CE6451 - FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY UNIT - I NOTES

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R.M.K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TECH / AQ / R2013/ CE6451 / III / MECH / JUNE 2015 – NOV 2015
CE6451 – FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY QUESTION BANK by ASHOK KUMAR.R (AP / Mech) 2
UNIT - I - FLUID PROPERTIES AND FLOW CHARACTERISTICS
Part - A
1.1) What is a fluid? How are fluids classified?
1.2) Define fluid. Give examples. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]
1.3) How fluids are classified? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2008, May / June - 2012]
1.4) Distinguish between solid and fluid. [AU, May / June - 2006]
1.5) Differentiate between solids and liquids. [AU, May / June - 2007]
1.6) Discuss the importance of ideal fluid. [AU, April / May - 2011]
1.7) What is a real fluid? [AU, April / May - 2003]
1.8) Define Newtonian and Non – Newtonian fluids. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]
1.9) What are Non – Newtonian fluids? Give example. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
1.10) Differentiate between Newtonian and Non – Newtonian fluids.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2007]
1.11) What is the difference between an ideal and a real fluid?
1.12) Differentiate between liquids and gases.
1.13) Define Pascal’s law. [AU, Nov / Dec – 2005, 2008]
1.14) Define the term density.
1.15) Define mass density and weight density. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2007]
1.16) Distinguish between the mass density and weight density.
[AU, May / June - 2009]
1.17) Define the term specific volume and express its units. [AU, April / May - 2011]
1.18) Define specific weight.
1.19) Define specific weight and density. [AU, May / June - 2012]
1.20) Define density and specific gravity of a fluid. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]
1.21) Define the term specific gravity.
1.22) What is specific weight and specific gravity of a fluid? [AU, April / May - 2010]
1.23) What is specific gravity? How is it related to density? [AU, April / May - 2008]
1.24) What do you mean by the term viscosity?
1.25) What is viscosity? What is the cause of it in liquids and in gases?
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2005]
1.26) Define Viscosity and give its unit. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2003]
1.27) Define Newton’s law of viscosity. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]

1.28) State the Newton's law of viscosity.
[AU, April / May, Nov / Dec - 2005, May / June - 2007]
1.29) Define Newton’s law of viscosity and write the relationship between shear stress
and velocity gradient? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2006]
1.30) What is viscosity and give its units? [AU, April / May - 2011]
1.31) Define coefficient of viscosity. [AU, April / May - 2005]
1.32) Define coefficient of volume of expansion. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]
1.33) Define relative or specific viscosity. [AU, May / June - 2013]
1.34) Define kinematic viscosity. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
1.35) Define kinematic and dynamic viscosity. [AU, May / June - 2006]
1.36) What is the importance of kinematic viscosity? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
1.37) Mention the significance of kinematic viscosity. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]
1.38) What is dynamic viscosity? What are its units?
1.39) Define dynamic viscosity. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2008, May / June - 2012]
1.40) Define the terms kinematic viscosity and give its dimensions.
[AU, May / June - 2009]
1.41) What is kinematic viscosity? State its units? [AU, May / June - 2014]
1.42) Differentiate between kinematic viscosity of liquids and gases with respect to
pressure. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2013]
1.43) Write the units and dimensions for kinematic and dynamic viscosity.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2005]
1.44) What are the units and dimensions for kinematic and dynamic viscosity of a fluid?
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2006, 2012]
1.45) Differentiate between kinematic and dynamic viscosity.
[AU, May / June - 2007, Nov / Dec – 2008, 2011]
1.46) How does the dynamic viscosity of liquids and gases vary with temperature?
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2007, April / May - 2008]
1.47) What are the variations of viscosity with temperature for fluids?
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
1.48) What is the effect of temperature on viscosity of water and that of air?
1.49) Why is it necessary in winter to use lighter oil for automobiles than in summer?
To what property does the term lighter refer? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]

1.50) Define the term pressure. What are its units? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2005]
1.51) Give the dimensions of the following physical quantities
[AU, April / May - 2003]
a) Pressure b) surface tension
c) Dynamic viscosity d) kinematic viscosity
1.52) Define eddy viscosity. How it differs from molecular viscosity?
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]
1.53) Define surface tension. [AU, May / June - 2006]
1.54) Define surface tension and expression its unit. [AU, April / May - 2011]
1.55) Define capillarity. [ AU, Nov / Dec - 2005, May / June - 2006]
1.56) What is the difference between cohesion and adhesion?
1.57) Define the term vapour pressure.
1.58) What is meant by vapour pressure of a fluid? [AU, April / May - 2010]
1.59) Brief on the significance of vapour pressure. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
1.60) What are the types of pressure measuring devices?
1.61) What do you understand by terms:
i) Isothermal process ii) adiabatic process
1.62) What do you mean by capillarity? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
1.63) Explain the phenomenon of capillarity.
1.64) Define surface tension.
1.65) What is compressibility of fluid?
1.66) Define compressibility of the fluid.
[AU, Nov / Dec – 2008, May / June - 2009]
1.67) Define compressibility and viscosity of a fluid. [AU, April / May - 2005]
1.68) Define coefficient of compressibility. What is its value for ideal gases?
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]
1.69) List the components of total head in a steady, in compressible irrotational flow.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
1.70) Define the bulk modulus of fluid. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]
1.71) Define - compressibility and bulk modulus. [AU, Nov / Dec – 2011]
1.72) Write short notes on thyxotropic fluid.

