Chemother;1839-41; 2010
8. “Monoclonal Antibody Production” , NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS Washington, DC
1999
9. Bruce A. Chamber, Jeol Neal et.al, Targeted therapies, Tyrosine kinase inhibitors,
monoclonal antibodies; Goodman and Gilmans, Pharmacological basis of therapeutics;
12;1731-50; 2010. ANUSHA NADIKATLA

Monoclonal Antibodies - Types, Production and Applications

Monoclonal Antibodies - Types, Production and Applications

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

What's hot

What's hot (20)

Similar to Monoclonal Antibodies - Types, Production and Applications

Similar to Monoclonal Antibodies - Types, Production and Applications (20)

More from N Anusha

More from N Anusha (13)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Monoclonal Antibodies - Types, Production and Applications