Pro-Poor Urban Development: China and Africa Workshop Introductory Session on "Participatory mapping of urban poverty", by Allan Cain, Director, Development Workshop, 07/30/2012

1. Participatory Mapping
of Urban Poverty
Allan Cain
DEVELOPMENT WORKSHOP
Presented to the
China – Africa Urban Exchange
on Pro Poor Urban Development
30 - 31 July 2012
Nairobi - Kenya

2. Millenium Development Goals
• The overall aim of the MDGs was to reduce poverty
by one half by 2015
• MDGs were defined and mapped out for each
sector
• Member governments of the UN made
commitments to meet the Millennium Development
Goals
• Each member country of the United Nations made
the commitment to measure their progress to
meeting these targets.
• Indicators were defined in order to accurately
measure the progress made, year-by-year towards
meeting these goals
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3. Measuring Urban Poverty
Reduction
•
•
UN Habitat established a Global Urban
Observatory Program to help countries monitor
their progress to meeting the key urban MDGs as
articulated in Goal 7 indicators 11.
The aim of the Urban MDGs is to reduce the
proportion of populations living is slums by
measuring the following indicators:
1. Acess to an adequate potable water supply
2. Acess to improved sanitation
3. Sufficient living space
4. Durable and safe housing
5. Secure land tenure
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4. Urban Growth Rates in Africa &
Asia

5. China & Africa Urban & Economic
Growth
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6. Africa & Asia Urban Poverty
Reduction
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7. Reduction of Slums between 1990 &
2010
1990
2010

8. Reduction of Slums between 1990 2010
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9. Economic Exclusion & Gini
Coefficients
The Gini coefficient measures the inequality of wealth within a group
such as a city. A Gini coefficient of ‘zero’ expresses perfect equality
while ‘one’ expresses maximal inequality