1.73) What is Thyxotrphic fluid? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2003]
1.74) One poise’s equal to __________Pa.s.
1.75) State the empirical pressure density relation for a liquid.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
1.76) Give the types of fluid flow.
1.77) Define steady flow and give an example.
1.78) Define unsteady flow and give an example.
1.79) Differentiate between the steady and unsteady flow. [AU, May / June - 2006]
1.80) When is the flow regarded as unsteady? Give an example for unsteady flow.
1.81) Define uniform flow and give an example.
1.82) Define non uniform flow and give an example.
1.83) Differentiate between steady flow and uniform flow. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2007]
1.84) Define laminar and turbulent flow and give an example.
1.85) Differentiate between laminar and turbulent flow.
[AU, Nov / Dec – 2005, 2008, April / May - 2015]
1.86) Distinguish between Laminar and Turbulent flow. [AU, April / May - 2010]
1.87) State the criteria for laminar flow. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]
1.88) State the characteristics of laminar flow. [AU, April / May - 2010]
1.89) What are the characteristics of laminar flow? [AU, May / June - 2014]
1.90) Mention the general characteristics of laminar flow. [AU, May / June - 2013]
1.91) Define - Incompressible fluid. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
1.92) Define compressible and incompressible flow and give an example.
1.93) Define rotational and irrotational flow and give an example.
1.94) Distinguish between rotation and circularity in fluid flow.
1.95) Define stream line. What do stream lines indicate? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2007]
1.96) Define streamline and path line in fluid flow. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2005]
1.97) What is stream line and path line in fluid flow? [AU, April / May - 2010]
1.98) What is a streamline? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]
1.99) Define streak line. [AU, April / May - 2008]
1.100) Define stream function. [AU, April / May – 2010, May / June - 2012]

1.101) Define control volume. [AU, April / May - 2015]
1.102) What is the use of control volume? [AU, April / May - 2015]
1.103) What is meant by continuum? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]
1.104) Define continuity equation.
1.105) Write down the equation of continuity. [AU, Nov / Dec –2008, 2009, 2012]
1.106) State the continuity equation in one dimensional form?
[AU, May / June - 2012]
1.107) State the general continuity equation for a 3 - D incompressible fluid flow.
[AU, May / June - 2007, Nov / Dec - 2012]
1.108) State the continuity equation for the case of a general 3-D flow.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2007]
1.109) State the equation of continuity in 3 dimensional incompressible flow.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2005]
1.110) State the assumptions made in deriving continuity equation.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]
1.111) Define Euler's equation of motion.
1.112) Write the Euler's equation. [AU, April / May - 2011]
1.113) What is Euler’s equation of motion? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]
1.114) Define Bernoulli's equation.
1.115) Write the Bernoulli’s equation in terms of head. Explain each term.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2007]
1.116) What are the basic assumptions made is deriving Bernoulli’s theorem?
[AU, Nov / Dec – 2005, 2012]
1.117) List the assumptions which are made while deriving Bernoulli’s equation.
[AU, May / June - 2012]
1.118) State at least two assumptions of Bernoulli’s equation.
[AU, May / June - 2009]
1.119) What are the three major assumptions made in the derivation of the Bernoulli’s
equation? [AU, April / May - 2008]
1.120) State the assumptions used in the derivation of the Bernoulli's equation.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
1.121) State Bernoulli’s theorem as applicable to fluid flow. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2003]

1.122) Give the assumptions made in deriving Bernoulli’s equation.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]
1.123) What are the applications of Bernoulli’s theorem? [AU, April / May - 2010]
1.124) Give the application of Bernoulli’s equation.
1.125) List the types of flow measuring devices fitted in a pipe flow, which uses the
principle of Bernoulli’s equation. [AU, May / June - 2012]
1.126) Mention the uses of manometer. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
1.127) State the use of venturimeter. [AU, May / June - 2006]
1.128) Define momentum principle.
1.129) Define impulse momentum equation.
1.130) Write the impulse momentum equation. [AU, May / June - 2007]
1.131) What do you understand by impulse momentum equation?
[AU, May / June - 2013]
1.132) State the momentum equation. When can it applied. [AU, May / June - 2009]
1.133) State the usefulness of momentum equation as applicable to fluid flow
phenomenon. [AU, May / June – 2007, Nov / Dec - 2012]
1.134) Define discharge (or) rate of flow.
1.135) Discuss the momentum flux. [AU, April / May - 2011]
1.136) Find the continuity equation, when the fluid is incompressible and densities are
equal.
1.137) What is the moment of momentum equation? [AU, May / June - 2014]
1.138) Explain classification of fluids based on viscosity.
1.139) State and prove Euler's equation of motion. Obtain Bernoulli's equation from
Euler's equation.
1.140) State and prove Bernoulli's equation. What are the limitations of the Bernoulli's
equation?
1.141) State the momentum equation. How will you apply momentum equation for
determining the force exerted by a flowing liquid on a pipe bend?
1.142) Give the equation of continuity. Obtain an expression for continuity equation for
a three - dimensional flow.
1.143) Calculate the density of one litre petrol of specific gravity 0.7?

1.144) If a liquid has a viscosity of 0.051 poise and kinematic viscosity of 0.14 stokes,
calculate its specific gravity. [AU, April / May - 2015]
1.145) Calculate the mass density and specific volume of one litre of a liquid which
weighs 7 N. [AU, April / May - 2015]
1.146) A soap bubble is formed when the inside pressure is 5 N/m2
above the
atmospheric pressure. If surface tension in the soap bubble is 0.0125 N/m, find the
diameter of the bubble formed. [AU, April / May - 2010]
1.147) Determine the gauge pressure inside a soap bubble of diameter 0.25 cm and 6
cm at 22°C. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
1.148) The converging pipe with inlet and outlet diameters of 200 mm and 150 mm
carries the oil whose specific gravity is 0.8. The velocity of oil at the entry is 2.5
m/s, find the velocity at the exit of the pipe and oil flow rate in kg/sec.
1.149) Find the height through which the water rises by the capillary action in a 2mm
bore if the surface tension at the prevailing temperature is0.075 g/cm.
1.150) Find the height of a mountain where the atmospheric pressure is 730mm of Hg
at normal conditions. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
1.151) Suppose the small air bubbles in a glass of tap water may be on the order of50 μ
m in diameter. What is the pressure inside these bubbles? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]
1.152) An open tank contains water up to depth of 2.85m and above it an oil of specific
gravity 0.92 for the depth of 2.1m. Calculate the pressures at the interface of two
liquids and at the bottom of the tank. [AU, April / May - 2011]
1.153) Two horizontal plates are placed 12.5mm apart, the space between them is being
filled with oil of viscosity 14 poise. Calculate the shear stress in the oil if the upper
plate is moved with the velocity of 2.5m/s. Define specific weight.
[AU, May / June - 2012]
1.154) Calculate the height of capillary rise for water in a glass tube of diameter 1mm.
[AU, May / June - 2012]
PART - B
1.155) What are the various classification of fluids? Discuss [AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]
1.156) State and prove Pascal's law. [AU, May / June, Nov / Dec - 2007]

