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Dissociative Disorders
Presenter:
Aachal Taywade
Assistant Professor,
Amity University Mumbai.
What are dissociative
disorders?
 Disruption in the usually integrated
functions of consciousness, memory,
identity, or perception.
Major dissociative
disorders
DISSOCIATIVE AMNESIA Inability to remember significant
events- everything of traumatic nature.
DISSOCIATIVE FUGUE  Sudden, unexpected travel away
from home or workplace.
DISSOCIATIVE IDENTITY DISORDERS  Presence of 2 or
more personalities.
DEPERSONALIZATION DISORDER  Sense of being cut off or
detached from one’s self.
DISSOCIATIVE DISORDER NOT OTHERWISE SPECIFIED
Dissociative symptoms, not meet criteria of any specific disorder.
Dissociative amnesia
.. Dissociative amnesia
 Most common dissociative disorder.
 Selective but extensive memory loss
that occurs without any indications of
injury or other organic changes.
Inability to recall important information,
specially of stressful content, that can
not be attributed to ordinary
forgetfulness.
DSM criteria
a) The predominant disturbance is one or more
episodes of inability to recall important personal
information, usually of a traumatic stressful nature,
that is too extensive to be explained by ordinary
forgetfulness.
b) The disturbance does not occur exclusively during
the course of dissociative identity disorder,
dissociative fugue, post traumatic stress disorder,
acute stress disorder, or somatization disorder & is
not due to direct physiological effects of a substance
or other medical condition.
c) The symptoms cause clinically significant
disturbance or impairment in social, occupational, or
other important areas of functioning.
 Types of dissociative amnesia:
Localized Events of a particular time.
Selective Recall some but not all events of a
particular time.
Generalized Entire life.
Continuous Events subsequent to a specific
time, upto & including the present.
systematized Certain categories of information.
Dissociative fugue
Dissociative fugue
 Unexpected travel away from home & customary workplace,
the assumption of a new identity, & inability to recall the
previous identity.
 They set up a new life in some distant place as a seemingly
different person.
 Precipitated by intolerable stressors.
 After “waking up” the person has no memory of events
during fugue.
 Patients may appear normal during fugue, they are brought
to experts due to amnesia of recent event or lack of
awareness of personal identity.
DSM criteria
a) The predominant disturbance is sudden, unexpected
travel away from home or one’s customary place of
work, with inability to recall one’s past.
b) Confusion about personal identity or assumption of
new identity.
c) The disturbance does not occur exclusively during
the course of dissociative identity disorder & is not
due to direct physiological influence of substance or
general medical condition.
d) The symptoms cause clinically significant distress or
impairment in social, occupational or other important
areas of functioning.
Dissociative identity
disorder
Dissociative identity
disorder
 Formerly known as
multiple personality
disorder.
 Most dramatic & very
famous in literature.
 Individual assumes
alternate personalities.
 Each personality has its
own set of memories &
typical behavior.
DSM criteria
a) The presence of 2 or more distinct identities or personality
states(each with its own relatively enduring pattern of
perceiving, relating to, & thinking about the environment &
the self.)
b) At least 2 of these identities or personality states recurrently
take control of person’s behavior.
c) Inability to recall important personal information that is too
extensive to be explained by ordinary forgetfulness.
d) The disturbance is not due to direct physical effects of a
substance or general medical condition.
NOTE:- In children, symptoms are not attributed to
imaginary playmates or other fantasy.
Dissociative disorders
Depersonalization disorder
 Change of self perception.
Temporary loss or change in
one’s sense of reality.
 Individual feels of not being in
complete control of his
actions. He says: “ I feel as if
I’m in dream.” “I feel I’m doing
this mechanically.”
DSM criteria
 Persistent experience of feeling detached from, & as if one is
outside observer of one’s mental processes or body.
 Reality testing remains intact during experience of
depersonalization.
 It causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social,
occupational, or other important areas of functioning.
 The experience does not occur exclusively during the course
of other mental disorder, such as schizophrenia, panic
disorder, or other dissociative disorder & is not due to effect
of substance or general medical condition.
Dissociative disorder N.O.S.
…Dissociative disorder
N.O.S.
In this disorder, predominant feature is of
dissociative disorder but does not meet the criteria
of any specific one.
Some examples are :-
- clinical presentations similar to dissociative identity
disorder that fails to meet full criteria of it.
- dissociative trance disorder .
- ganser syndrome
Causes of dissociative
disorders
 Trauma : most often form in children
subjected to chronic physical, sexual or
emotional abuse or, a home environment
that is otherwise frightening or highly
unpredictable.
Treatment to dissociative
disorders
 Creative art therapy.
 Cognitive therapy.
 Medication. antidepressants,
anti-anxiety medications or
tranquilizers.
References
• Sarason , I.G. & Sarason, B. R.
