to transfer data in network from one device to another with acceptable accuracy, so the system must guarantee the transmitted data should be identical to received data.
there should be no errors if any error occurs in how many ways it can be detected and corrected
This presentation is about controlling error in network layer made during the transmission of data.
It's tells the way by which we can control and correct the noisy code
Pipelining is an speed up technique where multiple instructions are overlapped in execution on a processor. It is an important topic in Computer Architecture.
This slide try to relate the problem with real life scenario for easily understanding the concept and show the major inner mechanism.
This presentation is about controlling error in network layer made during the transmission of data.
It's tells the way by which we can control and correct the noisy code
Pipelining is an speed up technique where multiple instructions are overlapped in execution on a processor. It is an important topic in Computer Architecture.
This slide try to relate the problem with real life scenario for easily understanding the concept and show the major inner mechanism.
Error Detection and correction concepts in Data communication and networksNt Arvind
single bit , burst error detection and correction in data communication networks , block coding ( hamming code , simple parity check code , Cyclic redundancy check-CRC , checksum , internet checksum etc
Introduction to the Data Link Layer, Types of errors, redundancy and coding. Block coding, Error detection, error correction. Linear block codes. Cyclic codes(CRC), Checksum method.
In block coding, we divide our message into blocks, each of k bits, called datawords. We add r redundant bits to each block to make the length n = k + r. The resulting n-bit blocks are called codewords.
Parity checking, Cyclic redundancy checking (CRC) and Hamming codes are some error detection techniques that I discussed here.
Applications of information theory in communication engineeringAbdul Razaq
this presentation describe source coding and channel coding
with error detection and correction technique and defines information theory and coding theory..abdul razaque
THE IMPACT OF DIGITAL COMMUNICATION ON SOCIAL NETWORKAbdul Razaq
Digital communication is any exchange of data that transmits the data in a digital form.
The growing of demand for the huge data transmission made the digital communication systems increasingly attractive, greatest of communications have become digital due to the advantages of digital communication over analog communication
Basic concepts of telecommunication its introductory concepts which of them are End user, NODES, STAGES OF TELEPHONE CALL. WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF SUBSCRIBERS LOOP? WHAT IS ADDRESS SIGNALING AND ITS PURPOSE.? Differentiate simplex, half-duplex, and full duplex
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
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Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
2. Table of content
Introduction
Types of Errors
Detection vs correction
Error detection scheme
Error correction
Hamming distance
Linear block codes
Cyclic codes
Polynomials
Checksum
CRC
One’s Complement
References
3. Introduction
• Network must be able to transfer data from one device to another
with acceptable accuracy, so the system must guarantee the
transmitted data should be identical to received data.
• The data can be corrupted when transmitted from one hope to next
which can be detected by some applications.
• Data can be corrupted during transmission there are few
application that require to be error detected and corrected.
4. Types of Errors
• Whenever data is transmitted that subject to be unpredictable that causes
change in shape of signals, here we have discussed two types of errors
i. Single error: in single error only one bit of given data unit is changed
which either be from 0 to 1 or from 1 to 0
ii. Burst error: it means there are more than 2 data unit changed from 1 to 0
or 0 to 1
6. • Burst error: the duration of noise is
normally longer than the duration of
1 bit which means that noise affects
data.
• The number of bits affected depends
on the data rate and duration for
noise.
Single bit error: single bit errors are
least likely type or error because their
duration or noise is normally longer
than duration of 1 bit.
Single type of errors are the least likely
type of error in serial data
transmission.
7. Detection Vs Correction
o The correction of errors is more difficult than the detection.
o In error detection we only see if any error is occurred. The answer will be yes/no.
o In error correction, we need to know the exact number corrupted bits with their
location in the message.
o For single error we need 8-bit data unit whereas for 2 errors we need to consider
28 possibilities, so for a long size messages it is difficult to find more than 10
errors in a data unit of 1000 bits.