1.157) What is Hydrostatic law? Derive an expression to show the same.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
1.158) Explain the properties of hydraulic fluid. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
1.159) Discuss the equation of continuity. Obtain an expression for continuity equation
in three dimensional forms. [AU, April / May - 2011]
1.160) Explain in detail the Newton's law of viscosity. Briefly classify the fluids based
on the density and viscosity. Give the limitations of applicability of Newton's law of
viscosity. [AU, April / May - 2011]
1.161) Classify the fluids according to the nature of variation of viscosity. Give
examples [AU, April / May - 2015]
1.162) State the effect of temperature and pressure on viscosity.
[AU, May / June - 2009]
1.163) Explain the term specific gravity, density, compressibility and vapour pressure.
[AU, May / June - 2009]
1.164) Explain the terms Specific weight, Density, Absolute pressure and Gauge
pressure. [AU, April / May - 2011]
1.165) Define Surface tension and also compressibility of a fluid?
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2006]
1.166) Explain the practical significance of the following liquid properties: surface
tension, capillarity and vapour pressure. [AU, April / May - 2015]
1.167) Explain the phenomenon surface tension and capillarity.
1.168) Derive an expression for the capillary rise of a liquid having surface tension σ
and contact angle θ between two vertical parallel plates at a distance W apart. If the
plates are of glass, what will be the capillary rise of water? Assume σ = 0.773N / m,
θ= 0° Take W=l mm. [AU, May / June - 2014]
1.169) What is compressibility of fluids? Give the relationship between compressibility
and bulk modulus [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
1.170) Prove that the relationship between surface tension and pressure inside the
droplet of liquid in excess of outside pressure is given by P = 4σ/d.
[AU, April / May –2010, 2011, Nov / Dec - 2008]
1.171) Explain the following

 Capillarity
 Surface tension
 Compressibility
 Kinematic viscosity [AU, May / June - 2012]
1.172) Derive the energy equation and state the assumptions made while deriving the
equation. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]
1.173) Derive Euler's equation of motion. [AU, May / June - 2014]
1.174) Derive from the first principles, the Euler’s equation of motion for a steady flow
along a stream line. Hence derive Bernoulli’ equation. State the various assumptions
involved in the above derivation. [AU, May / June - 2009]
1.175) Derive from basic principle the Euler’s equation of motion in 2D flow in X-Y
coordinate system and reduce the equation to get Bernoulli’s equation for
unidirectional stream lined flow. [AU, April / May - 2005]
1.176) State Euler’s equation of motion, in the differential form. Derive Bernoulli’s
equation from the above for the cases of an ideal fluid flow.
[AU, May / June - 2007, Nov / Dec - 2012]
1.177) State the law of conservation of man and derive the equation of continuity in
Cartesian coordinates for an incompressible fluid. Would it alter if the flow were
unsteady, highly viscous and compressible? [AU, April / May - 2011]
1.178) Derive the equation of continuity for one dimensional flow.
1.179) Derive the continuity equation for 3 dimensional flow in Cartesian coordinates.
[AU, May / June - 2006]
1.180) Derive the general form of continuity equation in Cartesian coordinates.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]
1.181) Derive the continuity equation of differential form. Discuss weathers equation is
valid for a steady flow or unsteady flow, viscous or in viscid flow, compressible or
incompressible flow. [AU, April / May - 2003]
1.182) Derive continuity equation from basic principles. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
1.183) Derive Bernoulli’s equation along with assumptions made.
[AU, May / June - 2007]

1.184) State Bernoulli’s theorem for steady flow of an in compressible fluid.
[AU, Nov / Dec – 2004, 2005, April / May – 2010, May / June - 2013]
1.185) State Bernoulli’s theorem for steady flow of an in compressible fluid. Derive an
expression for Bernoulli equation and state the assumptions made.
[AU, May / June - 2009]
1.186) State the assumptions in the derivation of Bernoulli’s equation.
[AU, May / June, Nov / Dec - 2007]
1.187) Derive an expression for Bernoulli’s equation for a fluid flow.
1.188) Derive Bernoulli’s equation from the first principles? State the assumptions
made while deriving Bernoulli’s equation. [AU, May / June - 2012]
1.189) Derive from basic principle the Euler’s equation of motion in Cartesian co –
ordinates system and deduce the equation to Bernoulli’s theorem steady irrotational
flow. [AU, April / May - 2004]
1.190) Derive the Euler’s equation of motion and deduce the expression to Bernoulli’s
equation. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]
1.191) Develop the Euler equation of motion and then derive the one dimensional form
of Bernoulli’s equation. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]
1.192) Show that for a perfect gas the bulk modulus of elasticity equals its pressure for
 An isothermal process
 γ times the pressure for an isentropic process
1.193) State and derive impulse momentum equation. [AU, April / May - 2005]
1.194) Derive momentum equation for a steady flow. [AU, May / June - 2012]
1.195) Derive the linear momentum equation using the control volume approach and
determine the force exerted by the fluid flowing through a pipe bend.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]
1.196) With a neat sketch, explain briefly an orifice meter and obtain an expression for
the discharge through it. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]
1.197) Draw the sectional view of Pitot’s tube and write its concept to measure velocity
of fluid flow? [AU, April / May - 2005]

