its for MSW/MBA/PGDHRM students

1. Impact of Industrialization and
Urbanization on social life of
workers
AT-BSSS, Bhopal

2. Industrialization
• Industrialization is the process by which an economy is
transformed from primarily agricultural to one based on the
manufacturing of goods. Individual manual labour is often
replaced by mechanized mass production, and craftsmen are
replaced by assembly lines.
• The process of industrialization has transformed the entire old
socio-economic structure which was founded on traditional
feudal and pre-feudal principles of birth and status. It has
brought about changes in property system and in division of
labour, and has given rise to new social strata and classes which
stand above the traditional division of region and religion. In
this system industries are dominant.
AT-BSSS, Bhopal

3. Urbanization
• Urbanization is the process by which large numbers
of people become permanently concentrated in
relatively small areas, forming cities. Internal rural
to urban migration means that people move from
rural areas to urban areas. In this process the
number of people living in cities increases compared
with the number of people living in rural areas.
Natural increase of urbanization can occur if the
natural population growth in the cities is higher
than in the rural areas. This scenario, however,
rarely occurs. A country is considered to urbanized
when over 50 per cent of its population live in the
urban areas (Long 1998).
• Urbanization is a population shift from rural to
urban areas, "the gradual increase in the proportion
of people living in urban areas", and the ways in
which each society adapts to the change.
AT-BSSS, Bhopal

4. Impact of industrilization
Impact upon marriage and family:
• In traditional India, marriage was considered a continual
sacred union between man and woman. Marriage was
said to be made in heaven and was sanctified by God,
and was a way to attain salvation. Furthermore,
arranged marriages and child-marriages were common.
With the coming of industrialization, however, things
have impeccably changed. Marriage has been reduced to
a social contract that can be broken anytime. People are
marring outside their religion and caste, and love
marriages have become more common. Divorces are
common and many people have adopted to remain
singles all their lives.
AT-BSSS, Bhopal

5. Impact upon marriage and family (cont..):
• Family life has considerable changed with the
coming of industrialization. The number of
family functions has decreased. For example,
children are no longer educated in homes, but in
schools. Young people choose professions other
than their ancestral professions. Joint families
have slowed in growth, and families in general
have gotten smaller. The role of women has
increased and women are considered equal to
men in the family. Old traditions and customs
have been rejected.
AT-BSSS, Bhopal

6. Impact of industrialization
Impact upon caste and class:
• Social life in ancient India revolved around caste.
People worked, lived and married people of their
own caste. Young people chose professions based
upon their caste and class. With the coming of
industrialization, however, things have changed.
People are working, living and marrying outside
their caste and religion. Children of lower class
parents are attending prestigious colleges and
choosing high paying professions, thus, moving up
in the social ladder. Hence, India is becoming an
open minded society, and caste and creed are slowly
melting away and losing importance.
AT-BSSS, Bhopal

7. Impact of industrialization
Impact upon stratification:
• Industry has been stratified based upon occupation, education,
income, and birth. In the olden days, a son of a Brahmin would
grow up to enjoy the prestige of his parents. In the industry,
however, a son of a manager would not grow up to become a
manager but must first get all the education and training. In the
area of education, science and technology based degrees are
considered more superior to literary degrees. A person's social
status is measured in terms of his/her income, and now by what
social class they were born into. Furthermore, people of the
lower class are rising higher and higher in the social ladder, and
person's birth can no longer determine his/her caste or social
class, only his/her education and income can determine those
factors.
AT-BSSS, Bhopal

8. Impact of industrialization
Impact on religion and morals:
• With the coming of industrialization, religion is seen as an
outdated belief system. Science is as in opposition to religion,
and people who reason based on science are seen as
modernized. Recently, however, science and religion are seen as
different sides of the same coin. Industrialization is closely
related to science and technology, religious influence on the
industrialized society is weaning. People of different religious
backgrounds work and live together in peace.
• Morals and ethics stem from religion. With the weakening grip
of religion on society, morals and ethics are also departing from
society or changing altogether. For example, abortions are
commonplace and sex before marriage is also common. People
have a rational and materialistic outlook toward life. Due to the
loosening social control, there has also been in increase in
crimes.
AT-BSSS, Bhopal

9. Impact of industrialization
Impact on Entertainment:
• In the olden days, people lived in joint families.
There would be a dozen adult members and a
dozen children. Entertainment in joint families
was simple. Today, however, families have gotten
smaller and all the adult members are employed.
Entertainment has become institutionalized, and
can be purchased with money. New forms of
entertainment include cinemas, bars, clubs,
television, casinos, etc.
AT-BSSS, Bhopal

