Introduction To Computer

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CHAPTER 1: Introduction To Computers
A computer is a machine that manipulates data
according to a list of instructions.
A computer is a device capable of performing
computations and making logical decisions at speed
millions and even billion of times faster them human
beings can.
Computer is an electronic machine which is use for
data processing. The output which comes after
processing data through computer is known as
Information.
What is Computer?

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Why Computers?

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Zero th generation (1642 to 1945)
First Generation (1945 to 1955)
Second generation (1955 to 1965)
Third generation (1966 to 1970)
Fourth generation (1971 to 1980)
Fifth generation (1980 to present)

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Mechanical calculators was developed as
computing device.

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In 1946 first electronic computer ENAIC (Electronic
Numerical Integrator and Calculator ) was developed by
Mr. J.Presper Eckert and Mr. John Manuchly at
University of Pennsylvania.
It uses 18,000 vacuum tubes and its cast was $500,000.
Its weight was 30 tons and occupied a 30 by 50 foot
space.
It produced large amount of heat.
Its speed was very slow.

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In this second generation vacuum tubes was
replaced by transistors.
Speed / performance of this generation computers
was improved in comparison to first generation
computers.
Size, price , and heat produced reduced by using
transistors.

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In this third generation transistors was replaced by IC’s
(Integrated Circuits i.e fabrication of thousands electronic
components on single silicon chip ).
Using this drastic reduction in the size of computers.
Speed / performance was high in comparison to third
generation.
Heat produced by computers was reduced.

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In this generation IC’s are replaced by LSI (Large Scale
Integrated Circuits : more number of electronic
components on silicon chip)
These are low cast, small size and high performance in
comparisons to third generation computers

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In this generation LSI are replaced by VLSI (Very
Large Scale Integrated Circuits)
Size and cost of these computers is very less and
performance is very high

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A computer can be divided into two main categories:
1. Hardware
2. Software
Hardware is basically anything that you can touch
with your fingers.
For computer hardware to work it must follow a set
of instructions that is supplied to it as software.

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Hardware refers to the computer’s physical components,
• Computer Case
• CPU (central processing unit...Pentium chip)
• Monitor
• Keyboard & Mouse
• Disk Drive, Zip Drive, CD-ROM, DVD,
• Hard Drive
• Memory (RAM)
• Speakers
• Printer

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The term software refers to the set of instructions
that directs the hardware to accomplish a task.
1. System Software
2. Application Software
3. Utility Software
Application
Software
System
Software (OS)
Hardware

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1. System Software/Operating System
System Software are used to control all
components of computer and serves as an
interface between user and hardware.
1. Control all Components of Computer
2. Interface b/w user and Hardware

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2. Application Software
Application software is used or design for the
specific purpose of the user.
for example
MS-WORD MS-POWER POINT
MS-EXCEL Acdsee
Corel Draw Paint
Game MS-ACCESS

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3. Utility Software
Utility Software is used to remove any problem or
solve a complex situation in computer.
for example
Partition Magic Backup utility
Antivirus Data Recovery
Security Software Win Ghost

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Bit:
One digit, either 0 or 1
Byte:
any combination of 0 or 1.
also called an octet.
Bits n Bytes

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Computer only understand 0 or 1
0 OFF
1 ON

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0001100125
10110011179
01000001A
The number 25 stored as 8 bits using the binary number system:
The number 179 stored as 8 bits using the binary number system:
The letter A stored as 8 bits using ASCII code:
= =
= =
= =

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INPUT
PROCESSING
OUTPUT
Exam Results!
Information for the Exam

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Consists of four parts where each part involves one
or more specific components of the computer.
1. Input
2. Processing
3. Output
4. Storage
Information Processing Cycle

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Input Processing Output
Storage

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Storage
Data Information
Input: A computer receives
data via an input device such
as the keyboard.

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Storage
Data Information
Processing: A computer
program performs operations
on the data to transform it
into information.

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Storage
Data Information
Output: A computer produces
the output through an output
device such as the monitor to
display the result of the
processing operations.

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Storage
Data Information
Storage: A computer stores
the result of the processing
operations in a storage device
such as the hard disk.