PROBLEMS
1.198) A soap bubble is 60mm in diameter. If the surface tension of the soap film is
0.012 N/m. Find the excess pressure inside the bubble and also derive the expression
used in this problem. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
1.199) A spherical water droplet of 5 mm in diameter splits up in the air into 16 smaller
droplets of equal size. Find the work involved in splitting up the droplet. The surface
tension of water may be assumed as 0.072 N/m [AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]
1.200) A liquid weighs 7.25N per litre. Calculate the specific weight, density and
specific gravity of the liquid.
1.201) One litre of crude oil weighs 9.6N. Calculate its specific weight, density and
specific gravity. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]
1.202) Determine the viscosity of a liquid having a kinematic viscosity 6 stokes and
specific gravity 1.9. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2008, April / May - 2010]
1.203) Determine the mass density; specific volume and specific weight of liquid whose
specific gravity 0.85. [AU, April / May - 2010]
1.204) If the volume of a balloon is to reach a sphere of 8m diameter at an altitude where
the pressure is 0.2 bar and temperature -40°C. Determine the mass hydrogen to be
charged into the balloon and volume and diameter at ground level. Where the
pressure is 1bar and temperature is 25°C. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
1.205) A pipe of 30 cm diameter carrying 0.25 m3
/s water. The pipe is bent by 135°
from the horizontal anti-clockwise. The pressure of water flowing through the pipe
is 400 kN. Find the magnitude and direction of the resultant force on the bend.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]
1.206) A liquid has a specific gravity of 0.72. Find its density and specific weight. Find
also the weight per litre of the liquid.
1.207) A 1.9mm diameter tube is inserted into an unknown liquid whose density is
960kg/m3, and it is observed that the liquid raise 5mm in the tube, making a contact
angle of 15°. Determine the surface tension of the liquid. [AU, April / May - 2008]
1.208) A hollow cylinder of 150 mm OD with its weight equal to the buoyant forces is
to be kept floating vertically in a liquid with a surface tension of 0.45 N/m2
. The
contact angle is 60º. Determine the additional force required due to surface tension.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]

1.209) A 0.3m diameter pipe carrying oil at 1.5m/s velocity suddenly expands to 0.6m
diameter pipe. Determine the discharge and velocity in 0.6m diameter pipe.
[AU, May / June - 2012]
1.210) Explain surface tension. Water at 20°C (σ = 0.0.73N/m, γ = 9.8kN/m3
and angle
of contact = 0°) rises through a tube due to capillary action. Find the tube diameter
requires, if the capillary rise is less than 1mm. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]
1.211) A Newtonian fluid is filled in the clearance between a shaft and a concentric
sleeve. The sleeve attains a speed of 50cm/s, when a force of 40N is applied to the
sleeve parallel to the shaft. Determine the speed of the shaft, if a force of 200N is
applied. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2006]
1.212) An oil film thickness 10mm is used for lubrication between the square parallel
plate of size 0.9 m * 0.9 m, in which the upper plate moves at 2m/s requires a force
of 100 N to maintain this speed. Determine the
 Dynamic viscosity of the oil in poise and
 Kinematic viscosity of the oil in stokes.
The specific gravity of the oil is 0.95. [AU, Nov / Dec – 2003]
1.213) The space between two square flat parallel plates is filled with oil. Each side of
the plate is 60cm. The thickness of the oil film is 12.5mm. The upper plate, which
moves at 2.5 meter per sec, requires a force of 98.1N to maintain the speed.
Determine the
 Dynamic viscosity of the oil in poise and
 Kinematic viscosity of the oil in stokes.
The specific gravity of the oil is 0.95. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]
1.214) What is the bulk modulus of elasticity of a liquid which is compressed in a
cylinder from a volume of 0.0125m3
at 80N/cm2
pressure to a volume of 0.0124m3
at pressure 150N/cm2
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2004]
1.215) Determine the bulk modulus of elasticity of elasticity of a liquid, if the pressure
of the liquid is increased from 7MN/m2
to 13MN/m2
, the volume of liquid decreases
by 0.15%. [AU, May / June - 2009]
1.216) The measuring instruments fitted inside an airplane indicate the pressure 1.032
*105
Pa, temperature T0 = 288 K and density ρ0 = 1.285 kg/m3
at takeoff. If a standard
temperature lapse rate of 0.0065° K/m is assumed, at what elevation is the plane

when a pressure of 0.53*105
recorded? Neglect the variations of acceleration due
gravity with the altitude and take airport elevation as 600m.
1.217) A person must breathe a constant mass rate of air to maintain his metabolic
process. If he inhales 20 times per minute at the airport level of 600m, what would
you except his breathing rate at the calculated altitude of the plane?
[AU, May / June - 2009]
1.218) Two points (1) and (2) which are at the same level in the body of water in a
whirlpool are at radial distances of 1.2m and 0.6m respectively from the axis of
rotation. The pressure and then velocity of water at point (1) and 15KPa (gauge) and
2 m/s respectively. What are the pressure and velocity at point (2)? What is the
difference in water surface elevations above points (1) and (2)? What are the radial
distances of a point on the water surface which is at same level (1) and (2)?
1.219) The space between two square parallel plates is filled with oil. Each side of the
plate is 75 cm. The thickness of oil film is 10 mm. The upper plate which moves at
3 m/s requires a force of 100 N to maintain the speed. Determine the
 Dynamic viscosity of the oil
 Kinematic viscosity of the oil, if the specific gravity of the oil is 0.9.
1.220) A rectangular plate of size 25cm* 50cm and weighing at 245.3 N slides down at
30° inclined surface with uniform velocity of 2m/s. If the uniform 2mm gap between
the plates is inclined surface filled with oil. Determine the viscosity of the oil.
[AU, April / May – 2004, Nov / Dec - 2012]
1.221) A space between two parallel plates 5mm apart, is filled with crude oil of specific
gravity 0.9. A force of 2N is require to drag the upper plate at a constant velocity of
0.8m/s. the lower plate is stationary. The area of upper plate is 0.09m2
. Determine
the dynamic viscosity in poise and kinematic viscosity of oil in strokes.
[AU, May / June - 2009]
1.222) The space between two large flat and parallel walls 25mm apart is filled with
liquid of absolute viscosity 0.7 Pa.sec. Within this space a thin flat plate 250mm *
250mm is towed at a velocity of 150mm/s at a distance of 6mm from one wall, the
plate and its movement being parallel to the walls. Assuming linear variations of

