Kashmir is India’s only Muslim majority territory India accuses Pakistan of waging a proxy war by arming militants Jammu’s population is 2/3 Hindu Kashmiris never voted; extremists/separatists were born Why did the U.S. adopt Pakistan as its ally?

1. INDIA AND PAKISTANINDIA AND PAKISTAN
SINCESINCE
INDEPENDENCEINDEPENDENCE
Abhishek JaguessarAbhishek Jaguessar

2. PARTITIONPARTITION

3. JINNAH ANDJINNAH AND
PAKISTANPAKISTAN
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ElEYZ_BJhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ElEYZ_BJ

4. BORDER CEREMONYBORDER CEREMONY
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hjcF6lmBqGs

5. The problem ofThe problem of
KashmirKashmir
 Kashmir is India’s only Muslim majorityKashmir is India’s only Muslim majority
territoryterritory
 India accuses Pakistan of waging aIndia accuses Pakistan of waging a
proxy war by arming militantsproxy war by arming militants
 Jammu’s population is 2/3 HinduJammu’s population is 2/3 Hindu
 Kashmiris never voted;Kashmiris never voted;
extremists/separatists were bornextremists/separatists were born
 Why did the U.S. adopt Pakistan as itsWhy did the U.S. adopt Pakistan as its
ally?ally?

6. Indian PoliticsIndian PoliticsNehru (1947)>>
<<Indira Gandhi
(1966-77, 80-84)
Rajiv Gandhi>>
(1984-89)
>> Singh (2004-now)

7. NEHRUNEHRU
 FIVE YEAR PLANSFIVE YEAR PLANS
 SOCIALIST ECONOMYSOCIALIST ECONOMY
 NEUTRAL IN COLD WARNEUTRAL IN COLD WAR
 LEFT BRITISH-TRAINEDLEFT BRITISH-TRAINED
CIVIL SERVICE INTACTCIVIL SERVICE INTACT
 INDIA A “ONE-PARTYINDIA A “ONE-PARTY
DEMOCRACY” – Nehru wasDEMOCRACY” – Nehru was
very popular and respectedvery popular and respected
 Prime minister 1948-1966,Prime minister 1948-1966,
when he diedwhen he died

8. INDIRA GANDHIINDIRA GANDHI
 NEHRU’S DAUGHTERNEHRU’S DAUGHTER
 NOT RELATED TONOT RELATED TO
MAHATMA GANDHIMAHATMA GANDHI
 POPULAR BUTPOPULAR BUT
ECONOMY DIDECONOMY DID
POORLY IN 1970sPOORLY IN 1970s
 P.M. 1966-1977, 1980-P.M. 1966-1977, 1980-
84. ASSASSINATED84. ASSASSINATED
BY A SIKHBY A SIKH
BODYGUARD.BODYGUARD.

9. A FAKE “EMERGENCY” –A FAKE “EMERGENCY” –
INDIA REMAINS AINDIA REMAINS A
DEMOCRACYDEMOCRACY
 INDIRA GANDHI TRIES TOINDIRA GANDHI TRIES TO
GAIN DICTATORIALGAIN DICTATORIAL
POWERS WHEN SHE’SPOWERS WHEN SHE’S
ACCUSED OFACCUSED OF
CORRUPTION IN 1975CORRUPTION IN 1975
 JANATA DAL PARTYJANATA DAL PARTY
DEFEATS CONGRESS INDEFEATS CONGRESS IN
ELECTIONS IN 1977,ELECTIONS IN 1977,
RESTORES FULLRESTORES FULL
DEMOCRACY AND CIVILDEMOCRACY AND CIVIL
RIGHTS – First timeRIGHTS – First time
Congress party is defeated.Congress party is defeated.
 DESPITE ITS PROBLEMS,DESPITE ITS PROBLEMS,
INDIA REMAINSINDIA REMAINS
COMMITTED TO POLITICALCOMMITTED TO POLITICAL
DEMOCRACYDEMOCRACY

