Ordell Ugo Summer Internship on : Smart Grid IN India

2. ELECTRICITY SECTOR IN INDIA AND CURRENT
Scenario:
 Power development in India was first started in 1897 in Darjeeling,
followed by commissioning of a hydropower station at Sivasamudram in
Karnataka during 1902.
 The electricity sector in India had an installed capacity of 223.625 GW
as of April 2013, the world's fifth largest. Captive power plants
generate an additional 34.444 GW. Non Renewable Power Plants
constitute 87.55% of the installed capacity and 12.45% of Renewable
Capacity. India generated 855 BU (855 000 MU i.e. 855 TWh)
electricity during 2011–12 fiscal.
THE AVAILABLE ENERGY RESOURCES IN INDIA ARE AS FOLLOWS:
 Thermal power
 Hydro power
 Nuclear power
 Solar power
 Wind power
 Biomass power
 Geothermal energy
 Tidal wave energy

3. INSTALLED POWER CAPACITY IN INDIA :
(2011-12)
SOURCE : CURRENT INSTALLED BASE:
Thermal power 110.396 GW
Hydro power 39,291.40 MW
Nuclear power 4.8 GW
Solar power 10MW
Wind power 11,807MW
Biomass power 866MW
Geothermal power 203.0MW
Tidal wave energy 8,000 MW

4. ENERGY DEMANDS IN INDIA:
(2011-12)

5. SMART GRIDS:
Definition:
A smart grid is a modernised
electrical grid which sets up an
automated two way communication
between end-user and utility to deliver
power efficiently using information
and communication technology.

6. Features :
 Significantly reduces the environmental impact of
the whole electricity supply system.
 Enhances the reliability and security levels.
 Provides the end-user for choice of supply.
 Bi-directional energy flow.
 The load supported by smart grids will vary
periodically depending upon the necessity of the
end-user.
 Peak curtailment.
 Paves way for the usage of renewable resources.

7. Features :

8. current grid system :
 In the present scenario , the power generation
is localised and built around localities. This kind of
an electrical grid is devised to cater for small
energy demands. It is designed to deliver
electricity to the consumers’ s residence and bill
them once a month.
 The current grid is of a one way interaction
format and hence makes it difficult for the grid
to respond to the ever changing demands of the
consumers.

9. Current grid system:
Localized Grid

10. Smart grids :
The smart grid is an advancement of the present
electrical grid system . Smart grids establish a two
way communication between the utility and the
consumer efficiently.
This system enables new technologies to be
integrated such as wind, solar etc. energy
production. This grid helps us manage the ever
changing electricity needs.
In the smart grid system , utility centres are
interconnected.

11. Smart Grid System
Centralized grid

12. CURRENT GRID SYSTEM
SMART GRID SYSTEM
The Smart Two Way Communication :

13. What does the concept of Smart Grid look like?
Electrical Infrastructure
Intelligence Infrastructure

14. Working of a smart grid :
The present electrical grid system uses a one-way
communication and bills the consumption once a
month. Here, the power is generated in the utility,
routed towards the transformers and then sent to
the houses.
In the above mentioned grid system, conservation
of energy is possible only to a certain extent.
Keeping in mind, the difficulty in communication
and the energy losses, we can adapt to an improvised
electrical grid system known as smart grid. This
type of grid system supports a two-way
communication between the utility and
the end-user.

16. The working of a smart grid can be keyed down to four steps:
 Generation
 Transmission
 Distribution
 End-user
GENERATION:-
Presently, thermal, hydro and nuclear power provides
maximum contribution to the total energy being produced
in India. Smart grid technology gives an
opportunity to use both renewable and
non-renewable resources as well as usage
of stored energy.

17. Electric transmission systems carry large amounts
of power at high voltages from generators to
substations. Transmission systems must be kept
highly reliable to prevent blackouts and ensure
robust energy markets. Synchrophasor technology
has emerged as key enabler for improving
transmission reliability and operations. Phasor
measurement units (PMUs), phasor data
concentrators (PDCs), wide area communications
networks, and advanced transmission applications
are building blocks of a smarter and more reliable
transmission system.
Contd……..
Transmission :

18. The transmission of electrical energy from utility to the
transformers uses optical fiber technology and high-voltage
direct-current (HVDC) which thus lowers electrical losses
and is less expensive.
Distribution :
Contd…..
The distribution system routes power from the utility to
residence through power lines, switches and transformers.
Utilities typically rely on complex power distribution
schemes and manual switching
to keep power flowing to the consumers.