velocity between the plates and the walls, determine the force exerted by the liquid
on the plate. [AU, May / June - 2012]
1.223) A jet issuing at a velocity of 25 m/s is directed at 35° to the horizontal. Calculate
the height cleared by the jet at 28 m from the discharge location? Also determine the
maximum height the jet will clear and the corresponding horizontal location.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]
1.224) Determine the velocity of a jet directed at 35º to the horizontal to clear 8 m height
at a distance of 22 m. Also determine the maximum height this jet will clear and the
total horizontal travel. What will be the horizontal distance at which the jet will be
again at 8 m height? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
1.225) A flat plate of area 0.125m2
is pulled at 0.25 m/sec with respect to another
parallel plate 1mm distant from it, the space between the plates containing water of
viscosity 0.001Ns/ m2
. Find the force necessary to maintain this velocity. Find also
the power required.
1.226) The velocity distribution for flow over a plate is given by u = 2y – y2
where u is
the velocity in m/sec at a distance y meters above the plate. Determine the velocity
gradient and shear stress at the boundary and 0.15m from it. Dynamic viscosity of
the fluid is 0.9Ns/m2
1.227) The velocity distribution over a plate is given by u = (3/4) * y – y2
where u is
velocity in m/s and at depth y in m above the plate. Determine the shear stress at a
distance of 0.3m from the top of plate. Assume dynamic viscosity of the fluid is taken
as 0.95 Ns/m2
1.228) The velocity distribution over a plate is given by a relation,
𝑢 = 𝑦 (
2
3
− 𝑦 )
1.229) Where y is the vertical distance above the plate in meters. Assuming a
viscosity of 0.9Pa.s, find the shear stress at y = 0 and y = 0.15m.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]
1.230) If the velocity distribution of a fluid over a plate is given by 𝑢 = 𝑎𝑦2
+ 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐
with the vertex 0.2m from the plate, where the velocity is 1.2 m/s. calculate the
velocity gradients and shear stresses at a distance of 0m, 0.1m and 0.2m from the
plate, if the viscosity of the fluid is 0.85Ns/m2
. [AU, April / May - 2015]

1.231) Lateral stability of a long shaft 150 mm in diameter is obtained by means of a
250 mm stationary bearing having an internal diameter of 150.25 mm. If the space
between bearing and shaft is filled with a lubricant having a viscosity 0.245 N s/m2
,
what power will be required to overcome the viscous resistance when the shaft is
rotated at a constant rate of 180 rpm? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]
1.232) Find the kinematic viscosity of water whose specific gravity is 0.95 and viscosity
is0.0011Ns/m2
.
1.233) The dynamic viscosity of oil, used for lubrication between a shaft and sleeve
is6poise. The shaft is of diameter 0.4m and rotates at 190 rpm. Calculate the power
lost in the bearing for a sleeve length of 90mm. The thickness of the oil film is
1.5mm. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2007, May / June - 2012]
1.234) A 200 mm diameter shaft slides through a sleeve, 200.5 mm in diameter and 400
mm long, at a velocity of 30 cm/s. The viscosity of the oil filling the annular space
is m = 0.1125 NS/ m2
. Find resistance to the motion. [A.U. Nov / Dec - 2008]
1.235) A 0.5m shaft rotates in a sleeve under lubrication with viscosity 5 Poise at
200rpm. Calculate the power lost for a length of 100mm if the thickness of the oil is
1mm. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
1.236) A 15 cm diameter vertical cylinder rotates concentrically inside another cylinder
of diameter 15.10 cm. Both cylinders are 25 cm high. The space between the
cylinders is filled with a liquid whose viscosity is unknown. If a torque of 12.0 Nm
is required to rotate the inner cylinder at 100 rpm, determine the viscosity of the
fluid. [AU, May / June - 2013]
1.237) Oil flows through a pipe 150mm in diameter and 650mm in length with a
velocity of 0.5m/s. If the kinematic viscosity of oil is 18.7 * 10-4
m2
/s, find the power
lost in overcoming friction. Take the specific gravity of oil as 0.9.
1.238) A400 mm diameter shaft is rotating at 200 r.p.m. in a bearing of length 120 mm.
If the thickness of film is 1.5 mm and the dynamic viscosity of the oil is 0.7 N.s/m2
,
determine (i) Torque required to overcome friction in bearing (ii) Power utilized to
overcoming viscous friction. Assume linear velocity profile.
[AU, May / June - 2014]

1.239) The viscosity of a fluid is to be measured by a viscometer constructed of two
80cm long concentric cylinders. The outer diameter of the inner cylinder is 16 cm,
and the gap between the two cylinders is 0.12 cm. The inner cylinder is rotated at
210 rpm, and the torque is measured to be 0.8 N m. Determine the viscosity of the
fluid. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
1.240) Calculate the gauge pressure and absolute pressure within (i) a droplet of water
0.4cm in diameter (ii) a jet of water 0.4cm in diameter. Assume the surface tension
of water as 0.03N/m and the atmospheric pressure as 101.3kN/m2
.
1.241) What do you mean by surface tension? If the pressure difference between the
inside and outside of air bubble of diameter, 0.01 mm is 29.2kPa, what will be the
surface tension at air water interface? Derive an expression for the surface tension in
the air bubble and from it, deduce the result for the given conditions.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2005]
1.242) Determine the viscous drag torque and power absorbed on one surface of a
collar bearing of 0.2 m ID and 0.3 m OD with an oil film thickness of 1 mm and a
viscosity of 30 centi poise if it rotates at 500 rpm. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
1.243) A 1.9-mm - diameter tube is inserted into an unknown liquid whose density is
960 kg/ m3
, and it is observed that the liquid rises 5 mm in the tube, making a contact
angle of 15°. Determine the surface tension of the liquid.
1.244) At the depth of 2km in ocean the pressure is 82401kN/m2
. Assume the specific
weigth at the surface as 10055 N/m3
and the average bulk modulus of elasticity is
2.354 * 109
N/m2
for the pressure range. Determine the change in specific volume
between the surface and 2km depth and also determine the specific weight at the
depth? [AU, April / May – 2004, Nov / Dec - 2012]
1.245) At the depth of 8km from the surface of the ocean, the pressure is stated to be
82MN/m2
. Determine the mass density, weight density and specific volume of water
at this depth. Take density at the surface ρ = 1025kg/m3
and bulk modulus K =
2350MPa for indicated pressure range. [AU, May / June - 2009]
1.246) Eight kilometers below the surface of ocean pressure is 81.75MPa. Determine
the density of sea water at this depth if the density at the surface is 1025 kg/m3
and
the average bulk modulus of elasticity is 2.34GPa. [AU, May / June - 2012]