10. AT-BSSS, Bhopal

11. Impact of urbanization
Slums and associated problems:
• The acute shortage of housing facilities is one of the most serious
problems of labours plaguing the Indian cities, whether it is a
metropolitan city or a small town. The reason for this is that the
availability and development of housing facility has not expanded fast
enough to meet growing demand for rapid urbanization process. The
acute shortage of housing facilities compels the poor to live in slums.
Slums have developed in almost all the Indian cities. Slums are called by
the names of Bustees in Calcutta, Jhuggis in Delhi, Chawl in Mumbai
and Cheri in Chennai. The slums or Bustees have been defined by the
government of India under Slum Area (Improvement and clearance) Act
of 1954 as predominantly a residential area, where dwellings by reason
of dilapidation, overcrowding, faulty arrangement and lack of
ventilation, light or sanitary facilities or any combination of these factors
detrimental to safely, health and morals. It is estimated that 40 per cent
of people in mega-cities like Calcutta, Mumbai and Delhi live in slums.
AT-BSSS, Bhopal

12. Impact of urbanization
Transport system:
• There are 300 million cars, trucks and buses all over the world.
During peak hours, there will be huge traffic jams in the main
junctions. Because of traffic jams more petroleum products are
wasted which results in fuel problem. During peak seasons the
vehicles are parked and overloaded and there are more chances
of occurring accidents. It the State which provides good
transport system. The combustion of petroleum products,
diesel leads to increase of carbon dioxide which helps in
increasing Global Warming, air pollution and noise pollution,
besides carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide which is released by
automobile. The noise pollution affects both auditory and non-
auditory organs. The auditory effects are fatigue and deafness
in human beings. The non-auditory effects are interference in
speed, communication, annoyance, loss of working efficiency
and psycho-physiological disorders.
AT-BSSS, Bhopal

13. Impact of urbanization
Problem of garbage:
• Urban solid waste consists of building materials, plastic
containers, hospital wastes, kitchen waste etc. The
building materials and household solid wastes are dumped
on the public places. The hospital wastes do not have
covers while transporting. The stringent smell
contaminates the air. The Urban sewage does not have
proper let-out facility. As Indian society prospers, it trash
mainly hazardous plastics, metals and packing is growing
exponentially. In the last decade, garbage was produced at
nearly twice the rate of population growth. Only eight out
of 3,119 towns and cities in India have full wastewater
collection and treatment facilities. A third of India’s
population has no access to sanitation services. It becomes
worse in smaller cities and provincial towns.
AT-BSSS, Bhopal

14. Impact of urbanization
Water supply:
• India has reached a stage where no city has water supply round
the clock. Intermittent supply results in a vacuum being created
in empty water lines which often suck in pollutions through
leaking joints. Chennai, Hyderabad, Rajkot and Wadhwan get
water from municipal sources for less than half an hour every
alternative day. Many small towns have no main water supply
and depend on such sources as individual wells, household
open wells or even the rivers which have some storage water in
pools during summer. Within the city, the drainage system
hardly exists and the annual flooding of large areas, even in
Delhi, it is now a regular phenomenon in many urban centres.
Mumbai is located in a keel-line depression, which also
happens to be the main railway artery. With every monsoon
showers, it gets flooded choking the communication.
AT-BSSS, Bhopal

15. Impact of urbanization
Sewerage problems:-
• The urban areas in India are plagued with inefficient and
insufficient civic amenities. Not a single city in India is fully
seweraged. The reason for this is that the unauthorized
constructions in and around the city lie outside the purview of
the main systems. It has been estimated that only 38 per cent of
the urban population have a sewerage system. Mumbai’s
crumbling sewer network is a century old, put in place by the
British planners when city was no more than a series of fishing
villages. Today, it breaks down frequently with waste about
eight million more people than it was designed for. The sewer
lines lead to drains, which take the sewage – 93 percent of it
untreated – directly into the sea, killing virtually all marine life
along Mumbai’s coast. Delhi’s Yamuna has turned into a giant
sewer, chiefly from raw sewage, 40 per cent of Delhi’s sewage is
untreated.
AT-BSSS, Bhopal

16. Impact of urbanization
Environmental problems:
• Environmental pollution is causing concern and affecting
human health today than yester decades. It has been reported
by the World Bank that 40,000 persons die in India every year
because of air pollution. Recent studies also revealed that a
large number of people have been suffering from respiratory
diseases, allergies and cough. It has been doubled since 1990s.
Further, it has been noticed that 23 Indian Cities have crossed
the dangerous limits because of auto-exhausts and industrial
emission. Therefore, it is not the task of Central Pollution
Control Board that has to take control but it is the duty of the
institutions, individuals to initiate possible care and measures
to prevent the polluting works. Hence, it should initiate in the
form of a social movement. This, indeed, prevents problems
arising out of pollution especially in urban areas.
AT-BSSS, Bhopal

17. Open session
Thank you!!!
AT-BSSS, Bhopal