19. A key component of distribution intelligence is outage
detection and response.
Along with smart meters, distribution intelligence will
help to quickly pinpoint the source of a power outage so
that repair crews can be immediately dispatched to the
problem area. The smart grid distribution intelligence
counter these energy fluctuations by automatically
identifying problems , then rerouting and restoring power
delivery.
Utilities can further use distribution intelligence to
predict and manage electricity usage with the co-
operation of consumers leading to lower production cost.
Outage response is one aspect of distribution
intelligence that is commonly referred to as distribution
automation (DA). DA may actually be the oldest segment
of the Smart Grid, because utilities have been automating
their distribution systems.

20. Distribution intelligence
Black out due to bad weather
Smart grid’s counter effect
Repercussions of counter effect

21. Combining DA components with a set of intelligent
sensors, processors, and communication technologies will
lead to distribution intelligence.
End user :
End-users can be homes, commercial centers,
buildings etc. These are connected to the smart grid via
the smart meter. The smart meters control and manage
the flow of electricity to and from the end customer
and also provide information regarding the usage of
power. Each customer has a discrete domain comprised
of electricity premise and bidirectional communications
networks. Customer may as well generate,
store and feed electricity back
into the smart grid.

22. Smart meter
appliances
Smart
Smart appliances can be
monitored using TV, smart
phone , web.

23. Requirements :
Hardware Components :
 Smart meters
A smart meter is a combination of a sensor (that can
measure and communicate electricity consumption in
real-time), logic (that enables communication with the
operator), and an actuator (that enables active control
of consumer appliances). Real-time pricing of electricity
consumption will provide customers with the incentive
to load shift from peak to off-peak periods (demand
response) and to promote energy efficiency measures.

24.  Advanced meter reading
Advanced Meter Reading ( identifies in detail,
and often in real-time, the electricity
consumption of a house, building, or entire
company.
 Advanced meter management
Advanced Meter Management (AMM) is the
ability to receive control signals from the
operator and to switch off local electric
appliances. Within 2020, direct control will
predominantly be used in emergency situations
to avoid blackouts. Smart meters
will automatically detect and
Contd……

25. report faults, which will enable distribution grid
operators to perform necessary remedial actions
more quickly.
 Smart Home
A Smart Home is a home where all appliances
are automated. For a house to be made smart
the following are the necessities:
 Smart thermostats :
A smart thermostat is one which can teach itself
the best way to manage temperature control in the
home. This little device will run your home
temperature settings all by itself and can help
save money on energy bills.
Contd…..

26. It learns when you wake up and will adjust the
temperature to a comfortable setting before your feet
hit the floor in the morning. It will also learn when you go
to work, come home from work, and can even sense your
presence in the home and will adjust the temperature
accordingly. A thermostat has motion detectors to
adjust temperatures to the perfect setting regardless if
you are home or away. If you’re not satisfied with how
the thermostat is being automated you can control it
with your smartphone from anywhere. All these little
adjustments will definitely save your money. 50% of the
average homeowner’s electric bill goes to heating and
cooling. It will also adjust itself automatically depending
on the weather because it plugs into your Wi-Fi and
checks forecasts.
Smart Thermostats :

27. Smart thermostats :

28.  Light occupancy sensors :
Installing light occupancy sensors to turn off or on the
lights has the potential to save money. A solution to
that wasted energy is motion activated lighting
sensors. A really easy way to implement this is by
simply purchasing a motion sensor plug which fits in the
old outlet. Then plug the light into the new
sensor, attach multiple lights to it, and you’re done.
There is another solution to controlling forgotten
lights. Home automation systems can connect all lights
to a computer program on your phone. You can simply
monitor which lights are on and turn them off
as needed.