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Storage
Adds each item
cost together
 Organizes data
 Computes total
due
Note book
RM 4.50 each
Eraser
RM 0.80 each
Pen
RM 1.50 each
Stapler
RM 2.20 each

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So
Computer is an Electronic device which can:
1. accept data
2. process it
3. give the result after that processing
4. and also store processed data InputOutputProcessingStorage

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PC four major functions are:
Input data
Process data
Output information
Store data and information
DATA IN
INFORMATION
OUT

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Data vs. Information
Data is a representation of a fact or idea
Number
Word
Picture
Sound
Information is data that has been organized or
presented in a meaningful.
examples of data
3547 Ahmad Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
examples of information
Roll No. 3547 Name-Ahmad City-Kuala Lumpur
Country-Malaysia

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2 + 2 = 4
Data vs. Instruction
InstructionDATA Information

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A Typical Personal Computer
System unit Display device
External deviceExternal device
Input devices
A Personal Computer:

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KLMU
1 User type “KLMU”
2 Keyboard converts
characters to a binary
code; bits are transmitted
to memory and to CPU for
processing
3 All processing and storage
are done in binary form
4 Transmission to
printer is in binary
form
5 Printer converts binary code
to characters before printing
KLMU__

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Temporary
storage
Permanent
storage
OutputInput
RAM
Floppy Disk
Hard Disk
Monitor
Speaker
Printer
Webcam
Scanner

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Enter data to be processed
Keyboard
Scanners
Mouse
Trackball
Touch screen
Microphone
Game Controller
Digital camera

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Cabinet that houses all components
Motherboard
CPU
Memory modules System Unit
System Unit

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A processor present in system unit is the part that is
like a computer’s brain.
A system unit is a personal computer component that
houses other devices necessary for the computer to
function.

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Chassis
Memory chips
Disk drives
The System Unit
Cooling device
Microprocessor
(under cooling device)
Power Supply
Ports
Adapter Card

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Display Device
A display device is a personal computer component
that enables users to view the text and graphical data
associated with a computer program.

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Input Devices
An input device is a personal computer component
that enables users to enter data or instructions into a
computer.

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External Devices
There are several categories of external devices:
Microphone
Digital camera
Scanner
Speakers
Printer
Network device
External drive

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System Unit Components
The system unit itself has several important sub-
components, such as:
System Board
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Memory
System Bus
Storage devices

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Expansion slots
AGP slot
Ports
CPU
RAM slots
Drive interfaces
The System Board
The system board is the personal computer component that
acts as the backbone for the entire computer system.

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The Central Processing Unit (CPU)
The central processing unit (CPU), sometimes
called microprocessor or just processor, is the real
brains of the computer and is where most of the
calculations take place.

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Memory
Memory is the personal computer component that
comprises the electronic storage areas in the
computer. It can be considered either volatile or
non-volatile.

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Hard Drive
Controller
Video
Controller
Memory
System Bus
CPU
The System Bus
The system bus is the main communication path
between the CPU and memory.

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Storage Devices
A storage device is a system unit component, such
as a hard drive, that enables users to save data for
reuse at a later time, even after the personal
computer is shut down and restarted.

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Internal viewExternal view
Wires from the power supply
to the system board and drives
Fan
Voltage switch
Socket for power cord
Power switch
Power Supplies
A power supply is an internal computer component that
converts AC power from an electrical outlet to the DC
power needed by system components.

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Cooling Systems
Fan
Heat sink
Computer systems contain several components that
require cooling:
The computer case
The CPU
The power supply
Some adapter cards
Some hard disk drives

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PCI bus
Circuitry
Adapter Cards
An adapter card is a printed circuit board that you install
into a slot on the computer’s system board to expand
the functionality of the computer.
Phone line
connection
Circuit to
connect to
phone line

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Riser Cards
REAR
FRONT
Memory slots
PCI/ISA slots on riser
Peripheral
connectors
CPU
A riser card is a board that plugs in to the system
board and provides additional slots for adapter
cards..

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Storage Devices
The various types of storage devices used in personal
computers are:
Floppy Disk Drives (FDD)
Hard Disk Drives (HDD)
Optical Drives
Tape Drives
Solid State Storage devices

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Front view 3.5-inch floppy disk drive
3.5-inch floppy disk
Rear view of floppy disk drive
Data cable
Power cable
Floppy Disk Drives (FDD)
FDD is a personal computer storage device that reads
data from, and writes data to, removable disks made of
flexible Mylar plastic covered with a magnetic coating
and enclosed in a stiff, protective, plastic case.