10. The World’s most Unequal Cities

11. Inclusion vs Exclusion in African
Cities

12. Who benefits from urban growth?
How do women fare?
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13. 9030000
Local Urban Poverty
Observatories
The purpose of the
Kawelele
Anteiro Mulemba
SAMBIZANGA Candua
Porto Pesquerio
Petrangol
INGOMBOTA
RANGEL
Chapas
No
Ceramica
CACUA
CAZENGA
MAIANGA
ROCHA PINTO vermelha
Terra
Imbondeiro
Sapú
Bairro do Gamek
Vila de Estoril
Maria Eugenia Neto
Morro Bento I
GOLFE
28 de Agosto Vitoria e Certa
Morro Bento II
Morro Bento I
Weji Maca
Nova Vida
ESTORIL
Kawelele
Cambamba I
Futungo de Belas
Cambamba I
Chimbicato
FUTUNGO
Cambamba I
Cambamba II
Mbondo Chapeu
Futungo de Belas
Camama Sede
Partido
Cidade Universitario
Nova Esperanca
Cabolombo
INORAD
Imbondeiro
Mussulo
Ca
Km 9A
12A
Km 14 A Vila Nova
B
A
D
C
E 15
Boa Esperança
1 De Maio (4 de Abril)
Jemba
Luanda Sul
Regedoria
KILAMBA KIAXI
MUSSULO
Caop C
Caop A
14B(Cambire)
Vila de Estoril
9010000
9000000
NGOLA KILUANJE Barro
Sao Pedro Da
Ilha Do Cabo
ILHA D O CABO
Forno de Cal
Cacuaco Sede
Boa Esperanca
Salinas Imbondeiros
Ecocampo
Marconi
Kikolo Sede
Val Saroca
Cemiterio
Nguanha
Encibi Ossos 11 De Novembre Compao
Bandeira
Campismo Madeira Cardoso
Ilha Da
Boa Vista Roque Santeiro
Paraiso
HOJI YA H ENDA Cardoso Augusto Ngangula
Sao Joao
Mabor
????
Lixeira Santo Antonio
Combustiveis
Miramar
SAMBIZANGA
Chicala I
Mota
BairroBairro Operario
Cruzeiro
Sambizanga
KIKOLO
Sao Pedro
Chicala II
Ingombota
C.T.T
Zangado
CAZENGA
Saneamento
Praia De Bispo
MARCAL Adriano Moreira
Paulo
Maianga Sao Marcal
Comandante Bula
Cazenga Popular
KINANGA
Rangel
Coreia (???)
Bairro Azul
RAN GEL
Precol Cazenga Municipal
Nelito Soares Tungango
Catambor
Samba Pequena TERRA NOVA
MAIANGA Calemba
Policia
Mulemvos
Prenda
Bairro MilitarBairro da Terra Nova
Madame Berma
Tala Hadi
Sagrada Esperanca
Bairro
De Kifangondo Novo Cariango
Cemiterio Anangola
Lourenco Sujo
Samba Grande MartirCassequel Popular
PRENDA
Sarmento Rogrigues
Camuxiba
Cassequel Buraco
Anangola 1
SAMBA
NEVES BENDINHA ???? TALA HADI Mata
Sector
Vila Da
Cassenda
Sector 3
Banga
Cassequel do Imbondeiro
CASSEQUEL Malanginho We
Sector2
Km 9B
Sagrada Esperanca
Rocha Pinto
12B
Mulemvos
Sector 4 Grafanil
Corimba
PALANCA
Golf I
9020000
observatory is to monitor
key urban indicators and
ensure that the
information is used to
inform policies, public
institutions and local
policy-makers
National and local
observatories also involve
representatives from civil
society, private sector
and academic institutions.
Pescadore
Farol Das Lagostas
Bairro Da Paz
Dala Muleba
Viana II
500 casas
Bairro chines
Ngola Kiluanje
Chinguar
VIANA SEDE
CAMAMA
Bem Vindo
10 de Dezembro
Nova Esperanca
SAMBA
Nova Esperanca
Tanque Serra
Kikuxi I
Tanque Serra
BENFICA
VIANA
KM 32
Cateba
Tanque II
Tanque I
Tanque Serra
Zona A Moxico
Agostinho Neto
Quenguela Norte
C
RAMIRO
Casa Branca
Zona A
Mateia II
Faz Sol
Calivoto
Tanque Serra
Quenguela Norte
Guengue
Tanque Serra
Cass
8990000
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Vitrona
Palmeirinhas
Terra Nova I
Tombo

14. Local Observatories
• Most of the observatories adopt a multi-sectoral
approach, collecting and analyzing urban/national
indicators
• Consultative processes involve a wide range of
actors and institutions that identify these priorities
• Sensitize stakeholders to urban issues that are
collectively agreed-upon by using indicators and
urban data processed in easy-to-understand
formats, such as maps and visual aids
• Use of geo-referenced information and statistical
information to promote broad public access to that
information.
• GIS experts are essential to process data to
integrate spatial analysis.
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15. Monitoring Methodology/Approaches
• Baseline Indicators : slum locations, size,
services, housing conditions (using 1990 data)
• Policies: relocation or upgrading (site
selection); infrastructure provisions (water,
sanitation …); service provisions (health,
education…);
civic rights (land tenure,
housing security); environmental protection
(flooding, climate adaptation)
• Outcome Indicators: Measuring improvements
improved coverage? or
improved access (quantifiable and qualifiable)
• Validating information through participatory
community monitoring