29. Light occupancy sensors :

30. The smart grid uses information to communicate the
personal habits of electricity consumers back to the
energy companies. In essence if your household uses lots
of electricity during peak times you’ll be charged a higher
rate. In response appliances are being rolled out which
have the capability of communicating with the smart grid.
Not only will you be able to communicate with your
refrigerator via your phone, your
refrigerator, dishwasher, oven, and washing
machine/dryer will all be able to communicate with the
smart grid. Your appliances will automatically know
optimal times to perform their functions. These times
will be at the off-peak hours allowing you to save money
by not incurring the higher rate.
 Smart grid ready appliances :

31. Smart grid ready appliances :

32.  Smart Energy Glass : Collect and Save Power
With these type of windows one can
control the intensity of the natural light
that penetrates the room and collect
energy. In other words, the glass combines
the properties of a normal window with
those of solar panels.
With this revolutionary design,
the buildings will stop being “unproductive
power drains” and generate their own
energy.

33. Smart Energy Glass : Collect and Save Power

34. FACTS and energy storage devices :
Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices are high
power electronic devices that can perform control at a very
high speed. Some are connected in shunt to the grid to
provide reactive power and voltage control, while others are
connected in series to provide control of power flow. FACTS
devices provide the system operator with a measure of
freedom in operating the system. FACTS devices have
already been installed in many parts of the world. A Smart
Grid will improve control and increase the benefits from using
existing and new FACTS devices.
Lithium-ion batteries enable simultaneous voltage control
and control of active power balance in the grid, which is an
additional advantage to current FACTS technology that
primarily focuses on stabilising grid voltage.

35. Distributed Energy Storage will play a vital role in smart
grids. Strategically located energy storage plants
could serve various purposes, including:
• Defer upgrades of lines and substation/ distribution
transformers through peak load shaving.
• Balance consumption and production of electricity.
• Provide islanding capabilities during grid faults by
supplying power to important loads.
Stored
energy
Contd………

36. High speed sensors called PMUs distributed
throughout their network can be used to monitor
power quality and in some cases respond
automatically to them. Phasors are
representations of the waveforms of alternating
current, which ideally in real-time, are identical
everywhere on the network and conform to the
most desirable shape.
A wide-area measurement system (WAMS) is
a network of PMUs that can provide real-time
monitoring on a regional and national scale.
 Phasor measurement units :

37. Phasor measurement units :

38. CONTROL Systems :
ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS (EMS) are systems
of computer-aided tools used by power system operators
to monitor, control, and optimize the performance of
the power system, including generation, transmission &
distribution (T&D), and consumption. Thus, the EMS
represents the “brains” of the power grid.
Transmission Systems today employ SCADA systems as
integral parts of EMS. SCADA performs the monitoring
and control functions in EMS. SCADA systems are highly
distributed. A SCADA control centre performs centralised
monitoring and control, based on information received
from remote stations. Problems with SCADA include slow
refresh rate, latency, and skew, resulting
In lower accuracy and “visibility” of the
power system state. Contd…..

39. Traditional EMS applications are model-based, and thus the
results are only as good as the accuracy of the model.
Measurement-based applications do not suffer from this.
WAMPACS analyse the data transmitted from
PMU’s deployed over a large portion of the power system
substations and transmission lines. Data from multiple
locations are synchronized to a common time reference
using GPS.
Important uses of WAMPACS (Wide area measurement
protection and control system) include state estimation and
advanced real-time visualisation of power systems, real
time
congestion management, stability enhancement,
improved damping of inter-area oscillations, the design
of advanced warning systems and adaptive protection
systems, validation of system models, and
analyses of the causes of blackouts.

40. Comparison between SCADA and PMU :
DATA SCADA PMU
Refresh rate 2-5 seconds 0.02-0.10 seconds
Latency and skew Yes & yes Very low & no
Compatibility Older communication
technology
Modern communication
technology
Behaviour Static Dynamic

41. Technical Issues :
 Proper Network Laying
 Short Circuit
 Over Loading
 Server Break Down
 Error Detection
 Upgradable
 Peak Time Management
 Customer Relations Management
 Security
 Smart Saving Of Energy
 Smart use of renewable resources
 Smart Home

42. Proper network laying:
To lay a proper network in smart grid it is necessary to make
thorough analysis of the existing WAN/LAN networks. It
may be necessary to rebuild or replace a portion of this
infrastructure. Some of the key areas to analyse are as
follows:
 Security:
It is necessary to analyse whether the present network
system can support virtual LANS , as it is a critical
component to establish a secure smart grid.
 Bandwidth :
A Smart Grid implementation will regularly require massive,
multiple-terabyte data transfers between strategic points of
the WAN. We must know how much bandwidth is available
for data packets to be transferred and
whether the existing network can manage
Contd…….