10. RAJIV GANDHIRAJIV GANDHI
 INDIRA’S SONINDIRA’S SON
 POPULARPOPULAR
 INTERVENES IN SRIINTERVENES IN SRI
LANKA CIVIL WARLANKA CIVIL WAR
 P.M. FROM 1984 UNTILP.M. FROM 1984 UNTIL
ASSASSINATED BYASSASSINATED BY
TAMIL SEPARATISTSTAMIL SEPARATISTS
IN 1991IN 1991

11. MORE GANDHISMORE GANDHIS
 Indira’s other son,Indira’s other son,
Sanjay, died in aSanjay, died in a
plane crash in 1980.plane crash in 1980.
 Rajiv’s widow, Sonia,Rajiv’s widow, Sonia,
is Italian-born. Sheis Italian-born. She
is president of theis president of the
Congress party.Congress party.
 Controversy aboutControversy about
whether she shouldwhether she should
run for higher office.run for higher office.

12. ECONOMIC REFORMS –ECONOMIC REFORMS –
1991 – THE BIG1991 – THE BIG
CHANGECHANGE
 MANMOHAN SINGHMANMOHAN SINGH
becomes financebecomes finance
minister in 1991minister in 1991
 Engineers major reformsEngineers major reforms
to loosen up governmentto loosen up government
control of the economycontrol of the economy
 Economic takeoff in pastEconomic takeoff in past
17 years.17 years.
 Singh is currently PrimeSingh is currently Prime
MinisterMinister
 Member of CongressMember of Congress
PartyParty

13. INDIA’S ECONOMICINDIA’S ECONOMIC
GROWTHGROWTH

14. HINDU-MUSLIMHINDU-MUSLIM
TENSIONSTENSIONS
 Ayodhya riotsAyodhya riots
 Mumbai riotsMumbai riots
 1992-93. Thousands1992-93. Thousands
dead.dead.

15. HINDU NATIONALISMHINDU NATIONALISM
 BJP Party wins nationalBJP Party wins national
elections in 1998.elections in 1998.
 Favors confrontationFavors confrontation
with Pakistanwith Pakistan
 Develop nuclearDevelop nuclear
weapons program,weapons program,
acccomplish little else.acccomplish little else.

16. INDIA’S ASSETSINDIA’S ASSETS
 GOOD TRANSPORTATIONGOOD TRANSPORTATION
INFRASTRUCTURE BUILT BYINFRASTRUCTURE BUILT BY
BRITISH (RAILROADBRITISH (RAILROAD
NETWORK)NETWORK)
 PUSH FOR EDUCATION –PUSH FOR EDUCATION –
MANY WELL-TRAINED PEOPLEMANY WELL-TRAINED PEOPLE
 HUGE MIDDLE CLASSHUGE MIDDLE CLASS
 HIGH TECH INDUSTRIES –HIGH TECH INDUSTRIES –
CENTERED IN BANGALORECENTERED IN BANGALORE
 WORLD’S BIGGESTWORLD’S BIGGEST
DEMOCRACYDEMOCRACY
 POLITICAL STABILITYPOLITICAL STABILITY
 COMMON USE OF ENGLISHCOMMON USE OF ENGLISH
BY EDUCATED PEOPLEBY EDUCATED PEOPLE
 ABLE TO FEED ITSELFABLE TO FEED ITSELF
THANKS TO “GREENTHANKS TO “GREEN
REVOLUTION”REVOLUTION”

17. BOLLYWOODBOLLYWOOD
WORLD’S LARGESTWORLD’S LARGEST
MOVIE INDUSTRYMOVIE INDUSTRY

18. INDIA’S PROBLEMSINDIA’S PROBLEMS
 MASSIVE POVERTYMASSIVE POVERTY
 CONFLICT BETWEEN CASTES & RELIGIONSCONFLICT BETWEEN CASTES & RELIGIONS
 THREE WARS WITH PAKISTAN OVER KASHMIR –THREE WARS WITH PAKISTAN OVER KASHMIR –
TERRORISTS FROM KASHMIR; 1962 border war withTERRORISTS FROM KASHMIR; 1962 border war with
ChinaChina
 NUCLEAR STANDOFF WITH PAKISTANNUCLEAR STANDOFF WITH PAKISTAN

