This document is a lesson plan on types of adjective clauses presented by Md. Abdul Kader. The lesson defines defining and non-defining adjective clauses and explains their punctuation rules. Key differences are that defining clauses do not use commas and provide essential information, while non-defining clauses use commas and provide extra non-essential information. The lesson also covers the use of who, whom, whose, which, that, when, where, and why in adjective clauses and includes examples, exercises, and an evaluation section.

1. Md. Abdul Kader
Lecturer
Department of English
Cambrian College
Mobile: +8801715447430
Email : has83abdulkader@gmail.com
Welcome to all of you.
English Grammar
Class-IX-XII

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Lesson: Types of
Adjective Clause

3. Learning Outcome
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• define defining relative
clauses.
• define non-defining
relative clauses.
• explain punctuation rules
with the defining and non-
defining relative clause.
• mention the use of wh-
words.
By the
end of
the
lesson
you will
be able
to …

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5. Types of Adjective /Relative Clause
There are two kinds of adjective
clauses:
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They are-
Non-defining
(or non-essential)
clause
Defining
(or essential)
clause

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7. Non-defining (or non-essential) clauses
An adjective clause that is non-essential to the
basic meaning of a sentence. Non-defining
clauses add extra information about somebody
or something which could be left out and the
sentence would still make sense. This extra
information is separated from the main clause
by commas.
For example:
The desk in the corner, which is covered in books, is mine.
(We don't need this information to understand the sentence. "The desk
in the corner is mine" is a good sentence on its own--we still know which
desk is referred to.)
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8. Likewise:
John , who is sitting on my right , is left-
handed.
International students, who pay high
tuition, often want to skip levels in the
program.
The film, which was shot in Mexico, has
won an Oscar.
Non-defining (or non-essential) clauses
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9. Non-defining (or non-essential) clauses
Non-defining
clauses can be
introduced by
expressions like
all of, many of +
relative pronoun:
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Person Thing
all of + whom + which
any of + whom + which
(a) few of + whom + which
both of + whom + which
each of + whom + which
either of + whom + which
half of + whom + which
many of + whom + which
most of + whom + which
much of + whom + which
none of + whom + which
one of + whom + which
two of
etc... + whom + which

10. Non-defining (or non-essential) clauses
Examples:
There were a lot of people at the
party, many of whom I had known
for years.
He was carrying his belongings,
many of which were broken.
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11. Remember:
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Non-essential adjectival clauses should not
begin with “that” and we can’t omit the
Relatives:
-I liked Toy Story, which I’ve seen recently.
(not “that”, no Omission)
-Shakespeare, whom you just mentioned, is
the most famous British playwright. (not
“that”, no Omission)
-I’ve found my keys, which I had been looking
for. (not “that”, no Omission)

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13. Defining (or essential) clauses
An adjective clause that is essential to the basic
meaning of a sentence. They define, give us
essential information about a general term or
expression. Essential adjective clauses are not set
off by commas.
Example:
The students who missed the test yesterday need to
talk to the teacher.
(There are many students, but only a small group of
them missed the test. These are the students who
need to talk to the teacher.)
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14. Defining (or essential) clauses
More examples:
The personwhois sittingon myright isleft-handed.
The gentleman who dropped his wallet will come back
for it.
My brother who lives in Alaska works as a trapper and
hunter.
The package that arrived this morningis onthedesk.
We really enjoyedthe tourthat wetook.
People wholive inglass housesshouldnot throwstones.
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15. Remember:
Generally, essential adjectival clauses should
not begin with which. You can omit Who,
whom, when and That when they are not the
Subject of the Relative Clause.
Examples:
The house (that /in which) I was born in is gone.
The man (who/that /to whom) I spoke to was very
friendly.
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17. Use of who & whom
Use “who” when the subject is a person:
1. My sister, who is a vegetarian, ordered a salad.
2. The man who came in the late is the boss.
3. Peter, who nobody had met before, arrived late.
Use “whom” when the object is a person:
1. Peter, whom nobody had met before, arrived
late.(formal)
2. She’s the girl whom I met last night.(formal)
3. She’s the girl who/that I met last night. (or) She’s
the girl I met last night.(Informal)
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18. Use of that or which
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When the subject is a thing:
I sit at the desk that faces the window.
(OR) I sit at the desk which faces the
window. (formal)
I’ve finished that book that you lent me.
(or) I’ve finished the book you lent me.
(or) I’ve finished the book which you lent
me. (formal)