43. the movement of these data packets without
compromising on the quality of service.
 Robustness
A robust network is difficult to break. This is
the result of many factors including hardware,
software, infrastructure management, transport
medium, and the physical path that medium
takes. Redundancy and geographic separation are
both key. The use of SONET or other fast-
failover fibre technologies is typical. You cannot
hang any part of the Smart Grid core on a long
radial branch and if you don’t use High
Availability/Disaster Recovery architecture for
Smart Grid systems and applications, you are
placing your operation at significant risk.

44.  Resiliency
Even the most robust network can fail, and every second
of recovery time exacts a heavy toll on productivity. That’s
why it is critical to ensure the resiliency of your network
by selecting and configuring technologies and hardware
from the back-office systems, through the WAN core to
the end-point devices in the field (meters, capacitor
controls, etc.). It does you little good to have a field RF
Mesh network that can rebuild itself around a failure in
seconds or minutes if the WAN takes eight hours to
rebuild, or vice versa.
 Required connectivity:
If your WAN is configured in a ring topography, and your
Smart Grid systems and feed-in/out points are distributed
around that ring, you need to ensure the
robustness and resiliency are

45. adequate between these critical points of the WAN.
 Time Synchronization and Propagation:
This synchronization takes place via the data network.
Your WAN/LAN/ Field network must support the
propagation of a common time reference, typically from a
GPS synchronized source, down to the millisecond for
some field devices such as fault indicators. Do not be
surprised if your legacy systems (mainframe) can not
make use of this signal. And Daylight Savings Time (DST)
will become a thorn in your side. Operating all Smart Grid
systems and applications on Coordinated Universal Time
(UTC) is the easiest method to avoid DST issues.
 Circuit Capacity
The move to a true grid topology EDN requires the
removal of circuit capacity and voltage level constraints
to normalize power flow paths and provide
the required operational flexibility.
Standardizing Contd…..

46. on as few voltages and conductor sizes as possible is
necessary to achieve this.
 The Smart Grid system uses junction to junction fuse
system.
 Smart Fuses can also be used which are sensitive
enough to overcome from the short circuit and it also
helps to protect the electric machines.
Over Loading:
 The chances of overloading in smart grid system is very
bleak , because here the user is restricted to use only a
certain quantity of requested electricity.
 If the customer wants more power, then
that extra energy is drawn from the
utility on request.

47. Server Breakdown :
 If there is server break down, then smart grid has an
alternative method to overcome from the server
break down using the application of virtual server.
Error Detection :
 The smart grid system uses wave technique for error
detection
Upgradable:
 The entire smart grid system is designed in such a way
that it can be upgraded easily.
 Smart Meters ,Smart Transformers, Substations ,
Servers ,etc. can be upgraded time
to time and makes the smart grid system
more efficient.

48. Peak Time management:
 To reduce demand during the high cost peak usage
periods, communications and metering technologies
inform smart devices in the home and business when
energy demand is high and track how much electricity
is used and when it is used. It also gives utility
companies the ability to reduce consumption by
communicating to devices directly in order to prevent
system overloads.
 prices of electricity are increased during high demand
periods, and decreased during low demand periods.
To keep up with constantly changing energy
demands , utilities turn power plants on and off
depending upon the amount of power needed at certain
times of the day. The cost of deliver power
depends upon the time of day it is used.

49. Electricity is more costly to be delivered during
peak times because additional , often less efficient
power plants must be used to deliver power. The
smart grid will help us to manage and moderate the
consumption of electricity with the co-operation of
the consumers especially during peak demand
times.

50. As a result utilities will be able to reduce their
operating costs. By differing the usage of
electricity away from peak times and having

51. Electricity production is more energy distributed
throughout the day.

52. Customer Relations Management:
Customer management, particularly regarding increased
availability and reduced commercial losses, is key driver
for the smart grid. India has a long way to go in
customer management because most of its distribution
companies are in various stages of updating and
organizing their customer information.
Utility customers are becoming more
demanding and impatient. They expect
utilities to produce such benefits as:

53.  ƒReduced outages
 ƒLower bills
 ƒIncreased awareness and control over energy
consumption through better
 information on usage patterns (the telecom
industry has achieved something akin to this)
 ƒMore choices for energy sources along with
options to supply energy to the grid
 ƒMore green and renewable choices to increase
environmental sustainability (this pressure is
greater now that the price gap between peak
power, solar and diesel generation alternatives is
closing).

