Chapter 1: an overview of managerial accounting -- managerial accounting and financial accounting, work of management, planning and control cycle, differences b/w managerial accounting and financial accounting, comparing merchandising and manufacturing activities, Chapter 2: managerial accounting and cost concepts -- classifications of costs, manufacturing and non-manufacturing costs, product costs versus period costs, cost classifications for predicting cost behavior, fixed costs and variable costs, direct and indirect costs, differential costs and revenues, opportunity and sunk costs.

1. 1
MANAGERIAL
ACCOUNTING
GARRISON NOREEN BREWER
www.slideshare.net/AhmadHassan244
CHAPTER 1 AND 2

2. 2
BY:
Ahmad Hassan
MBA Finance
IB&M UET

3. 3
MANAGERIAL
ACCOUNTING: AN
OVERVIEW
CHAPTER 1

4. 4
MANAGERIAL ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL
ACCOUNTING
Managerial accounting provides
information for managers of an
organization who direct and
control its operations.
Financial accounting provides
information to stockholders,
creditors and others who are
outside the organization.

5. 5
WORK OF MANAGEMENT
Planning
Controlling
Directing and
Motivating

6. 6
PLANNING AND CONTROL CYCLE
Formulating Long-
and
Short-Term Plans
(Planning)
Measuring
Performance
(Controlling)
Comparing Actual
to
Planned
Performance
(Controlling)
Implementing
the Plans
(Directing and
Motivating)
Begin
Decision
Making

7. 7
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN FINANCIAL AND
MANAGERIAL ACCOUNTING
Financial Managerial
Accounting Accounting
1. Users External persons who Managers who plan for
make financial decisions and control an organization
2. Time focus Historical perspective Future emphasis
3. Verifiability Emphasis on Emphasis on relevance
versus relevance verifiability for planning and control
4. Precision versus Emphasis on Emphasis on
timeliness precision timeliness
5. Subject Primary focus is on Focuses on segments
the whole organization of an organization
6. Requirements Must follow GAAP Need not follow GAAP
and prescribed formats or any prescribed format

8. 8
MegaLoMart
Merchandisers . . .
• Buy finished goods.
• Sell finished goods.
Manufacturers . . .
• Buy raw materials.
• Produce and sell finished goods.
COMPARING MERCHANDISING AND
MANUFACTURING ACTIVITIES

9. 9
MANAGERIAL
ACCOUNTING AND
COST CONCEPTS
CHAPTER 2

10. 10
Manufacturing costs are often
classified as follows:
CLASSIFICATIONS OF COSTS
Direct
Material
Direct
Labor
Manufacturing
Overhead
Prime
Cost
Conversion
Cost

11. 11
The Product
Direct
Materials
Direct
Labor
Manufacturing
Overhead
MANUFACTURING COSTS

12. 12
DIRECT MATERIALS
Example: A radio installed in an automobile
Those materials that become an integral part of the product and that can be
conveniently traced directly to it.

13. 13
DIRECT LABOR
Example: Wages paid to automobile assembly workers
Those labor costs that can be easily traced to individual units of product.

14. 14
MANUFACTURING OVERHEAD
Examples: Indirect labor and indirect materials
Wages paid to employees
who are not directly
involved in production
work.
Examples: maintenance
workers, janitors and
security guards.
Materials used to support
the production process.
Examples: lubricants and
cleaning supplies used in the
automobile assembly plant.
Manufacturing costs that cannot be traced directly to specific units
produced.

15. 15
• Marketing and selling costs . . .
Costs necessary to get the order and deliver the product.
• Administrative costs . . .
All executive, organizational, and clerical costs.
NONMANUFACTURING COSTS

16. 16
Which of the following costs would be considered manufacturing overhead at
Boeing? (More than one answer may be correct.)
A. Depreciation on factory forklift trucks.
B. Sales commissions.
C. The cost of a flight recorder in a Boeing 767.
D. The wages of a production shift supervisor.
QUICK CHECK ✓

17. 17
Which of the following costs would be considered manufacturing overhead at
Boeing? (More than one answer may be correct.)
A. Depreciation on factory forklift trucks.
B. Sales commissions.
C. The cost of a flight recorder in a Boeing 767.
D. The wages of a production shift supervisor.
QUICK CHECK ✓

18. 18
PRODUCT COSTS VERSUS PERIOD COSTS
Inventory Cost of Good Sold
Balance
Sheet
Income
Statement
Sale
Expense
Income
Statement
Product costs include direct materials,
direct labor, and manufacturing
overhead.
Period costs are not included in
product costs. They are expensed on
the income statement.

