Explaining how informed search strategies in Artificial Intelligence (AI) works by examples.
Three informed search strategies presented:
Hill Climbing Search.
Greedy Best-First Search.
A* Search.
In numerical analysis, hill climbing is a mathematical optimization technique which belongs to the family of local search. It is an iterative algorithm that starts with an arbitrary solution to a problem, then attempts to find a better solution by incrementally changing a single element of the solution. If the change produces a better solution, an incremental change is made to the new solution, repeating until no further improvements can be found.
In computer science, A* is a computer algorithm that is widely used in pathfinding and graph traversal, the process of plotting an efficiently directed path between multiple points, called nodes. It enjoys widespread use due to its performance and accuracy. However, in practical travel-routing systems, it is generally outperformed by algorithms which can pre-process the graph to attain better performance, although other work has found A* to be superior to other approaches.
A greedy algorithm is an algorithmic paradigm that follows the problem solving heuristic of making the locally optimal choice at each stage with the hope of finding a global optimum. In many problems, a greedy strategy does not in general produce an optimal solution, but nonetheless a greedy heuristic may yield locally optimal solutions that approximate a global optimal solution in a reasonable time.
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AI Informed Search Strategies by Examples
1. AI Informed Search Strategies
by Examples
MENOUFIA UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF COMPUTERS AND INFORMATION
ALL DEPARTMENTS
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
المنوفية جامعة
والمعلومات الحاسبات كلية
األقسام جميع
الذكاءاإلصطناعي
المنوفية جامعة
Ahmed Fawzy Gad
ahmed.fawzy@ci.menofia.edu.eg
5. Uninformed Search Vs. Informed Search OR
Heuristically Informed Search
Heuristic Evaluation
Function
6. Uninformed Search Vs. Informed Search OR
Heuristically Informed Search
Heuristic Evaluation
Function
7. Uninformed Search Vs. Informed Search OR
Heuristically Informed Search
Heuristic Evaluation
Function
Heuristic Value
8. Uninformed Search Vs. Informed Search OR
Heuristically Informed Search
Heuristic Evaluation
Function
Heuristic Value
Small Heuristic Value
Better Path
9. Uninformed Search Vs. Informed Search OR
Heuristically Informed Search
Heuristic Evaluation
Function
Heuristic Value
Small Heuristic Value
Better Path
h(C)
10. Uninformed Search Vs. Informed Search OR
Heuristically Informed Search
Heuristic Evaluation
Function
Heuristic Value
Small Heuristic Value
Better Path
h(C) h(B)
11. Uninformed Search Vs. Informed Search OR
Heuristically Informed Search
Heuristic Evaluation
Function
Heuristic Value
Small Heuristic Value
Better Path
h(C) h(B)<
12. Uninformed Search Vs. Informed Search OR
Heuristically Informed Search
Heuristic Evaluation
Function
Heuristic Value
Small Heuristic Value
Better Path
h(C) h(B)<C
13. Uninformed Search Vs. Informed Search OR
Heuristically Informed Search
Heuristic Evaluation
Function
Heuristic Value
Small Heuristic Value
Better Path
h(C) h(B)<C
Uninformed Search
NO INFORMATION
Direct Search
BEST PATH
14. Heuristic Evaluation Function
• Good heuristic evaluation function is what directs search to reach
goal with the smallest number of nodes.
• Good heuristic evaluation function is not time consuming in the
heuristic value calculation.
𝒉 𝟏𝑯𝒆𝒖𝒓𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝑭𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
15. Heuristic Evaluation Function
• Good heuristic evaluation function is what directs search to reach
goal with the smallest number of nodes.
• Good heuristic evaluation function is not time consuming in the
heuristic value calculation.
𝒉 𝟏 𝒉 𝟐𝑯𝒆𝒖𝒓𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝑭𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
16. Heuristic Evaluation Function
• Good heuristic evaluation function is what directs search to reach
goal with the smallest number of nodes.
• Good heuristic evaluation function is not time consuming in the
heuristic value calculation.
𝒉 𝟏 𝒉 𝟐𝑯𝒆𝒖𝒓𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝑭𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
# 𝒐𝒇 𝑵𝒐𝒅𝒆𝒔
17. Heuristic Evaluation Function
• Good heuristic evaluation function is what directs search to reach
goal with the smallest number of nodes.
• Good heuristic evaluation function is not time consuming in the
heuristic value calculation.
𝒉 𝟏 𝒉 𝟐
𝟓
𝑯𝒆𝒖𝒓𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝑭𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
# 𝒐𝒇 𝑵𝒐𝒅𝒆𝒔
18. Heuristic Evaluation Function
• Good heuristic evaluation function is what directs search to reach
goal with the smallest number of nodes.
• Good heuristic evaluation function is not time consuming in the
heuristic value calculation.