54. Complete knowledge of customers and their needs will also allow utilities to
influence consumers to shift peak demand consumption and protect
customers from overconsumption. In addition, it will enable utilities to help
customers comply with contract fulfilments, environmental and security
regulations. This, in turn, will help utilities to manage their assets, improve
customer service, and control costs.
An important aspect of CRM is customer awareness (education) and
participation. Customers will be important stakeholders in the smart grid
and they will need to be more aware of the risks involved. For example,
unless availability-based tariff customers modify their usage patterns,
they will see higher bills. Also, because smart meters will be more accurate
than current electromechanical meters, customers’ usage will be tracked
more accurately and they may see higher bills. Last, the energy savings
accrued through smart grids will need to be distributed and incentives to
conserve energy will be needed. Customer participation will be important in
all of these activities and will also help improve the smart grid’s overall
governance and utility-wide implementations.

55. Security :
Smart grid communications will play a critical role in
maintaining high levels of electric system reliability,
performance and manageability. But at the same time, the grid
is increasingly subject to attack, as many of the technologies
being deployed to support smart grid projects (such as smart
meters, sensors, and advanced communication networks) are
interoperable and open.
Meeting the critical need for an integrated security
infrastructure will require the establishment and
implementation of a security framework for managing both
physical and cyber security, as well as an accompanying
security policy. In addition to reducing the system’s
vulnerability to physical or cyber attacks, a comprehensive
approach to security will help utilities
better manage their systems, keep costs
lower, and improve the

56. System’s resilience against security disruptions and data
privacy invasions.
This framework should cover:
Physical safety and security
Generation plant security
Substation security
 Utility regulatory compliance
 Identity management
 Access control
 Threat defense
Wide Area Network security
Security management and
monitoring.

57. Smart technique of Saving Energy :
 Use Of RFID Sensors.
 A smart converter can be used in an
appliance which converts AC current to DC.
 Multi-wire Connection must be avoided.
 Smart Wiring.
 Use Of Smart Switches.
 Use Of Smart Technology.
 Smart Home.

58. Smart Home :Smart Home

59. There is a broad consensus that smart grid deployments will
provide environmental benefits, including significant
reductions in greenhouse gas emissions.
More than half of the potential emission reductions can be
achieved through improvements in end-use efficiency and
increased energy conservation enabled by the smart grid, as
well as the integration of large-scale renewable energy
projects into the grid. Smart grids can bring about
environmental improvements by:
Smart Grid and the Environment:

60. Managing peak load through demand response rather than
spinning reserves.
 Reducing transmission losses through better management of
transmission and distribution networks. A recent study shows
that a smart grid could reduce transmission and distribution
losses by 30% .
Monitoring equipment in real time, which will enable the
redirection of power flows in response to early warnings of
system problems, detect and remedy faults in a “self-healing”
mode and keep important system components operating at
high efficiency.
Increasing transparency in electricity prices to help
consumers understand the true cost of electricity by time of
day. Giving continuous feedback on electricity use could
reduce annual CO2 emissions by 31-114 million metric tons of
CO2 equivalent in 2030 as consumers
adjust their usage in response to pricing
and consumption information.

61.  Integrating more renewable energy sources and energy
storage, to support system operators by providing more
real-time information to make decisions on selecting
generation from clean energy sources, thus substituting
renewable energy when possible.