16. Participatory Monitoring in Angola

17. Voices of Citizens for Urban
Change
To influence more inclusive municipal
planning processes, and equitable access
to improved urban services for the poor by:
• promoting community participation in monitoring
urban poverty indicators related to the Millennium
Development Goals
• providing evidence-based information as inputs
into municipal plans;
• Building an urban poverty network that advocates
for equitable access to improved basic services
and promote participatory governance;
• increase sustainable access basic services by
promoting community management models to
ensure that consumer voices are heard.
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18. Building Capacity & Ownership
•
•
•
•
local institutions were trained in
participatory diagnostic tools
Multi-stakeholder teams were
composed including technicians from
the National Planning Institute (INOTU),
civil society and local government to
ensure the confidence and coownership of the data.
regular collection of information and
monitoring of specific indicators at the
local level to measure change.
the creation spaces for consultation
and negotiation between communities,
government and civil society
institutions
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19. Geographic Information Systems
Remote sensing:
Applied GIS tools
for collecting
urban
information,
using aerial
photographs and
satellite images.
Participatory
Mapping
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20. Participatory Research
• Household surveys made by teams comprised of
​
technicians from INOTU, university students and
community groups, under the supervision and
technical support of DW.
• Data on MDGs was validated by interviews with key
informants and focus groups in all bairros in Luanda.
• Data mapped & put into the public domain. Provided
to urban planners, ministries, municipal
administrators, community associations.
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21. Municipal Forums
•
•
•
monitoring results are
presented to the Municipal
Forums & CACs
strengthens the capacity
of local authorities and
civil society to ensure
inclusive and participatory
local development.
demonstrated spaces for
consultation between local
authorities and civil
society on urban issues
and promotes municipal
democratisation.
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22. MDG Mapping of Luanda - findings

23. Findings:
Land Tenure
• Most of poor families accumulated savings are tied up in the land
they occupy and the house they built or purchase
• Rapid development of informal markets for the purchase and
renting of land and property
• Formal titling is very rare, but levels of perceived tenure security
is high
• The majority of
peri-urban
residents acquired
their and houses
through informal
mechanisms
and don't have
access to
mechanisms to
regularize their
land.

24. Land Value Mapping in Luanda
2010

25. Mapping of Housing Quality & Durability
Housing is considered
durable if built in a nonhazardous location and has
a structure permanent and
adequate to protect the
inhabitants of the weather
such as rain, heat, cold and
moisture.
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26. Mapping of Environmental Risk
Areas
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27. Mapping of Water Access & Afordability
Average Price of Water
Bairro [Kz/20L]
Consumer Spatial Price Coefficients
Consumer Spatial Price Coefficients
Kz/Km/1m3 from Cacuaco
Kz/Km/1m3 from Cacuaco
60
55
50
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
No informal market
Cacuaco
Cacuaco
Sambizanga
Sambizanga
8/Km/1m3
Rangel
Rangel
<1/Km/1m3
Cazenga
Cazenga
13/Km
Maianga
Maianga
10/Km/1m3
Kilamba Kiaxi
Kilamba Kiaxi
14/Km/1m3
14/Km/1m3
Samba
Samba
12/Km/1m3
12/Km/1m3
Municipio
Ingombota
Maianga
Rangel
Sambizanga
Cazenga
K.Kiaxi
Samba
Cacuaco
Viana
Total
M.Baixo
6.2
16.2
8.1
12.3
4.2
15.0
13.5
8.5
16.2
100
Nivel de consumo
Baixo
Medio
Alto
5/Km/1m3
5/Km/1m3
Viana
6.5Viana 4.2
4.6
10.7
15.3
11.5
4.2
2.7
7.6
14.5
22.9
14.1
6.5
2.7
11.8
17.2
17.2
17.9
15.6
14.1
10.7
13.4
8.4
3.4
11.5
12.6
18.3
100
100
100
M.Alto
3.5
17.0
0.8
17.0
3.1
16.6
23.2
5.4
13.5
100