19. 19
Which of the following costs would be considered a period rather than a
product cost in a manufacturing company?
A. Manufacturing equipment depreciation.
B. Property taxes on corporate headquarters.
C. Direct materials costs.
D. Electrical costs to light the production facility.
QUICK CHECK ✓

20. 20
Which of the following costs would be considered a period rather than a
product cost in a manufacturing company?
A. Manufacturing equipment depreciation.
B. Property taxes on corporate headquarters.
C. Direct materials costs.
D. Electrical costs to light the production facility.
QUICK CHECK ✓

21. 21
Merchandiser
Current assets
• Cash
• Receivables
• Prepaid expenses
• Merchandise inventory
BALANCE SHEET
Manufacturer
Current Assets
• Cash
• Receivables
• Prepaid Expenses
• Inventories
Raw Materials
Work in Process
Finished Goods
Partially complete products –
some material, labor, or
overhead has been added.
Materials
waiting to be
processed.
Completed products
awaiting sale.

22. 22
THE INCOME STATEMENT
Manufacturing Company
Cost of goods sold:
Beg. finished
goods inv. 14,200$
+ Cost of goods
manufactured 234,150
Goods available
for sale 248,350$
- Ending
finished goods
inventory (12,100)
= Cost of goods
sold 236,250$
Merchandising Company
Cost of goods sold:
Beg. merchandise
inventory 14,200$
+ Purchases 234,150
Goods available
for sale 248,350$
- Ending
merchandise
inventory (12,100)
= Cost of goods
sold 236,250$
Cost of goods sold for manufacturers differs only slightly from cost
of goods sold for merchandisers.

23. 23
Selling and
Administrative
Period Costs
MANUFACTURING COST FLOWS
Finished
Goods
Cost of
Goods
Sold
Selling and
Administrative
Manufacturing
Overhead
Work in
Process
Direct Labor
Balance Sheet
Costs Inventories
Income
Statement
ExpensesMaterial Purchases Raw Materials

24. 24
Which of the following transactions would immediately result in an expense?
(There may be more than one correct answer.)
A. Work in process is completed.
B. Finished goods are sold.
C. Raw materials are placed into production.
D. Administrative salaries are accrued and paid.
QUICK CHECK ✓

25. 25
Which of the following transactions would immediately result in an expense?
(There may be more than one correct answer.)
A. Work in process is completed.
B. Finished goods are sold.
C. Raw materials are placed into production.
D. Administrative salaries are accrued and paid.
QUICK CHECK ✓

26. 26
INVENTORY FLOWS
Beginning
balance
$$
Additions
$$$
+ Available
$$$$$
=
Ending
balance
$$
=
Withdrawals
$$$
_Available
$$$$$

27. 27
If your bank balance at the beginning of the month was $1,000, you deposited
$100 during the month, and withdrew $300 during the month, what would be
the balance at the end of the month?
A. $1,000.
B. $ 800.
C. $1,200.
D. $ 200.
QUICK CHECK ✓

28. 28
If your bank balance at the beginning of the month was $1,000, you deposited
$100 during the month, and withdrew $300 during the month, what would be
the balance at the end of the month?
A. $1,000.
B. $ 800.
C. $1,200.
D. $ 200.
QUICK CHECK ✓
$1,000 + $100 = $1,100
$1,100 - $300 = $800

29. 29
Manufacturing Work
Raw Materials Costs In Process
Beginning raw
materials inventory
PRODUCT COSTS - A CLOSER LOOK
Beginning inventory is the
inventory carried over from the
prior period.

