2. TOPIC NAME: TRAFFIC STUDIES
SUBJECT CODE: 2I70613
BRANCH: CIVIL ENGINEERING
PREPARED BY:
GUIDED BY: PROF. RAJAN LAD
SR NO. NAME ENROLL. NO.
1. PATEL PRASHANT S. 141100106078
2. PATEL TWINKAL D. 141100106092
3. MISTRY ADITYA P. 151103106009
4. PATEL KAJAL M. 151103106011
5. RATNANI MANISHA N. 151103106016
3. CONTENT
โข TRAFFIC STUDY
โข WHEN SHOULD A TRAFFIC STUDY BE
CONDUCTED?
โข TRAFFIC SURVEY
โข TRAFFIC VOLUME STUDY
โ AUTOMATIC COUNTING METHOD
โ MANUAL COUNTING METHOD
4/9/2018 3GDEC,CIVIL
4. TRAFFIC STUDY
โA traffic study is a detailed examination
and analysis of a transportation system
supported by data collection.โ
Source-Institute of Transportation Engineers
5. WHEN SHOULD A TRAFFIC STUDY BE
CONDUCTED?
โข When a new development is proposed and it
will generate substantial new traffic;
โข When financial assessments are implemented
(transportation impact fees);
โข When a major roadway improvement or
reconstruction project is proposed;
โข When a development is proposed for a
sensitive area.
4/9/2018 5GDEC,CIVIL
6. TRAFFIC SURVEY
โข Traffic volume study
โข Speed study
โข Origin and destination study
โข Traffic flow characteristics study
โข Traffic capacity study
โข Parking study
โข Accident study
4/9/2018 6GDEC,CIVIL
7. TRAFFIC VOLUME STUDY
โข Traffic volume studies are conducted to
determine the number, movements, and
classifications of roadway vehicles at a given
location.
โข Volumes of a day or an hour can vary greatly,
depending on the different day of the week or
different time period of a day.
4/9/2018 7GDEC,CIVIL
9. AUTOMATIC COUNTERS
โข Automatic counters are also known as
mechanical counters .
โข They can automatically record the total
numbers of vehicles crossing a section of the
road in desired period of time.
4/9/2018 9GDEC,CIVIL
10. AUTOMATIC COUNTERS
Advantages
โข It can work throughout the
day and night for desired
period, which is impractical
in manual.
โข No need of supervision.
โข Suitable for long count.
Disadvantages
โข It does not give the detail of
the traffic like various
classes, stream and turning
movement.
โข It is not possible to record
pedestrian traffic.
โข The impulses caused by
light vehicles may not be
enough in some cases to
acute the counter.
4/9/2018 10GDEC,CIVIL
13. AUTOMATIC COUNTING METHOD:
CONTACTLESS SYSTEM
โข The other contactless method
โ Photo-electric device
โ Infra-red device
โ Magnetic device
โ Ultrasonic device
4/9/2018 13GDEC,CIVIL
14. MANUAL COUNTING METHOD
โข The manually method is the method in which
a group of peoples are trained to record the
total numbers of vehicles crossing a section of
the road in desired period of time on record
sheets manually.
4/9/2018 14GDEC,CIVIL
15. MANUAL COUNTING METHOD
Advantage
โข It gives the full detail of the
traffic like various classes,
stream and turning
movement etc of the
vehicles.
Disadvantage
โข It cannot work throughout
the day and night for all
days of year.
โข It is costly.
4/9/2018 15GDEC,CIVIL
17. MANUAL COUNTING METHOD:
INDIRECT METHOD
โข Video cameras are mounted to record the
traffic condition on a road.
4/9/2018 17GDEC,CIVIL
18. MOVING OBSERVER METHOD
โข Moving observer method of traffic stream
measurement has been developed to provide
simultaneous measurement of traffic stream
variables.
โข It has the advantage of obtaining the
complete state with just four observers, and a
vehicle.
Source:-Dr. Tom V. Mathew, IIT Bombay
4/9/2018 18GDEC,CIVIL
19. MOVING OBSERVER METHOD
โข Determination of any of the two parameters
of the traffic flow will provide the third one by
the equation q = uk
โข Thus, moving observer method is the most
commonly used method to get the
relationship between the fundamental stream
characteristics.
4/9/2018 19GDEC,CIVIL
21. MOVING OBSERVER METHOD
Consider a stream of vehicles moving in the north
bound direction. Two different cases of motion can
be considered. The first case considers the traffic
stream to be moving and the observer to be
stationary. If No is the number of vehicles
overtaking the observer during a period of T ,then
N0 = q ร T
4/9/2018 21GDEC,CIVIL
22. MOVING OBSERVER METHOD
The second case assumes that the stream is
stationary and the observer moves with speed V0. If
Np is the number of vehicles overtaken by observer
over a length L, then
Np = k ร L
Np = k ร V0 ร T
4/9/2018 22GDEC,CIVIL
23. MOVING OBSERVER METHOD
Now consider the case when the observer is moving
within the stream. In that case Mo vehicles will
overtake the observer and Mp vehicles will be
overtaken by the observer in the test vehicle.
Let the difference M is given by Mo - Mp, then
M = Mo - Mp = q T โ k Vo T
4/9/2018 23GDEC,CIVIL
24. MOVING OBSERVER METHOD
Mw = q Tw โ k Vw Tw
Ma = q Ta + k Va Ta
the test vehicle is run twice once with the traffic
stream and another one against traffic stream, so
4/9/2018 24GDEC,CIVIL
26. MOVING OBSERVER METHOD
The data from four moving observer test methods are
shown in the table. Column 1 gives the sample number,
column 2 gives the number of vehicles moving against
the stream, column 3 gives the number of vehicles that
had overtaken the test vehicle, and last column gives
the number of vehicles overtaken by the test vehicle.
Find the three fundamental stream parameters for
each set of data. Also plot the fundamental diagrams
of traffic flow. take length of stretch is 0.5 km and
journey time is 0.025.
Numerical Example
4/9/2018 26GDEC,CIVIL
27. MOVING OBSERVER METHOD
Sample no. X=no. of vehicle
moving against
traffic
Mo no. of vehicle
overtaking the test
vehicle
Mp no. of vehicle
overtaken by the test
vehicle
1 107 10 74
2 113 25 41
3 30 15 5
4 79 18 9
Samp
le no.
x mo mp y= mo
-mp
ta tw q v k
1 107 10 74 -64 0.025 0.025 860 5.03 171
2 113 25 41 -16 0.025 0.025 1940 15.04 129
3 30 15 5 10 0.025 0.025 800 40 20
4 79 18 9 9 0.025 0.025 1760 25.14 70
4/9/2018 27GDEC,CIVIL
29. PASSENGR CAR UNIT
โข The different vehicle classes have a wide range of static
characteristics such as length, width, etc. and dynamic
characteristics such as speed, acceleration, etc. It is difficult to
estimate the traffic volume and traffic capacity of road way
under mix traffic flow.
โข It is common practice to consider the passenger car as the
standard vehicle unit to convert the other classes vehicle
classes and this unit is called PCU.
4/9/2018 GDEC,CIVIL 29