(1993). Abnormal Psychology; The
Problem of Maladaptive . Behaviour.
New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
• DSM IV (TR), Diagnostic Statistical
Manual of Mental Disorder DSM-IV
TR, American Psychological
Association; Jaypee publication.
Dissociative disorders

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Dissociative disorders

  • 2. What are dissociative disorders?  Disruption in the usually integrated functions of consciousness, memory, identity, or perception.
  • 3. Major dissociative disorders DISSOCIATIVE AMNESIA Inability to remember significant events- everything of traumatic nature. DISSOCIATIVE FUGUE  Sudden, unexpected travel away from home or workplace. DISSOCIATIVE IDENTITY DISORDERS  Presence of 2 or more personalities. DEPERSONALIZATION DISORDER  Sense of being cut off or detached from one’s self. DISSOCIATIVE DISORDER NOT OTHERWISE SPECIFIED Dissociative symptoms, not meet criteria of any specific disorder.
  • 5. .. Dissociative amnesia  Most common dissociative disorder.  Selective but extensive memory loss that occurs without any indications of injury or other organic changes. Inability to recall important information, specially of stressful content, that can not be attributed to ordinary forgetfulness.
  • 6. DSM criteria a) The predominant disturbance is one or more episodes of inability to recall important personal information, usually of a traumatic stressful nature, that is too extensive to be explained by ordinary forgetfulness. b) The disturbance does not occur exclusively during the course of dissociative identity disorder, dissociative fugue, post traumatic stress disorder, acute stress disorder, or somatization disorder & is not due to direct physiological effects of a substance or other medical condition. c) The symptoms cause clinically significant disturbance or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.
  • 7.  Types of dissociative amnesia: Localized Events of a particular time. Selective Recall some but not all events of a particular time. Generalized Entire life. Continuous Events subsequent to a specific time, upto & including the present. systematized Certain categories of information.
  • 9. Dissociative fugue  Unexpected travel away from home & customary workplace, the assumption of a new identity, & inability to recall the previous identity.  They set up a new life in some distant place as a seemingly different person.  Precipitated by intolerable stressors.  After “waking up” the person has no memory of events during fugue.  Patients may appear normal during fugue, they are brought to experts due to amnesia of recent event or lack of awareness of personal identity.
  • 10. DSM criteria a) The predominant disturbance is sudden, unexpected travel away from home or one’s customary place of work, with inability to recall one’s past. b) Confusion about personal identity or assumption of new identity. c) The disturbance does not occur exclusively during the course of dissociative identity disorder & is not due to direct physiological influence of substance or general medical condition. d) The symptoms cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational or other important areas of functioning.
  • 12. Dissociative identity disorder  Formerly known as multiple personality disorder.  Most dramatic & very famous in literature.  Individual assumes alternate personalities.  Each personality has its own set of memories & typical behavior.
  • 13. DSM criteria a) The presence of 2 or more distinct identities or personality states(each with its own relatively enduring pattern of perceiving, relating to, & thinking about the environment & the self.) b) At least 2 of these identities or personality states recurrently take control of person’s behavior. c) Inability to recall important personal information that is too extensive to be explained by ordinary forgetfulness. d) The disturbance is not due to direct physical effects of a substance or general medical condition. NOTE:- In children, symptoms are not attributed to imaginary playmates or other fantasy.
  • 15. Depersonalization disorder  Change of self perception. Temporary loss or change in one’s sense of reality.  Individual feels of not being in complete control of his actions. He says: “ I feel as if I’m in dream.” “I feel I’m doing this mechanically.”
  • 16. DSM criteria  Persistent experience of feeling detached from, & as if one is outside observer of one’s mental processes or body.  Reality testing remains intact during experience of depersonalization.  It causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.  The experience does not occur exclusively during the course of other mental disorder, such as schizophrenia, panic disorder, or other dissociative disorder & is not due to effect of substance or general medical condition.
  • 18. …Dissociative disorder N.O.S. In this disorder, predominant feature is of dissociative disorder but does not meet the criteria of any specific one. Some examples are :- - clinical presentations similar to dissociative identity disorder that fails to meet full criteria of it. - dissociative trance disorder . - ganser syndrome
  • 19. Causes of dissociative disorders  Trauma : most often form in children subjected to chronic physical, sexual or emotional abuse or, a home environment that is otherwise frightening or highly unpredictable.
  • 20. Treatment to dissociative disorders  Creative art therapy.  Cognitive therapy.  Medication. antidepressants, anti-anxiety medications or tranquilizers.
  • 21. References • Sarason , I.G. & Sarason, B. R. (1993). Abnormal Psychology; The Problem of Maladaptive . Behaviour. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. • DSM IV (TR), Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder DSM-IV TR, American Psychological Association; Jaypee publication.