19. To show that something belongs to
somebody:
He helped a woman whose car had broken down.
They’re the people whose house was burgled.
Lucy, whose car had broken down, didn’t go.
Whose is not usually used to refer to a thing.
Of which is usually used instead.
He’s reading the book, the name of which I can never
remember.
But it is more natural to say:
He’s reading that book-I can never remember its name.
Use 0f whose
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20. In spoken English a preposition in a relative clause is
usually placed at the end of the clause, and the
relative pronoun is omitted. A more formal
alternative is to put the preposition after the
relative pronoun.
When the object is a person:
The man I spoke to was very friendly.
(or) The man who/that I spoke to was very friendly.
(or) The man to whom I spoke was very friendly. (formal)
When the object is a thing:
The house I was born in is gone.
(or) The house that I was born in is gone.
(or) The house in which I was born is gone.(formal)
Relative clauses and prepositions
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21. Use 0f WHEN (THAT)
When is used to show Time:
I’ll never forget the day (WHEN/THAT) I met
my best friend.
Can you remember a time WHEN you didn’t
worry about the future?
Note: WHEN can also be omitted in Defining
Relative Clauses.
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22. Use 0f WHERE
Where is used to refer Place:
This is the hotel WHERE we are staying next
weekend.
The city WHERE my sister is living is
interesting.
Can you remember a place WHERE you
met someone very important to you?
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23. Use 0f WHY
Why is used to refer reason:
This is the reason WHY we are staying next
weekend.
Do you know the subterfuge WHY they are
leaving?
Can you remember a reason WHY you didn’t
choose a different career?
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24. Group Work
Work together to expand the following
story by using as many non-defining
relative clauses as you can. Feel free to
make a funny story!
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25. Story
A man called Peter took an airplane to New
York to visit his sister. When he arrived at the
airport, an old man asked him a question.
Peter gave a short reply and the man invited
him for a drink. Peter accepted, and after he
had the drink, caught the airplane to New
York. When he got to his sister's apartment,
his sister invited him into the living room. As
he entered the room, he was surprised to see
the same man.
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26. Pair work
Complete the sentences of the following
slide with whose, who, which, or where.
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27. Exercise-1
1. Dublin, ______ is the capital of Ireland, is my favourite
city.
2. Amelia, ______ mother is from Shanghai, speaks English
and Chinese fluently.
3. This smartphone, ______ I bought last week, takes great
photos.
4. Buckingham Palace, ______ the Queen of England lives,
is in the centre of London.
5. Ferraris, ______ are made in Italy, are very expensive.
6. Russell Crowe, ______ starred in Gladiator, was born in
New Zealand.
7. Emily, ______ brother is a singer, is in my English class.
8. Mr Kemp, ______ teaches physics, is going to retire next
year.
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28. Answer of Exercise-1
1. Dublin, which is the capital of Ireland, is my favourite
city.
2. Amelia, whose mother is from Shanghai, speaks English
and Chinese fluently.
3. This smartphone, which I bought last week, takes great
photos.
4. Buckingham Palace, where the Queen of England lives, is
in the centre of London.
5. Ferraris, which are made in Italy, are very expensive.
6. Russell Crowe, who starred in Gladiator, was born in
New Zealand.
7. Emily, whose brother is a singer, is in my English class.
8. Mr Kemp, who teaches physics, is going to retire next
year.
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29. Pair work
Decide whether the following clauses
are defining or non-defining clauses.
Insert commas where necessary.
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30. Exercise-2
1. The car which was a rare sports coupe was built in
1966.
2. We invited the boy who Tom had met the week
before to the party.
3. Our friends who we met at university are coming
to visit next week.
4. That is the building where they shot the film
'Vanilla Sky'.
5. Mr. Jackson whose son also goes to this school
will be attendingthe partynext weekend.
6. The author's latest book which has become a
bestselleris about two childrenin Jamaica.
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31. Answer of Exercise-2
1. The car which was a rare sports coupe was built in
1966. D.
2. We invited the boy who Tom had met the week
before to the party. D.
3. Our friends, who we met at university, are coming
to visit next week. N.D.
4. That is the building where they shot the film
'Vanilla Sky'. D.
5. Mr. Jackson, whose son also goes to this school,
will be attendingthe partynext weekend. N.D.
6. The author's latest book, which has become a
bestseller,is about two childrenin Jamaica.N.D.
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32. Pair work
Choose the correct explanation for each
sentence of the following slide from the
slide immediately after:
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33. Exercise-3
1. AllmyfriendswhoareAsiancametomyparty.
2. Allmyfriends,whoareAsian,cametomyparty.
3. TheItalianrestaurantinLongStreetgotanewowner.
4. TheItalianrestaurant,whichisinLongStreet,gotanewowner.
5. MycousinwholivesinNewYorkisgettingmarriednextyear.
6. Mycousin,wholivesinNewYork,isgettingmarriednextyear.
7. WestudyattheonlyschoolinCapeTown,whichhasafternoon
lessons.
8. WestudyattheonlyschoolinCapeTownwhichhasafternoon
lessons.
9. ThebookwhichIfinishedyesterdaywasfantastic.
10. Thebook,whichIfinishedyesterday,wasfantastic.
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34. Exercise-3
1. ThereisonlyoneItalianrestaurantintownanditnowhasanewowner:
2. There are many schools in Cape Town but only one that has afternoon
lessons:
3. Iamreadingmanybooksatthemoment.Someofthemareboring,but
nottheoneIfinishedyesterday:
4. Ihavemanycousinswholiveinvariouscountriesallovertheworld:
5. IhaveonlyAsianfriends:
6. There are many Italian restaurants all over town, but only the one in
LongStreetnowhasanewowner:
7. IwasreadingonlyonebookandIfinishedityesterday:
8. ThereisonlyoneschoolinCapeTownandithasafternoonlessons,too:
9. Ihaveonlyonecousin.ShenowlivesinNewYork:
10.Ihavemanyfriends,butonlymyAsianfriendscametomyparty:
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Answers
4
8
9
5
2
3
10
7
6
1

35. Evaluation
1. Define defining relative clauses.
2. Define non-defining relative clauses.
3. Explain punctuation rules with the
defining and non-defining relative
clause.
4. Mention the use of who & whom .
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36. Home work
Recall the class and practise
more and more.
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37. Departure
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