This document discusses the challenges of battery life for Internet of Things (IoT) devices and proposes alternative technologies like energy harvesting. It notes that the estimated 24 billion connected devices by 2020 will be impossible to power with current battery technologies. Existing systems rely on batteries or wired power, but batteries have limited life and charging can be difficult. The document explores energy harvesting technologies that convert light, vibration or heat into electricity as alternatives. It also discusses power management techniques like sleep scheduling and routing that can improve efficiency. Future work may focus on developing small-scale energy harvesters from ambient sources to power wireless sensor networks.

1. By ADITHYA JAYAPRAKASH

2. AGENDA
• RECAP
• CHALLENGES OF IoT
• BATTERY LIFE
• EXISTING SYSTEM
• DIFFERENT TECHNOLOGY TO POWER IoT DEVICES
• ENERGY HARVESTING
• POWER MANAGEMENT
• THINGS TO CONISDER
• FUTURE WORK
• CONCLUSION
• REFERENCES

3. RECAP
The Internet of Things (IoT) is the network of physical objects—devices, vehicles, buildings and other items
embedded with electronics, software, sensors, and network connectivity—that enables these objects to collect
and exchange data.

4. CHALLENGES OF INTERNET OF THINGS (IoT)
Lack of Shared Standards and Infrastructure.
Data control and access.
Data security.
Battery life.

5. BATTERY LIFE
 It is estimated that there will be twenty-four billion connected devices by the year 2020.
 Currently, majority of the connected devices run on batteries, which have limited shelf life.
 Given current energy availability, powering these devices will be impossible.

6. EXISTING SYSTEM
1. Sensors are powered either through in-line connections or batteries.
2. In-line power sources are constant but may be impractical or expensive in
many instances.
3. Batteries may represent a convenient alternative, but battery life, charging,
and replacement, especially in remote areas, may represent significant
issues.
4. The technical and practical challenges facing energy storage in emerging
IoT electronics cannot be met by any one incumbent technology.

7. DIFFERENT TECHNOLOGIES TO POWER IoT DEVICES

8. ENERGY HARVESTING
• Energy harvesting technologies use power generating elements such as solar cells, piezoelectric elements, and
thermoelectric elements to convert light, vibration, and heat energy into electricity, then use that electricity
efficiently.
• Although a number of energy harvesting technologies have been proposed and presented in the context of IoT
recently, radiant and thermoelectric sources are the most engineering-viable options to power or charge a small
electronic system.

9. POWER MANAGEMENT
Devices connected to a network consume power, and providing a continuous
power source is a pressing concern for the IoT.
Depending on the application, a combination of techniques such as power-aware
routing and sleep-scheduling protocols can help improve power management in
networks.
Power-aware routing protocols determine the routing decision based on the most
energy-efficient route for transmitting data packets.
Sleep-scheduling protocols define how devices can “sleep” and remain inactive for
better energy efficiency without impacting the output.

10. THINGS TO CONSIDER
• Different Markets, Different Requirements
• Battery Efficiency and Wireless - Not Always an Obvious Choice
• Duty Cycle - How Often Does the Device Communicate?
• Space Constraints and Stored Power in the Design

11. FUTURE WORK
Harvesting small scale energy from otherwise wasted ambient energy sources has attracted immense research
efforts for battery-powered wireless sensor networks for various applications such as structural health monitoring,
industrial condition monitoring and healthcare.
The power level which those applications may reach ranges from microwatts to milliwatts. Energy scavenged from
ambient sources may be able to recharge or even eliminate the battery to power up those devices perpetually.
Sources of energy for harvesting include, but are not limited, to light, thermal gradient, vibration, and radio
frequency radiation.
Energy storage devices like rechargeable batteries or supercapacitors and efficient power management circuitry are
indispensable to convert a dynamic environmental energy input into a stable power source.
This presentation reviews principles of energy harvesting and practices for small scale energy harvesters and self-
powered wireless sensor modules developed recently.
Industry trends and possible research issues for further developments are discussed in order to give a technical
insight into energy harvesting techniques and their applications.

12. While sensors often depend on batteries, energy harvesting of alternative energy sources
such as solar energy may provide some alternatives, at a minimum providing support
during the battery changing time.
However, energy harvesters that are currently available are expensive, and companies
are hesitant to make that investment given the unreliability associated with the supply of
alternative power.
CONCLUSION

13. REFERENCES
http://iot.ieee.org/newsletter/november-2015/powering-iot-devices-technologies-and-opportunities.html
https://www.technologyreview.com/s/517811/a-material-that-could-make-solar-power-dirt-cheap/