𝒉 𝟏 𝒉 𝟐
𝟓 𝟕
𝑯𝒆𝒖𝒓𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝑭𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
# 𝒐𝒇 𝑵𝒐𝒅𝒆𝒔
19. Heuristic Evaluation Function
• Good heuristic evaluation function is what directs search to reach
goal with the smallest number of nodes.
• Good heuristic evaluation function is not time consuming in the
heuristic value calculation.
𝒉 𝟏 𝒉 𝟐
𝟓 𝟕
𝒉 𝟏𝑯𝒆𝒖𝒓𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝑭𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
# 𝒐𝒇 𝑵𝒐𝒅𝒆𝒔
20. Heuristic Evaluation Function
• Good heuristic evaluation function is what directs search to reach
goal with the smallest number of nodes.
• Good heuristic evaluation function is not time consuming in the
heuristic value calculation.
𝒉 𝟏 𝒉 𝟐
𝟓 𝟕
𝒉 𝟏
𝟓
𝑯𝒆𝒖𝒓𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝑭𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
# 𝒐𝒇 𝑵𝒐𝒅𝒆𝒔
21. Heuristic Evaluation Function
• Good heuristic evaluation function is what directs search to reach
goal with the smallest number of nodes.
• Good heuristic evaluation function is not time consuming in the
heuristic value calculation.
𝒉 𝟏 𝒉 𝟐
𝟓 𝟕
𝒉 𝟏
𝟓
𝒉 𝟏
𝑯𝒆𝒖𝒓𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝑭𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
# 𝒐𝒇 𝑵𝒐𝒅𝒆𝒔
𝑯𝒆𝒖𝒓𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝑭𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
22. Heuristic Evaluation Function
• Good heuristic evaluation function is what directs search to reach
goal with the smallest number of nodes.
• Good heuristic evaluation function is not time consuming in the
heuristic value calculation.
𝒉 𝟏 𝒉 𝟐
𝟓 𝟕
𝒉 𝟏
𝟓
𝒉 𝟏 𝒉 𝟐
𝑯𝒆𝒖𝒓𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝑭𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
# 𝒐𝒇 𝑵𝒐𝒅𝒆𝒔
𝑯𝒆𝒖𝒓𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝑭𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝑻𝒊𝒎𝒆
23. Heuristic Evaluation Function
• Good heuristic evaluation function is what directs search to reach
goal with the smallest number of nodes.
• Good heuristic evaluation function is not time consuming in the
heuristic value calculation.
𝒉 𝟏 𝒉 𝟐
𝟓 𝟕
𝒉 𝟏
𝟓
𝒉 𝟏 𝒉 𝟐
𝟔𝟎𝒔
𝑯𝒆𝒖𝒓𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝑭𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
# 𝒐𝒇 𝑵𝒐𝒅𝒆𝒔
𝑯𝒆𝒖𝒓𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝑭𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝑻𝒊𝒎𝒆
24. Heuristic Evaluation Function
• Good heuristic evaluation function is what directs search to reach
goal with the smallest number of nodes.
• Good heuristic evaluation function is not time consuming in the
heuristic value calculation.
𝒉 𝟏 𝒉 𝟐
𝟓 𝟕
𝒉 𝟏
𝟓
𝒉 𝟏 𝒉 𝟐
𝟔𝟎𝒔 𝟏𝟎𝒔
𝑯𝒆𝒖𝒓𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝑭𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
# 𝒐𝒇 𝑵𝒐𝒅𝒆𝒔
𝑯𝒆𝒖𝒓𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝑭𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝑻𝒊𝒎𝒆
25. Heuristic Evaluation Function
• Good heuristic evaluation function is what directs search to reach
goal with the smallest number of nodes.
• Good heuristic evaluation function is not time consuming in the
heuristic value calculation.
𝒉 𝟏 𝒉 𝟐
𝟓 𝟕
𝒉 𝟏
𝟓
𝒉 𝟏 𝒉 𝟐
𝟔𝟎𝒔 𝟏𝟎𝒔
𝒉 𝟐
𝑯𝒆𝒖𝒓𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝑭𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
# 𝒐𝒇 𝑵𝒐𝒅𝒆𝒔
𝑯𝒆𝒖𝒓𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝑭𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝑻𝒊𝒎𝒆
26. Heuristic Evaluation Function
• Good heuristic evaluation function is what directs search to reach
goal with the smallest number of nodes.
• Good heuristic evaluation function is not time consuming in the
heuristic value calculation.
𝒉 𝟏 𝒉 𝟐
𝟓 𝟕
𝒉 𝟏
𝟓
𝒉 𝟏 𝒉 𝟐
𝟔𝟎𝒔 𝟏𝟎𝒔
𝒉 𝟐
𝟏𝟎𝒔
𝑯𝒆𝒖𝒓𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝑭𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
# 𝒐𝒇 𝑵𝒐𝒅𝒆𝒔
𝑯𝒆𝒖𝒓𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝑭𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝑻𝒊𝒎𝒆