19. INDIAN PARADOX –INDIAN PARADOX –
POVERTY AND POWERPOVERTY AND POWER

20. PAKISTAN ANDPAKISTAN AND
BANGLADESH –BANGLADESH –
Countries which wereCountries which were
Muslim parts of BritishMuslim parts of British
India before partitionIndia before partition

21. PAKISTANPAKISTAN
 ORIGINALLY TWOORIGINALLY TWO
TERRITORIES, ATERRITORIES, A
THOUSAND MILESTHOUSAND MILES
APART, SPEAKINGAPART, SPEAKING
TWO UNRELATEDTWO UNRELATED
LANGUAGESLANGUAGES
 WEST PAKISTANWEST PAKISTAN
DOMINATEDDOMINATED
 WEST PAKISTAN HADWEST PAKISTAN HAD
FERTILE LAND ONLYFERTILE LAND ONLY
IN THE INDUS RIVERIN THE INDUS RIVER
SYSTEMSYSTEM

23. POLITICAL HISTORYPOLITICAL HISTORY
 PAKISTANPAKISTAN
ALTERNATEDALTERNATED
BETWEENBETWEEN
ELECTEDELECTED
DEMOCRACY ANDDEMOCRACY AND
MILITARYMILITARY
DICTATORSHIPDICTATORSHIP
 Shown at left:Shown at left:
Zulfikar and BenazirZulfikar and Benazir
BhuttoBhutto

24. Pakistan PoliticsPakistan PoliticsJinnah (1947)>>
<<Zulfikar Bhutto
(1973-77)Benazir Bhutto>>
(1988-90, 93-96)
<< Musharraf
(1999-2008)
Sharif (1990-93, 97-99)
Zardari (now)

26. CREATION OFCREATION OF
BANGLADESHBANGLADESH
 In 1970s, PakistaniIn 1970s, Pakistani
dictator Ayub Khandictator Ayub Khan
cracked down oncracked down on
politicians inEastpoliticians inEast
Pakistan.Pakistan.
 In 1971 election, EastIn 1971 election, East
Pakistani leader SheikPakistani leader Sheik
Mujibur Rahman (right)Mujibur Rahman (right)
won national elections.won national elections.
 The military governmentThe military government
refused to accept therefused to accept the
results.results.
 East Pakistan secededEast Pakistan seceded
and becameand became
independent with helpindependent with help
from India.from India.

27. BANGLADESHBANGLADESH
 Soon afterSoon after
independence,independence,
Bangladesh was hitBangladesh was hit
with massive floodswith massive floods
and famineand famine

28. BANGLADESHBANGLADESH
 LAND OF RIVERLAND OF RIVER
DELTAS – VERYDELTAS – VERY
PRODUCTIVE LANDPRODUCTIVE LAND
 PERIODIC FLOODINGPERIODIC FLOODING
BECAUSE OFBECAUSE OF
MONSOONSMONSOONS
 EXTREME POVERTYEXTREME POVERTY
 FEARS TODAY OFFEARS TODAY OF
ISLAMIC EXTREMISMISLAMIC EXTREMISM
 POLITICAL SYSTEM ISPOLITICAL SYSTEM IS
DEMOCRATIC BUTDEMOCRATIC BUT
NOT VERY STABLE.NOT VERY STABLE.

29. BANGLADESHBANGLADESH
FLOODING: AFLOODING: A
PERENNIAL PROBLEMPERENNIAL PROBLEM
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R3ax_v1Bhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R3ax_v1B

30. PAKISTAN TODAYPAKISTAN TODAY
 MILITARYMILITARY
DICTATORSHIPDICTATORSHIP
SINCE 2000SINCE 2000
 HISTORICALLY, ANHISTORICALLY, AN
ALLY OF THE U.S.ALLY OF THE U.S.
 AMBIGUOUS ROLEAMBIGUOUS ROLE
IN TERRORISMIN TERRORISM