1.247) A cylinder of radius 0.65 m filled partially with a fluid and axially rotated at 18
rad/s is empty up to 0.3 m radius. The pressure at the extreme edge at the bottom was
0.3 bar gauge. Determine the density of the fluid. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
1.248) A liquid is compressed in a cylinder having a volume of 0.012 m3
at a pressure
of 690 N/cm2
. What should be the new pressure in order to make its volume 0.0119
m3? Assume bulk modulus of elasticity (K) for the liquid = 6.9 x 104
N/cm2
.
[AU, May / June - 2013]
1.249) Calculate the capillary rise in glass tube of 3 mm diameter when immersed in
mercury; take the surface tension and the angle of contact of mercury as 0.52 N/m
and 130° respectively. Also determine the minimum size of the glass tube, if it is
immersed in water, given that the surface tension of water is 0.0725 N/m and
capillary rise in the tube is not to exceed 0.5mm. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2003]
1.250) The capillary rise in a glass tube is not to exceed 0.2mm of water. Determine its
minimum size, given that the surface tension for water in contact with air =
0.0725N/m. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2007, May / June - 2012]
1.251) Calculate the capillary effect in millimeters in a glass tube of 4mm diameter
when immersed in(i) water and (ii) mercury. The temperature of the liquid is 20°C
and the values of surface tension of water and mercury at 20°C in contact with air
are 0.0735 N/m and 0.51 N/m respectively. The contact angle for water u = 0° and
for mercury u = 130°. Take specific weight of water at 20°C as equal to 9780 N/m3
.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2007]
1.252) Derive an expression for the capillary rise at a liquid in a capillary tube of radius
r having surface tension σ and contact angle θ . If the plates are of glass, what will
be the capillary rise of water having σ = 0.073 N/m, θ = 0°? Take r = 1mm.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]
1.253) A pipe containing water at 180kN/m2
pressure is connected to differential gauge
to another pipe 1.6m lower than the first pipe and containing water at high pressure.
If the difference in height of 2 mercury columns of the gauge is equal to 90mm, what
is the pressure in the lower pipe? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]

1.254) Determine the minimum size of glass tubing that can be used to measure water
level. If the capillary rise in the tube is not exceed 2.5mm. Assume surface tension
of water in contact with air as 0.0746 N/m. [AU, Nov / Dec – 2004, 2012]
1.255) Calculate the capillary effect in millimeters in a glass tube of 4 mm diameter,
when immersed in (i) water and (ii) mercury. The temperature of the liquid is 20°C
and the values of surface tension of water and mercury at 20°C in contact with air
are 0.0735 N/m and 0.51 N/m respectively. The contact angle for water u = 0 and
for mercury u = 130°. Take specific weight of water at 20°C as equal to 9790N/ m3
.
[AU, Nov / Dec – 2005, 2007]
1.256) A Capillary tube having inside diameter 6 mm is dipped in CCl4at 20o C. Find
the rise of CCl4 in the tube if surface tension is 2.67 N/m and Specific gravity is
1.594 and contact angle u is 60° and specific weight of water at 20° C is 9981 N/m3
.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]
1.257) Two pipes A & B are connected to a U – tube manometer containing mercury of
density 13,600kg/m3
. Pipe A carries a liquid of density 1250kg/m3
and a liquid of
density 800kg/m3
flows through a pipe B, The center of pipe A is 80mm above the
pipe B. The difference of mercury level manometer is 200mm and the mercury
surface on pipe A side is 100mm below the center. Find the difference of pressure
between the two connected points of the pipes. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]
1.258) A crude oil of viscosity 0.9 poise and relative density 0.9 is flowing through a
horizontal circular pipe of diameter 120 mm and length 12 m. Calculate the
difference of pressure at the two ends of the pipe, if 785 N of the oils collected in a
tank in 25 seconds. [AU, May / June - 2014]
1.259) A simple U tube manometer containing mercury is connected to a pipe in which
a fluid of specific gravity 0.8 and having vacuum pressure is flowing. The other end
of the manometer is open to atmosphere. Find the vacuum pressure in the pipe, if the
difference of mercury level in the two limbs is 40cm and the height of the fluid in
the left from the center pipe is 15cm below. Draw the sketch for the above problem.
[AU, April / May - 2011, May / June - 2012]
1.260) A U-tube is made of two capillaries of diameter 1.0 mm and 1.5 mm respectively.
The tube is kept vertically and partially filled with water of surface tension 0.0736

N/m and zero contact angles. Calculate the difference in the levels of the mercury
caused by the capillary. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]
1.261) Define the terms gauge pressure and absolute pressure. A U tube containing
mercury has its right limb open to atmosphere. The left limb is full of water and is
connected to a pipe containing water under pressure, the centre of which is in the
level with the free surface of mercury. If the difference in the levels of mercury in
the limbs id 5.1cm, calculate the water pressure in the pipe. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]
1.262) The barometric pressure at sea level is 760 mm of mercury while that on a
mountain top is 735 mm. If the density of air is assumed constant at 1.2 kg/m3
,
what is the elevation of the mountain top? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2007]
1.263) The barometric pressure at the top and bottom of a mountain are 734mm and
760mm of mercury respectively. Assuming that the average density of air =
1.15kg/m3, calculate the height of the mountain. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
1.264) The maximum blood pressure in the upper arm of a healthy person is about 120
mmHg. If a vertical tube open to the atmosphere is connected to the vein in the arm
of the person, determine how high the blood will rise in the tube. Take the density
of the blood to be 1050 kg/ m3
. [AU, April / May - 2008]
1.265) When a pressure of 20.7 MN/m2
is applied to 100 litres of a liquid, its volume
decreases by one litre. Find the bulk modulus of the liquid and identify this liquid.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2007]
1.266) The water level in a tank is 20 m above the ground. A hose is connected to the
bottom of the tank, and the nozzle at the end of the hose is pointed straight up. The
tank is at sea level, and the water surface is open to the atmosphere. In the line leading
from the tank to the nozzle is a pump, which increases the pressure of water. If the
water jet rises to a height of 27 m from the ground, determine the minimum pressure
rise supplied by the pump to the water line. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
1.267) Determine the minimum size of the glass tubing that can be used to measure
water level. If the capillary rise in the tube is not to exceed 2.5mm. Assume surface
tension of water in contact with air as 0.0746 N/m [AU, April / May - 2004]
1.268) A cylinder of 0.6m3
in volume contains air at 50oC and 0.3N/mm2
absolute
pressure. The air is compressed to 0.3m3
. Find the (i) pressure inside the cylinder