28. Waste Water Drainage
Domestic Solid Watse Removal

29. Indicator
Sub-indicator
Rating
Indicator 1: Population density and overcrowding
Baixa Densidade (<100 pop/Ha)
1
Média Densidade (100-300 pop/Ha)
1
Alta Densidade (300-500 pop/Ha) com algumas áreas
sobrepovoadas
2
Sobrepovoamento Acima dos 50,000 pessoas por km 2
(500> pop/Ha)
3
Planificado / organizado / titulada
1
Requalificável/organizavel/Não tituladas
2
Desorganizada / não planificada
3
Tijolos / Blocos de cimento
1
Adobe revestido de cimento ou Madeira
2
Pau-a pique, adobe não revestido ou
chapas
3
Telhas, ou concreto
1
Chapas de zinco
2
Capim
Housing is considered to provide a sufficient
living area for the household members
3
Segura / Baixos Riscos
1
Sem drenagem / Acesso limitado e Risco Médio
2
Zonas de inundações/ Utility Clearance / zona de cinistros
/ Alto Risco
3
Indicator 2: Security of Tenure
Defined by the right of all individuals and
groups to effective protection by the State
against forced evictions.
Indicator 3: Housing quality and location
Material de construção das habitações
Material de cobertura do tecto
Localização

30. Indicator
Indicator 4:
Sub-inticador
Rating
Access to safe affordable water
A household is considered to have access to
improved water supply if it has sufficient
amount of water for family use, at an
affordable price, available to household
members without being subject to extreme
effort, especially to women and children.
Conexão à rede de água canalizada
1
Chafarizes ou cacimbas melhoradas com bombas
manuais
2
Sem acesso a água potável (o Mercado informal de água,
ou cacimbas tadicionais)
3
Conexão a rede de drenagem
1
Fossa septica
2
Latrinas Secas melhorads
2
Sem serviços / serviços inadequados / latrines públicas
3
Regular / recolha domiciliar
1
Irregular / contentores / depositos
2
Nenhum
3
Indicator 5: Access to adequate sanitation
A household is considered to have adequate
access to sanitation, if an excreta disposal
system, either in the form of a private toilet or
a toilet shared between a maximum of two
families.
Recolecção de resíduos sólidos

31. Composite poverty map
of all MDG indicators
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32. Urban Challenges
76% of Luanda’s
population lives in
informal Musseques

33. 1980 - 19,42 Km²
1989 - 100,80
Km²
1998 - 253,27 Km²
Luanda’s rapid urban growth in war
and post-war years
2000 - 270,05 Km²
2010 – 350,00 Km²
Development Workshop Angola

34. Financing urban development
• Large-scale investment is needed in bulk provision,
such as mains water supply and treatment, final
rubbish disposal sites and mains sewerage.
• Financing urban development in a situation such as
Luanda, which has a low fiscal base, is a severe
challenge.
• This is due partly to the poverty of the majority of the
inhabitants.
• The weak taxation regime in general partly due to a
lack of up-to-date cadastre and population census.
• Financing is required at a scale that even the state
cannot afford.
• Partnerships with private sector and international
lenders are necessary.
• China has been the principal financer of Angolan
reconstruction.

35. Background on Angola & China
• Angola is China’s principal African trading
partner
• 25% of China’s African commerce is with Angola
• 15% of China’s petroleum imports are from
Angola
• Angola and China are two of the fastest
urbanising countries in the world.
• At 7% growth Luanda is the fastest growing city
in Southern Africa.
• Much of Angola’s post-war reconstruction is
financed by Chinese credit lines.
• Chinese – Angolan economic cooperation is
estimated to be about US$ 25 billion over the last
decade.

36. Chinese Economic Cooperation
Contracts of Chinese Companies in Angola (2003 – 2009), US$ millions

37. Angola’s Poverty Reduction
Strategy
The Angolan Government has adopted four
strategies that could have significant
impacts on reducing urban poverty:
1. Water for All aims to bring an adequate and
affordable supply of water to 80% of peri-urban
and rural families by the end of 2012.
2. One million house programme aims to
deliver social housing to the homeless by 2012.
3. Decentralisation and fiscal deconcentration
aims to have democratically elected municipal
councils after 2012.
4. Commitment to the Millennium
Development Goals to reduce poverty by
50% by 2015.

38. Obrigado
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