30. 30
Manufacturing Work
Raw Materials Costs In Process
Beginning raw Direct materials
materials inventory
+ Raw materials
purchased
= Raw materials
available for use
in production
– Ending raw materials
inventory
= Raw materials used
in production
As items are removed from raw
materials inventory and placed into
the production process, they are
called direct materials.
PRODUCT COSTS - A CLOSER LOOK

31. 31
Beginning raw materials inventory was $32,000. During the month, $276,000
of raw material was purchased. A count at the end of the month revealed that
$28,000 of raw material was still present. What is the cost of direct material
used?
A. $276,000
B. $272,000
C. $280,000
D. $ 2,000
QUICK CHECK ✓

32. 32
Beginning raw materials inventory was $32,000. During the month, $276,000
of raw material was purchased. A count at the end of the month revealed that
$28,000 of raw material was still present. What is the cost of direct material
used?
A. $276,000
B. $272,000
C. $280,000
D. $ 2,000
QUICK CHECK ✓
Beg. raw materials 32,000$
+ Raw materials
purchased 276,000
= Raw materials available
for use in production 308,000$
– Ending raw materials
inventory 28,000
= Raw materials used
in production 280,000$

33. 33
Manufacturing Work
Raw Materials Costs In Process
Beginning raw Direct materials
materials inventory + Direct labor
+ Raw materials + Mfg. overhead
purchased = Total manufacturing
= Raw materials costs
available for use
in production
– Ending raw materials
inventory
= Raw materials used
in production
PRODUCT COSTS - A CLOSER LOOK

34. 34
Manufacturing Work
Raw Materials Costs In Process
Beginning raw Direct materials
materials inventory + Direct labor
+ Raw materials + Mfg. overhead
purchased = Total manufacturing
= Raw materials costs
available for use
in production
– Ending raw materials
inventory
= Raw materials used
in production
PRODUCT COSTS - A CLOSER LOOK
Conversion
costs are costs
incurred to
convert the
direct material
into a finished
product.

35. 35
Direct materials used in production totaled $280,000. Direct labor was
$375,000 and factory overhead was $180,000. What were total manufacturing
costs incurred for the month?
A. $555,000
B. $835,000
C. $655,000
D. Cannot be determined.
QUICK CHECK ✓

36. 36
Direct materials used in production totaled $280,000. Direct labor was
$375,000 and factory overhead was $180,000. What were total manufacturing
costs incurred for the month?
A. $555,000
B. $835,000
C. $655,000
D. Cannot be determined.
QUICK CHECK ✓
Direct Materials 280,000$
+ Direct Labor 375,000
+ Mfg. Overhead 180,000
= Mfg. Costs Incurred
for the Month 835,000$

37. 37
Manufacturing Work
Raw Materials Costs In Process
Beginning raw Direct materials Beginning work in
materials inventory + Direct labor process inventory
+ Raw materials + Mfg. overhead + Total manufacturing
purchased = Total manufacturing costs
= Raw materials costs = Total work in
available for use process for the
in production period
– Ending raw materials
inventory
= Raw materials used
in production
PRODUCT COSTS - A CLOSER LOOK
All manufacturing costs incurred
during the period are added to the
beginning balance of work in
process.

38. 38
Manufacturing Work
Raw Materials Costs In Process
Beginning raw Direct materials Beginning work in
materials inventory + Direct labor process inventory
+ Raw materials + Mfg. overhead + Total manufacturing
purchased = Total manufacturing costs
= Raw materials costs = Total work in
available for use process for the
in production period
– Ending work in
process inventory
= Cost of goods
manufactured.
PRODUCT COSTS - A CLOSER LOOK
Costs associated with the goods that
are completed during the period are
transferred to finished goods
inventory.

39. 39
Beginning work in process was $125,000. Manufacturing costs incurred for the
month were $835,000. There were $200,000 of partially finished goods
remaining in work in process inventory at the end of the month. What was the
cost of goods manufactured during the month?
A. $1,160,000
B. $ 910,000
C. $ 760,000
D. Cannot be determined.
QUICK CHECK ✓

40. 40
Beginning work in process was $125,000. Manufacturing costs incurred for the
month were $835,000. There were $200,000 of partially finished goods
remaining in work in process inventory at the end of the month. What was the
cost of goods manufactured during the month?
A. $1,160,000
B. $ 910,000
C. $ 760,000
D. Cannot be determined.
QUICK CHECK ✓
Beginning work in
process inventory 125,000$
+ Mfg. costs incurred
for the period 835,000
= Total work in process
during the period 960,000$
– Ending work in
process inventory 200,000
= Cost of goods
manufactured 760,000$