62. Limitations of smart grids:
 smart meters will be more accurate than current
electromechanical meters, hence the customers’
electricity usage will be tracked more accurately and
they may see higher bills.
 Transitioning to new technology and processes
 Managing public reaction and customer acceptance of the
new meters
 Ensuring the security of metering data
 protecting the privacy of their personal data
 Paying additional fees for the new meter
 If consumers continue to use more and more electricity,
it would negate the projected
Environmental benefits
 Disposal of the old meters

63. Renewable resources:
 The renewable energy resources in India which
contribute to development of power are:
 Thermal energy
 Hydro power
 Nuclear energy
 Solar energy
 Wind energy
 Biomass energy
 Geothermal energy
 Tidal wave energy

64. Integration of Renewables :
 Net Zero – Energy / Water / Waste
 Green Community – Self Sufficient & Reliant
 Judicial Mix of various Technologies and Options
for different use
 Use or Supply
 Draw or Store
 Storage Options
 Type of Use
 Heating /Cooling
 Illumination / Ventilation
 Machine Operations
 Appliance Powering ( Computers / Printers / Copiers / Faxes)
 Domestic Appliances
5/9/2015

65. Integration of Renewables:
 Choice of Current
 AC or Dc
 AC – DC
 DC – AC
 DC – DC
 Switches and Disconnectors
 Availability of Domestic DC Appliances - Power
Packs
 Connectivity to Grid – Size of Plant, Distance to
Consumers
 Control Strategy and Methodology – availability of
software .
5/9/2015

66. POWERGRID’S INITIATIVES
IN
IMPLEMENTATION OF SMART GRID
TECHNOLOGIES

67. POWERGRID’s initiative towards Smart grid:
 Pilot Project in Northern Region.
 Intelligent Monitoring & Control of
the Interconnected Electric Power
Grid Using Wide Area
Measurements (WAM) for Western
Region .

68. NR Pilot Project :
 PMUs (Phasor Measurement Units ) with GPS system to be
installed at four substations of Northern Region and PDC
at NRLDC, Delhi.
 (PMU Locations: Moga- 400 KV, Kanpur- 400 KV S/s,
Vindhyachal- HVDC, Dadri- HVDC )
 To use Phasor Measurements data for better situational
awareness and technology evaluation using minimal
hardware & software
 Use of existing fiber communication link.

69. Intelligent Monitoring & Control of WR Electric Power Grid Using Wide Area
Measurements (WAMs)
 The Project is approved by CSIR & Funded by CSIR
(Council of Scientific and Industrial Research)
under New Millennium India Technology Leadership
Initiative (NMITLI)
 Along with POWERGRID other members of the
consortium are:-
 TCS-Leader
 IIT Mumbai
 Tata Power Company Limited (Tata Power)
5/9/2015

70.  Integrate isolated technologies : Smart Grid
enables better energy management.
 Proactive management of electrical network
during emergency situations.
 Better demand supply / demand response
management.
 Better power quality
 Reduce carbon emissions.
 Increasing demand for energy : requires more
complex and critical solution with better energy
management
Why Smart Grid?

71. Drivers of Smart Grid :
 Increasing demand:
 High Aggregate Technical & Non Technical,
Losses:18%-62%
 Ageing assets…transformers, feeders etc.,
 Grid to carry more power: Need for, Reliability and
greater Security
 Billing and collections: Profitability of distribution
companies
 Energy mix: Need for Renewable to reduce carbon
footprint

72. Improvisation leads to …..
 Deliver sustainable energy
 Increased efficiency
 Empower consumers
 Improve reliability
 Smart Grid

73. New Technologies for…..
 Energy Storage to support a Resilient Smart Grid
(Comparing & evaluating cost competitiveness of:
Compressed air, pumped hydro, ultra capacitors,
flywheels, battery tech, fuel cells.)
 Smart Grid & Electric Vehicle Integration
(How can electric Vehicle optimize the use of
renewable energy resources, improve efficiency)

75. Bibliography :
 www.wikipedia.com/smartgrid
 www.smartgrid.gov
 www.ge.ecomagination.com/smartgrids
 www.smartgridnews.com
 www.smartgrids.eu
 www.indiasmartgrid.org
 www.gridsmartohio.com
 www.cisco.com/smartgrid
 www.indiaieee.org
 www.ieee.org/smartgrid , etc.
 Understanding Smart Grids – By NETL ( National Energy Technology Laboratory)
 The Smart Grid : BY Christian Hicks
 Smart Grid Seminar Report : From www.pediain.com
 The Smart Grid : Prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy
 By Litos Strategic Communication
 The Smart Grid : By the Canadian Electricity Association
 The Roadmap of Smart Grid : By International Energy Agency (IEA)
 Boosting energy efficiency through Smart Grids
: By Franco Davoli, Matteo Repetto (University of Genoa, Italy)
etc.