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Hard Disk Drives (HDD)
HDD is a personal computer storage device that uses
fixed media, which means that the disk is built into the
drive and the drives are not removed from the computer
unless you are performing an upgrade or a repair.

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An internal CD-ROM drive
An external DVD drive
A CD-R disc
Optical Disks
An optical disk is a personal computer storage device
that stores data optically, rather than magnetically.

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Types of Optical Disks and Drives
Optical disks and drives come in several types, such as:
CD-ROM
CD-R
CD-RW
DVD-ROM
DVD-R
DVD+R
DVD+R DL
DVD-RW
DVD+RW
DVD-RAM

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Tape Drives
A tape drive is a personal computer storage device that
stores data magnetically on a removable tape that is
enclosed in a tape cartridge.

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Compact Flash
card fits in here
43mm
36mm
USB adapter connects the
Compact Flash reader to
the computer
Solid State Storage
Solid state storage is a personal computer storage
device that stores data in special types of memory
instead of on disks or tape.

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Personal Computer Connection Methods
The various PC connection methods are:
Ports
Personal Computer Connections
Serial Connections
Parallel Connections
Universal Serial Bus (USB) Connections
IEEE 1394 and FireWire Connections
Small Computer Systems Interface (SCSI) Connections
Parallel ATA (PATA) Connections
Serial ATA (SATA) Connections

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Enable devices to be connected to a personal computer.
6-pin round
connector
25-pin D-shaped connector
15-pin D-shaped connector
Ports
A port is a hardware connection interface on a personal
computer that enables devices to be connected to the
computer.

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USB Connector
Cable
Personal Computer Connection
A personal computer connection is a means by which
a personal computer component is attached to other
components to provide computing capabilities.

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25-pin serial port
on a serial device
25-pin end of serial cable connects to modem
and 9-pin end connects to computer’s serial port
Serial Connections
A serial connection is a personal computer connection
that transfers data one bit at a time over a single wire.

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Parallel connector
Parallel cable
Parallel Connections
A parallel connection is a personal computer connection
that transfers data eight bits at a time over eight wires
and is typically used to connect a printer to a system unit.

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Type B connector
connects to USB device
Type A connector connects to
USB port on the computer
or on a hub
USB Connections
A USB connection is a personal computer connection
that enables you to connect multiple peripherals to a
single port with high performance and minimal device
configuration.

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FireWire device
FireWire port
FireWire 6-pin connector
IEEE 1394 and FireWire Connections
A FireWire connection is a personal computer
connection that provides a high-speed interface for
peripheral devices that are designed to use the IEEE
1394 standard.

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SCSI connector
SCSI cable
Small Computer Systems Interface (SCSI)
Connections
A SCSI connection is a personal computer connection
that connects internal and external components to the
system unit and provides for high-speed data transfer.

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PATA connector
Parallel ATA (PATA) Connections
A PATA connection is a personal computer connection
that provides a parallel data channel from a disk
controller to the disk drives.

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SATA data cable
SATA power cables
Serial ATA (SATA) Connections
A SATA connection is a personal computer connection
that provides a serial data channel between the drive
controller and the disk drives.

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Personal
Computer
Mobile Computer
and Mobile
Devices
Mid-Range Server
Mainframe
Computer
Supercomputer
1.5 Categories of Computer

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Personal Computer
 A single-user computer that can perform all input, processing, output
and storage operations on its own.
 Two types of personal computer are desktop computer and
workstation.

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Notebook Computer
 Portable, small enough to fit on
your lap.
 Also called a laptop computer.
 Usually more expensive than a
desktop computer with equal
capabilities.

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Tablet PC
 A computer that is shaped like a
slate or notebook.
 Normally fitted with a touch screen
for users to enter input through a
stylus.

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Handheld Computer
 A small computer that can easily
be fit in one hand and operated by
the other hand.

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Personal Digital Assistant (PDA)
 A small, portable computer built for
specific purposes such as for
keeping phone directories and
calendars.

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Mid-Range Server
 More powerful and larger that a workstation and can
support up to 4,000 users at one time.
 Formerly known as minicomputer.

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Mainframe Computer
 Very powerful, expensive computer that supports
thousands of connected users

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Supercomputer
 The fastest, most powerful, most
expensive computer.
 Used for applications requiring complex
mathematical calculations.

Introduction To Computer

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