41. 41
Work
In Process Finished Goods
Beginning work in Beginning finished
process inventory goods inventory
+ Manufacturing costs + Cost of goods
for the period manufactured
= Total work in process = Cost of goods
for the period available for sale
– Ending work in - Ending finished
process inventory goods inventory
= Cost of goods Cost of goods
manufactured sold
PRODUCT COSTS - A CLOSER LOOK

42. 42
Beginning finished goods inventory was $130,000. The cost of goods
manufactured for the month was $760,000. And the ending finished goods
inventory was $150,000. What was the cost of goods sold for the month?
A. $ 20,000.
B. $740,000.
C. $780,000.
D. $760,000.
QUICK CHECK ✓

43. 43
Beginning finished goods inventory was $130,000. The cost of goods
manufactured for the month was $760,000. And the ending finished goods
inventory was $150,000. What was the cost of goods sold for the month?
A. $ 20,000.
B. $740,000.
C. $780,000.
D. $760,000.
QUICK CHECK ✓
$130,000 + $760,000 = $890,000
$890,000 - $150,000 = $740,000

44. 44
How a cost will react to changes
in the level of business activity.
• Total variable costs change
when activity changes.
• Total fixed costs remain
unchanged when activity
changes.
COST CLASSIFICATIONS FOR PREDICTING COST
BEHAVIOR

45. 45
Your total long distance telephone bill is based on how many minutes you talk.
TOTAL VARIABLE COST
Minutes Talked
TotalLongDistance
TelephoneBill

46. 46
The cost per long distance minute talked is constant. For example, 10 cents
per minute.
VARIABLE COST PER UNIT
Minutes Talked
PerMinute
TelephoneCharge

47. 47
Your monthly basic telephone bill probably does not change when you make
more local calls.
TOTAL FIXED COST
Number of Local Calls
MonthlyBasic
TelephoneBill

48. 48
The average cost per local call decreases as more local calls are made.
FIXED COST PER UNIT
Number of Local Calls
MonthlyBasicTelephone
BillperLocalCall

49. 49
COST CLASSIFICATIONS FOR PREDICTING COST
BEHAVIOR
Behavior of Cost (within the relevant range)
Cost In Total Per Unit
Variable Total variable cost changes Variable cost per unit remains
as activity level changes. the same over wide ranges
of activity.
Fixed Total fixed cost remains Fixed cost per unit goes
the same even when the down as activity level goes up.
activity level changes.

50. 50
Which of the following costs would be variable with respect to the number of
cones sold at a Baskins & Robbins shop? (There may be more than one
correct answer.)
A. The cost of lighting the store.
B. The wages of the store manager.
C. The cost of ice cream.
D. The cost of napkins for customers.
QUICK CHECK ✓

51. 51
Which of the following costs would be variable with respect to the number of
cones sold at a Baskins & Robbins shop? (There may be more than one
correct answer.)
A. The cost of lighting the store.
B. The wages of the store manager.
C. The cost of ice cream.
D. The cost of napkins for customers.
QUICK CHECK ✓

52. 52
Which of the following costs would be variable with respect to the number of
people who buy a ticket for a show at a movie theater? (There may be more
than one correct answer.)
A. The cost of renting the film.
B. Royalties on ticket sales.
C. Wage and salary costs of theater employees.
D. The cost of cleaning up after the show.
QUICK CHECK ✓

53. 53
Which of the following costs would be variable with respect to the number of
people who buy a ticket for a show at a movie theater? (There may be more
than one correct answer.)
A. The cost of renting the film.
B. Royalties on ticket sales.
C. Wage and salary costs of theater employees.
D. The cost of cleaning up after the show.
QUICK CHECK ✓

54. 54
Direct costs
• Costs that can be easily and
conveniently traced to a unit of
product or other cost objective.
• Examples: direct material and direct
labor
Indirect costs
• Costs cannot be easily and
conveniently traced to a unit of
product or other cost object.
• Example: manufacturing overhead
DIRECT COSTS AND INDIRECT COSTS

55. 55
Costs and revenues that differ among alternatives.
DIFFERENTIAL COSTS AND REVENUES
Example: You have a job paying $1,500 per month in your
hometown. You have a job offer in a neighboring city that
pays $2,000 per month. The commuting cost to the city is
$300 per month.
Differential revenue is:
$2,000 – $1,500 = $500
Differential cost is:
$300

