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A glance over cellular
Communication
systems and BSS
network equipment
Presented by Ahmed Nabeeh
Jan. 2018

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Contents
1) Introduction
2) Mobile communication systems
3) Cellular sites equipment
4) Our scope and KPIs

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Do cell phones cause cancer?
Introduction

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What about cell towers?
Introduction

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What about cell towers?
Introduction

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Communication Or Telecommunication?
Introduction

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Telecommunication/Communication systems basic elements
Introduction
Telecommunication systems can be categorized based on:
1) The medium used to convey the signal
2) The type of communication between the Tx and Rx

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Introduction
Communication systems based on
the medium used to convey the signal

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What is a Tx medium?
Introduction
It’s a substance (Solid, Liquid, Gas, or Palasma) that can propagate
energy (Mechanical, Electrical, or EM) waves
What are the Tx mediums’ types?
1. Guided (Wired):
2. Unguided (Wireless)

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Introduction
Wired WirelessVS
Pros:
1)Interference and Noise
2)Security
Cons:
3)Controlled medium
1)Mobility
2)Flexibility
Pros:
1)Mobility
2)Flexibility
Cons:
1)Interference and Noise
2)Security
3)Controlled medium

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Introduction
Communication systems based on
the type of communication between
the Tx and RX

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Introduction
1) Simplex
2) Half Duplex
3) Full Duplex

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Introduction
Let’s design a wireless communication
System
CoverageCapacity
Security Quality
Compatibility
Delay

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History of Mobile communication systems
1) Mobile Phones (1946)
2) 1st Generation Cellular system (1971)
3) 2nd Generation Cellular system (1989)
4) 3rd Generation Cellular system (2001)
6) 5th Generation Cellular system (2020)
5) 4th Generation Cellular system (2010)

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Mobile communication systems
Mobile telephones service (1946)
1) Extremely heavy and bulky handsets
2) Single cell system
3) Analogue system

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Mobile communication systems
1st generation Cellular system (1989)
1) Hand-held but still heavy
2) Cellular system
3) Analogue system

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Mobile communication systems
2nd Generation Cellular system (1989)
1) Hand-held
2) Digital system
3) Roaming

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Mobile communication systems
2nd Generation Cellular systems
1) GSM
2) DAMPS and IS-95
3) PDC

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Global system for mobile communication
Unlike radio and T.V, the mobile system is both a two way communication
system and its resources are on-demand shared resources
How can we
achieve
that?

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Global system for mobile communication
Access
Techniques
Duplex
Transmission
GSM uses TDMA/FDMA techniques to achieve the maximum possible capacity
from resources sharing and FDD to achieve duplex transmission

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Global system for mobile communication
Enhancing the system capacity by applying the following:
1) Frequency reuse over hexagon cell shape
2) Directional/Omi-Directional antennas
3) Different cell sizes based on the capacity, quality, and coverage requirements
Omni-DirectionalDirectionall

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Global system for mobile communication
GSM system Architecture:
Something is missing?

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Global system for mobile communication
GSM system phases and adaptions:
1) Phase 1 (1989)
2) Phase 2 (1995): Introducing DCS1800
3) Phase 2+ (1996): Introducing PCS 1900
4) Phase 2+ (1998): Introducing GSM-R and GPRS
5) Phase 2+ (2000): Introducing EDGE

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Global system for mobile communication
GSM maximum data rate is 9.6 kbps
We need more data!
Fix your network!
1) GPRS (2.5G) and EDGE (2.75G) were introduced to
provide higher data rates
2) Unlike GSM, GPRS and EDGE are both PS systems
3) GPRS and EDGE use the same GSM network
hierarchy, but they introduce two new nodes from the NSS side
4) GPRS uses multiple T.Ss per user to achieve high data rates (up to 160Kbps)
1) SGSN
2) GGSN
= MSC
= G-MSC
5) Edge uses multiple T.Ss and different modulation scheme (8PSK)
to reach data rates up to 384Kbps

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Mobile communication systems
3rd Generation Cellular system (2001)
1) Green handsets
2) Multimedia services
3) Video calls

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Mobile communication systems
1) UMTS (WCDMA)
2) CDMA-2000
3rd Generation Cellular systems

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UMTS System
1) New access technique
2) Uses both FDD and TDD

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UMTS System
Network architecture

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UMTS System
Provides data rates up to 2 Mbps, Theoretically!
Location Mobility

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UMTS System Evolution
Provides data rates up to 2 Mbps, Theoretically!
We need more data!
Fix your network!
1) HSDPA:Uses 16QAM in the DL to reach speed
up to 7.2 Mbps
2) HSUPA:Uses 64QAM in the DL and 16QAM in
the UL to reach speed up to 5.7 Mbps
in the UL
3) HSPA+: Uses 64QAM in both the DL and UL
and 2x2 MIMO to reach speed up to
42 Mbps and 11.5 Mbps in the DL
and UL respectively

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Mobile communication systems
4th Generation Cellular system (LTE) (2010)
1) Streaming services
2) IoT

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LTE System
1) New access technique
2) Uses both FDD and TDD

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LTE System
Network architecture

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LTE System Evolution
• Provides data rates up to 100 Mbps
• LTE advanced (4.5G) was developed to provide data rates up to
1 Gbps by using higher MIMO systems (4x4) and (8x8)

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Mobile communication systems summary

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Cellular site equipment
Let’s build a site!

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Cellular site equipment
01
02
03
Radio
Transmission
Power & Cooling
04
Tower & Housing

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Cellular site equipment
1) Radio includes everything at the site that is used to provide
coverage including equipment, cables, and Antennas

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Cellular site equipment
1) Radio Equipment

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Cellular site equipment
1) Radio cables
Baseband IF and RF
Power

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Have you seen me before?

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Cellular site equipment
1) Radio antennas
Directional
Omni-Directional

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How dangerous is your MW?
Cellular site equipment

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Cellular site equipment
2) Transmission includes everything at the site that is used
to connect the BSS network to the core network including
equipment, cables, and antennas

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Cellular site equipment
1) Transmission Equipment
SDH PDH V-SAT& HSDSL

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Cellular site equipment
2) Transmission Antennas
MW antenna Satellite antenna

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Cellular site equipment
3) Power and Cooling include everything at the site that is
used to power up the radio and Transmission equipment
including power source, cooling system, and power system

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Cellular site equipment
3) Power and Cooling Power Source
Generator Commercial power
Solar Cell

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Cellular site equipment
3) Power and Cooling Power System
Rectifier Backup batteries
GDP and DC boxes

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Cellular site equipment
4) Towers & Housings are used for antennas mounting and
equipment protection respectively

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Cellular site equipment
4) Towers
Tower Sub-Tower Pole/Mast Mono Pole Palm Tree

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Cellular site equipment
4) Housing
Shelter Enclosure Enclosure

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Cellular site equipment

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AM/FM
Those are radio bands, right?
Or are
they?

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Network
Modernization
and
Expansion
Quality
Issues
Access Teams’ Scope
Network
Availability

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Thank You