assuming isothermal process and (ii) pressure and temperature assuming adiabatic
process. Take k = 1.4.
1.269) A 30cm diameter pipe, conveying water, branches into two pipes of diameters
20cm and 15cm respectively. If the average velocity in the 30cm diameter pipe is
2.5m/sec, find the discharge in this pipe. Also determine the velocity in the 15cm
diameter pipe if the average velocity in the 20cm diameter pipe is 2m/sec.
1.270) Water flows through a pipe AB 1.2m diameter at 3m/second then passes through
a pipe BC 1.5m diameter. At C, the pipe branches. Branch CD is 0.8m in diameter
and carries one - third of the flow in AB. The flow velocity in branch CE is 2.5m/sec.
Find the volume rate of flow in AB, the velocity in BC, the velocity in CD and the
diameter of CE.
1.271) Water is flowing through a pipe having diameters 20cm and 10cm at sections 1
and 2 respectively. The rate of flow, through the pipe is 35litre/sec. The section 1 is
6m above datum and section 2 is 4m above datum. If the pressure at section 1 is
39.24N/cm2
, find the intensity of pressure at section 2. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]
1.272) A pipe 200m long slopes down at 1 in 100 and tapers from 600mm diameter at
the higher end to 300mm diameter at the lower end and carries 100 litres/sec of oil
having specific gravity 0.8. If the pressure gauge at the higher end reads 60kN/m2
,
determine the velocities at the two ends and also the pressure at the lower end.
Neglect all losses [AU, April / May - 2015]
1.273) Water is flowing through a taper pipe of length 100m having diameters 600mm
at the upper end and 300mm at the lower end, at the rate of 50 litres/ sec. The pipe
has a slope of 1 in 30. Find the pressure at the lower end if the pressure at the higher
level is 19.62 N/cm2
.
1.274) Water flows at the rate of 200 litres per second upwards through a tapered
vertical pipe. The diameter at the bottom is 240 mm and at the top 200 mm and the
length is 5 m. The pressure at the bottom is 8 bar, and the pressure at the topside is
7.3 bar. Determine the head loss through the pipe. Express it as a function of exit
velocity head. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
1.275) A pipe of diameter 400mm carries water at a velocity of 25m/sec. The pressures
at the points A and B are given as 29.43N/cm2
and 22.563 N/cm2
respectively, while

the datum head at A and B are 28m and 30m. Find the loss of head between A and
B.
1.276) A drainage pipe is tapered in a section running with full of water. The pipe
diameters at the inlet and exit are 1000 mm and 50 mm respectively. The water
surface is 2 m above the center of the inlet and exit is 3 m above the free surface of
the water. The pressure at the exit is250 mm of Hg vacuum. The friction loss
between the inlet and exit of the pipe is 1/10 of the velocity head at the exit.
Determine the discharge through the pipe. [AU, April / May - 2010]
1.277) A pipeline 60 cm in diameter bifurcates at a Y-junction into two branches 40 cm
and 30 cm in diameter. If the rate of flow in the main pipe is 1.5 m3
/s, and the mean
velocity of flow in the 30 cm pipe is 7.5 m/s, determine the rate of flow in the 40 cm
pipe. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]
1.278) A pipeline of 175 mm diameter branches into two pipes which delivers the water
at atmospheric pressure. The diameter of the branch 1 which is at 35° counter-
clockwise to the pipe axis is 75mm. and the velocity at outlet is 15 m/s. The branch
2 is at 15° with the pipe center line in the clockwise direction has a diameter of 100
mm. The outlet velocity is 15 m/s. The pipes lie in a horizontal plane. Determine the
magnitude and direction of the forces on the pipes. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]
1.279) A pipeline conveys 10 lit/s of water from an overhead tank to a building. The
pipe is 2km long and 15cm diameter, the friction factor is 0.03. It is planned to
increase the discharge by 30% by installing another pipeline in parallel with this over
half the length. Find the suitable diameter of pipe to be installed. Is there any upper
limit on discharge augmentation by this arrangement? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]
1.280) The water is flowing through a taper pipe of length 100 m having diameters 600
mm at the upper end and 300 mm at the lower end, at the rate of 50 litres/s. The pipe
has a slope of 1 in 30. Find the pressure at the lower end if the pressure at the higher
level is 19.62 N/cm2
. [AU, May / June - 2013]
1.281) A 45° reducing bend is connected in a pipe line, the diameters at the inlet and
outlet of the bend being 600mm and 300mm respectively. Find the force exerted by
water on the bend if the intensity of pressure at the inlet to the bend is 8.829N/cm2
and rate of flow of water is600 litre / sec.

1.282) Gasoline (specific gravity = 0.8) is flowing upwards through a vertical pipe line
which tapers from300mm to 150mm diameter. A gasoline mercury differential
manometer is connected between 300 mm and 150 mm pipe sections to measure the
rate of flow. The distance between the manometer tappings is 1meter and the gauge
heading is 500 mm of mercury. Find the(i) differential gauge reading in terms of
gasoline head (ii) rate of flow. Assume frictional and other losses are negligible.
[AU, May / June – 2007, 2014, Nov / Dec - 2012]
1.283) Water enters a reducing pipe horizontally and comes out vertically in the
downward direction. If the inlet velocity is 5 m/s and pressure is 80 kPa (gauge) and
the diameters at the entrance and exit sections are 30 cm and 20 cm respectively,
calculate the components of the reaction acting on the pipe.
[AU, May / June – 2007, Nov / Dec - 2012]
1.284) A horizontal pipe has an abrupt expansion from 10 cm to 16 cm. The water
velocity in the smaller section is 12 m/s, and the flow is turbulent. The pressure in
the smaller section is 300 kPa. Determine the downstream pressure, and estimate the
error that would have occurred if Bernoulli’s equation had been used.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]
1.285) Air flows through a pipe at a rate of 20 L/s. The pipe consists of two sections of
diameters20 cm and 10 cm with a smooth reducing section that connects them. The
pressure difference between the two pipe sections is measured by a water
manometer. Neglecting frictional effects, determine the differential height of water
between the two pipe sections. Take the air density to be 1.20 kg/m3
.
1.286) A horizontal venturimeter with inlet diameter 200 mm and throat diameter 100
mm is employed to measure the flow of water. The reading of the differential
20 cm
air
200 L/s
h