56. 56
Suppose you are trying to decide whether to drive or take the train to Portland
to attend a concert. You have ample cash to do either, but you don’t want to
waste money needlessly. Is the cost of the pizza you ate last night relevant in
this decision? In other words, should the cost of the pizza affect the decision of
whether you drive or take the train to Portland?
A. Yes, the cost of the pizza is relevant.
B. No, the cost of the pizza is not relevant.
QUICK CHECK ✓

57. 57
Suppose you are trying to decide whether to drive or take the train to Portland
to attend a concert. You have ample cash to do either, but you don’t want to
waste money needlessly. Is the cost of the pizza you ate last night relevant in
this decision? In other words, should the cost of the pizza affect the decision of
whether you drive or take the train to Portland?
A. Yes, the cost of the pizza is relevant.
B. No, the cost of the pizza is not relevant.
QUICK CHECK ✓

58. 58
Suppose you are trying to decide whether to drive or take the train to Portland
to attend a concert. You have ample cash to do either, but you don’t want to
waste money needlessly. Is the cost of the train ticket relevant in this decision?
In other words, should the cost of the train ticket affect the decision of whether
you drive or take the train to Portland?
A. Yes, the cost of the train ticket is relevant.
B. No, the cost of the train ticket is not relevant.
QUICK CHECK ✓

59. 59
Suppose you are trying to decide whether to drive or take the train to Portland
to attend a concert. You have ample cash to do either, but you don’t want to
waste money needlessly. Is the cost of the train ticket relevant in this decision?
In other words, should the cost of the train ticket affect the decision of whether
you drive or take the train to Portland?
A. Yes, the cost of the train ticket is relevant.
B. No, the cost of the train ticket is not relevant.
QUICK CHECK ✓

60. 60
• Every decision involves a choice from among at least two alternatives.
• Only those costs and benefits that differ between alternatives (i.e.,
Differential costs and benefits) are relevant in a decision. All other costs and
benefits can and should be ignored.
NOTE

61. 61
Suppose you are trying to decide whether to drive or take the train to Portland
to attend a concert. You have ample cash to do either, but you don’t want to
waste money needlessly. Is the annual cost of licensing your car relevant in this
decision?
A. Yes, the licensing cost is relevant.
B. No, the licensing cost is not relevant.
QUICK CHECK ✓

62. 62
Suppose you are trying to decide whether to drive or take the train to Portland
to attend a concert. You have ample cash to do either, but you don’t want to
waste money needlessly. Is the annual cost of licensing your car relevant in this
decision?
A. Yes, the licensing cost is relevant.
B. No, the licensing cost is not relevant.
QUICK CHECK ✓

63. 63
Suppose you are trying to decide whether to drive or take the train to
Portland to attend a concert. You have ample cash to do either, but you
don’t want to waste money needlessly. Is the depreciation on your car
relevant in this decision?
A. Yes, the depreciation is relevant.
B. No, the depreciation is not relevant.
QUICK CHECK ✓

64. 64
Suppose you are trying to decide whether to drive or take the train to
Portland to attend a concert. You have ample cash to do either, but you
don’t want to waste money needlessly. Is the depreciation on your car
relevant in this decision?
A. Yes, the depreciation is relevant.
B. No, the depreciation is not relevant.
QUICK CHECK ✓
Depreciation that
is a function of miles driven
would be relevant.
Depreciation that is a
function of the passage of
time would not be relevant.

65. 65
The potential benefit that is given up when one alternative is selected over
another.
OPPORTUNITY COSTS
Example: If you were not attending college,
you could be earning $15,000 per year.
Your opportunity cost of attending college for
one year is $15,000.

66. 66
SUNK COSTS
Sunk costs cannot be changed by any decision. They are not differential costs
and should be ignored when making decisions.
Example: You bought an automobile that cost $10,000 two years ago. The
$10,000 cost is sunk because whether you drive it, park it, trade it, or sell it, you
cannot change the $10,000 cost.

67. 67
Suppose that your car could be sold now for $5,000. Is this a sunk cost?
A. Yes, it is a sunk cost.
B. No, it is not a sunk cost.
QUICK CHECK ✓

68. 68
Suppose that your car could be sold now for $5,000. Is this a sunk cost?
A. Yes, it is a sunk cost.
B. No, it is not a sunk cost.
QUICK CHECK ✓

69. 69
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