32. Pakistan’s EthnicPakistan’s Ethnic
groupsgroups
1.1. Punjabi: majority ethnic group thatPunjabi: majority ethnic group that
dominates politics and armydominates politics and army
2.2. Pashtun: mountain region on the borderPashtun: mountain region on the border
of Afghanistan; government has littleof Afghanistan; government has little
control over them; fierce protectors ofcontrol over them; fierce protectors of
their land & gueststheir land & guests
3.3. Sindi: mostly rural, it is dominated bySindi: mostly rural, it is dominated by
feudal families, like the Bhuttosfeudal families, like the Bhuttos
4.4. Baluch: sparsely settled; heroinBaluch: sparsely settled; heroin

33. PAKISTAN’SPAKISTAN’S
CONNECTION WITHCONNECTION WITH
ISLAMIC TERRORISMISLAMIC TERRORISM
 In 1980, militaryIn 1980, military
dictator of Pakistandictator of Pakistan
solidified his powersolidified his power
by passingby passing
IslamizationIslamization
program, institutingprogram, instituting
sharia or Islamic law.sharia or Islamic law.

34.  PAKISTANIPAKISTANI
INTELLIGENCEINTELLIGENCE
SECRETLY AIDEDSECRETLY AIDED
THE TALIBAN INTHE TALIBAN IN
AFGHANISTAN, ANDAFGHANISTAN, AND
IN TERRORIN TERROR
ATTACKS ON INDIAATTACKS ON INDIA
FROM KASHMIRFROM KASHMIR

35. MADRASASMADRASAS

36. NORTHWESTNORTHWEST
FRONTIERFRONTIER
 LITTLELITTLE
GOVERNMENTGOVERNMENT
CONTROL OVERCONTROL OVER
ARMED SEMI-ARMED SEMI-
NOMADIC TRIBESNOMADIC TRIBES
 OSAMA PROBABLYOSAMA PROBABLY
HIDING INHIDING IN
MOUNTAINS THEREMOUNTAINS THERE

37. THE “ISLAMIC BOMB”THE “ISLAMIC BOMB”
 PAKISTAN EXPLODEDPAKISTAN EXPLODED
ITS FIRST NUCLEARITS FIRST NUCLEAR
DEVICE IN DESERT INDEVICE IN DESERT IN
1998.1998.
 DR. A.Q. KHANDR. A.Q. KHAN
RESPONSIBLE FORRESPONSIBLE FOR
ITS SECRETITS SECRET
DEVELOPMENT, ANDDEVELOPMENT, AND
SHAREDSHARED
TECHNOLOGY WITHTECHNOLOGY WITH
“ROGUE STATES” LIKE“ROGUE STATES” LIKE
LIBYA, NORTH KOREA,LIBYA, NORTH KOREA,
MAYBE OTHERSMAYBE OTHERS

38. NUCLEAR CRISISNUCLEAR CRISIS

39. NEAR-NUCLEARNEAR-NUCLEAR
CONFRONTATION OVERCONFRONTATION OVER
KASHMIR IN 1998KASHMIR IN 1998

40. THE END OFTHE END OF
MUSHARAF?MUSHARAF?
 Musharaf dismissedMusharaf dismissed
the Supreme Courtthe Supreme Court
after he steppedafter he stepped
down as head of thedown as head of the
armyarmy
 Lawyers protestedLawyers protested

41. ASSASSINATION OFASSASSINATION OF
BENAZIR BHUTTOBENAZIR BHUTTO
 Prior toPrior to
parliamentaryparliamentary
elections this year,elections this year,
opposition leadersopposition leaders
were allowed backwere allowed back
into the countryinto the country
 Benazir BhuttoBenazir Bhutto
returned, wasreturned, was
assassinatedassassinated

42. NEW PRIME MINISTERNEW PRIME MINISTER
SWORN IN – TRANSITIONSWORN IN – TRANSITION
BACK TO DEMOCRACY?BACK TO DEMOCRACY?
 Has freed imprisonedHas freed imprisoned
judgesjudges
 Army remainsArmy remains
strongest institutionstrongest institution
in countryin country
 Rebellion inRebellion in
Baluchistan provinceBaluchistan province
 Problems of povertyProblems of poverty
and lack ofand lack of
developmentdevelopment