8. Error detection scheme
• Some popular techniques of error detection are:
1. Simple parity check
2. Two dimensional parity check
3. Checksum
4. Cyclic redundancy check
9. Simple parity check
• It is the simplest technique for detecting
and correcting errors.
• The parity of 8-bits transmitted word can
be either even parity or odd parity
• Even parity: it means that the number of
1’s should be even (2,4,6).
• Odd parity: it means that the number of
1’s should be odd (1.3.5).
10. Two dimensional parity check
• In simple parity check bits are
calculated for each row. Parity
check bits are also calculated for
al columns, then both are sent
along with data.
• At the receiving end these are
compared with the parity bits
calculated on the received data.
11. Checksum
• For error detection by checksum data is divided into fixed size frames or
segments
• Sender’s End: The sender adds the segment using 1’s complement arithmetic to
get the sum. Then the sum is also complemented to get the checksum and send
it along with data frames.
• Receiver’s End: at the receiver side perform same as sender add the incoming
segments using 1’s complement to get the sum and then complements it.
• After this if result is zero the received frames are accepted, otherwise they are
discarded
13. Cyclic redundancy check
• It is method of detecting errors in the
communication channel
• This is the most widely used in real life
applications.
• It can detect all odd errors, CRC uses
generator polynomial which is available
in both sender and receiver side
• An example generator polynomial is of
the form like x3 + x + 1. This generator
polynomial represents key 1011
14. Error Correction
• As already discussed that error detection is more difficult than error
detection, it involves the sufficient redundant data to the information being
sent to enable the receiver to both detect and correct errors.
• Error-correction codes can be divided into block codes and convolution
codes. Block codes work on blocks of data of a fixed-size (e.g. packets).
Convolutional codes work for bit streams of arbitrary length. They tend to
be more complex and more difficult to implement than block codes,
• Block codes are calculated for each individual frame or packet
independently of one-another, whereas convolutional codes encode the
entire data stream for a message as one long code word, and then transmit
the message in segments.
15. Hamming distance
• The hamming distance between two words (of the same size) is the number of
differences between the corresponding bits.
• It can be easily found if we apply XOR operation on the two words and count the
number of Is in the result.
• Minimum Hamming Distance:
• it is the smallest hamming distance between all possible pairs in a set of words.
16. Example
• Let us find the Hamming distance between two pairs of words.
1. The Hamming distance d(OOO, 011)
• The hamming distance is 2
•
2. The Hamming distance d(10101, 11110)
• The hamming distance is 3
000
011
011
10101
11110
01011
17. Minimum Hamming distance
• Example 10.6
Find the minimum Hamming distance of the coding scheme
Solution
We first find all the Hamming distances.
• We apply XOR GATE
d(00000, 01011) = 3 d(00000, 10101) =3
d(0l011, 11110) = 3 d(00000, 11110) = 4
d(10101, 11110) =3 d(01011, 10101) =4
The dmin in this case is 3
18. • To guarantee the detection of
up to s errors in all cases the
minimum hamming distance
in a block code must be
dmin= s+1.
• To guarantee the correction
of up to t errors in all cases,
the minimum hamming
distance in a block code
dmin = 2t+1.
• A code scheme has a Hamming distance dmin = 4. What is
the error detection and correction capability of this scheme?
Sol. For the detection of errors:
dmin= s+1
4=s+1
S=3, so it detect upto three errors
For the correction of errors
dmin = 2t+1
4=2t+1
t=1, it can correct upto one errors
19. Linear block codes
• In the linear block codes, the parity bits and message bits have a linear
combination, which means that the resultant code word is the linear combination
of any two code words
• CYCLIC CODES: Cyclic codes are used for error correction. They are mainly
used to correct double errors and burst errors.
• The cyclic property of code words is that any cyclic-shift of a code word is also a
code word. Cyclic codes follow this cyclic property.
20. References
• Digital communication and networking by behroz frouzan 4th edition.
• Data and computer communications by William stalling 4th edition