manometer connected to the inlet is 180 mm of mercury. If Cd = 0.98, determine
the rate of flow. [AU, April / May - 2010]
1.287) A horizontal venturimeter of specification 200mm * 100mm is used to measure
the discharge of an oil of specific gravity 0.8. A mercury manometer is used for the
purpose. If the discharge is 100 litres per second and the coefficient of discharge of
meter is 0.98, find the manometer deflection. [AU, May / June - 2007]
1.288) Determine the pressure difference between inlet and throat of a vertical
venturimeter of size 150 mm x 75 mm carrying oil of S = 0.8 at flow rate of 40 lps.
The throat is 150 mm above the inlet.
1.289) A pipe of 300 mm diameter inclined at 30° to the horizontal is carrying gasoline
(specific gravity = 0.82). A venturimeter is fitted in the pipe to find out the flow rate
whose throat diameter is 150 mm. The throat is 1.2 m from the entrance along its
length. The pressure gauges fitted to the venturimeter read 140 kN/m2
and
80kN/m2
respectively. Find out the co-efficient of discharge of venturimeter if the
flow is 0.20 m3
/s. [AU, April / May - 2010]
1.290) A venturimeter of throat diameter 0.085m is fitted in a 0.17m diameter vertical
pipe in which liquid a relative density 0.85 flows downwards. Pressure gauges ate
fitted at the inlet and to the throat sections. The throat being 0.9m below the inlet.
Taking the coefficient of the meter as 0.95 find the discharge when the pressure
gauges read the same and also when the inlet gauge reads 15000N/m2
higher than
the throat gauge. [AU, April / May - 2011]
1.291) A Venturimeter having inlet and throat diameters 30 cm and 15 cm is fitted in a
horizontal diesel pipe line (Sp. Gr. = 0.92) to measure the discharge through the pipe.
The venturimeter is connected to a mercury manometer. It was found that the
discharge is 8 litres /sec. Find the reading of mercury manometer head in cm. Take
Cd =0.96. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]
1.292) A venturimeter is inclined at 60° to the vertical and its 150 mm diameter throat
is 1.2 m from the entrance along its length. It is fitted to a pipe of diameter 300 mm.
The pipe conveys gasoline of S = 0.82 and flowing at 0.215 m3
/s upwards. Pressure
gauges inserted at entrance and throat show the pressures of 0.141 N/mm2
and 0.077
N/mm2
respectively. Determine the co-efficient of discharge of the venturimeter.
Also determine the reading in mm of differential mercury column, if instead of

pressure gauges the entrance and the throat of the venturimeter are connected to the
limbs of a U tube mercury manometer. [AU, April / May - 2004]
1.293) A horizontal venturimeter with inlet and throat diameter 300mm and 100mm
respectively is used to measure the flow of water. The pressure intensity at inlet is
130 kN/m2
while the vacuum pressure head at throat is 350 mm of mercury.
Assuming 3% head lost between the inlet and throat. Find the value of coefficient of
discharge for venturimeter and also determine the rate of flow.
1.294) A vertical venturimeter carries a liquid of relative density 0.8 and has inlet throat
diameters of 150mm and 75mm. The pressure connection at the throat is 150mm
above the inlet. If the actual rate of flow is 40litres/sec and Cd = 0.96, find the
pressure difference between inlet and throat in N/m2
. [AU, May / June - 2006]
1.295) A 300 mm x 150 mm venturimeter is provided in a vertical pipeline carrying oil
of relative density 0.9, the flow being upwards. The differential U tube mercury
manometer shows a gauge deflection of 250 mm. Calculate the discharge of oil, if
the co-efficient of meter is 0.98. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2007]
1.296) In a vertical pipe conveying oil of specific gravity 0.8, two pressure gauges have
been installed at A and B, where the diameters are 160mm a 80mm respectively. A
is 2m above B. The pressure gauge readings have shown that the pressure at B is
greater than at A by 0.981 N/cm2
. Neglecting all losses, calculate the flow rate. If the
gauges at A and B are replaced by tubes filled with the same liquid and connected to
a U – tube containing mercury, calculate the difference in the level of mercury in the
two limbs of the U – tube. [AU, May / June - 2012]
1.297) Determine the flow rate of oil of S = 0.9 through an orifice meter of size 15 cm
diameter fitted in a pipe of 30 cm diameter. The mercury deflection of U tube
differential manometer connected on the two sides of the orifice is 50 cm. Assume
Cd of orifice meter as 0.64.
1.298) A submarine moves horizontally in sea and has its axis 15 m below the surface
of water. A pitot static tube properly placed just in front of the submarine along its
axis and is connected to the two limbs of a U - tube containing mercury. The
difference of mercury level is found to be170 mm. Find the speed of submarine
knowing that the sp. gr of sea water is 1.026.

1.299) A submarine fitted with a Pitot tube move horizontally in sea. Its axis is 20m
below surface of water. The Pitot tube placed in front of the submarine along its axis
is connected to a differential mercury manometer showing the deflection of 20cm.
Determine the speed of the submarine. [AU, April / May - 2005]
1.300) A pitot-static probe is used to measure the velocity of an aircraft flying at 3000
m. If the differential pressure reading is 3 kPa, determine the velocity of the aircraft.
1.301) A 15 cm diameter vertical pipe is connected to 10 cm diameter vertical pipe
with a reducing socket. The pipe carries a flow of 1001/s. At point 1 in 15 cm pipe
gauge pressure is 250 kPa. At point 2 in the 10 cm pipe located 1.0 m below point 1
the gauge pressure is 175 kPa.
 Find whether the flow is upwards / downwards.
 Head loss between the two points.
1.302) Water enters a reducing pipe horizontally and comes out vertically in the
downward direction. If the inlet velocity is 5 m/sec and pressure is 80 kPa (gauge)
and the diameters at the entrance and exit sections are 300 mm and 200 mm
respectively. Calculate the components of the reaction acting on the pipe.

CE6451 - FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY UNIT - I NOTES

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CE6451 - FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY UNIT - I NOTES