its for MSW/MBA/PGDHRM students

1. By
Akhilesh Tripathi
AT-BSSS, Bhopal

2. History
The concept of an informal/unorganised sector began to receive
world–wide attention in the early 1970s, when the International
Labour Organisation (ILO) initiated serious efforts to identify
and study the area through its World Employment Programme
Missions in Africa. Since then, the informal sector has been the
subject of several studies and seminars covering various aspects
like its size, employment potential, its relationship with the
formal sector, technological levels etc. In 1987, the Director
General of the ILO submitted a report to the International
Labour Conference on the “Dilemma of the Informal Sector.” In
it, he referred to the role of this sector in promoting
employment, the absence of adequate laws for providing
protection to workers in this sector, and the scope for application
of international labour standards in this area.
AT-BSSS, Bhopal

3. Definition
According to “The Unorganised Worker’s Social Security Act 2008”
 “Unorganised sector” means an enterprise owened by individual
or self-employed workers and engaged in the production or sale
of goods or providing service of any kind whatsoever, and where
the enterprise employs workers, the number of such worker is
less than 10.
 “Unorganised worker” means a home based worker, self-
employed worker or wage worker in the unorganised sector and
includes a worker in the organised sector who is not covered by
any of the Acts mentioned in Schedule II to this Act.
AT-BSSS, Bhopal

4. Definition (Cont.)
Unorganised sector is defined as that set of economic
activities characterized by relative ease of entry,
reliance on indigenous resources, small scale of
operations, labour intensive operations, reliance on
skills acquired outside the formal educational system
and unregulated competitive market (ILO, 1983) .
According to International Labour Organisation (1983)
AT-BSSS, Bhopal

5. Definition (Cont.)
According to “ National Commission for Enterprises in
the Unorganised sector”
Consisting of all unincorporated private enterprises
owned by individuals or households engaged in the sale
or production of goods and services operated on a
proprietary or partnership basis and with less than ten
total workers
AT-BSSS, Bhopal

6. The Indian Scenario
The Indian Economy is characterized by the existence of
a vast majority of informal or unorganized labour
employment. As per the Economic Survey 2007-08,
93% of India’s workforce include the self employed and
employed in unorganized sector. The Ministry of
Labour, Government of India, has categorized the
unorganized labour force under four groups in terms
of Occupation, nature of employment, specially
distressed categories and service categories.
AT-BSSS, Bhopal

7. In terms of Occupation:
Small and marginal farmers, landless agricultural labourers,
share croppers, fishermen, those engaged in animal
husbandry, beedi rolling, labeling and packing, building and
construction workers, leather workers, weavers, artisans, salt
workers, workers in brick kilns and stone quarries, workers
in saw mills, oil mills etc. come under this category.
In terms of Nature of Employment:
Attached agricultural labourers, bonded labourers, migrant
workers, contract and casual labourers come under this.
In terms of Specially distressed categories:
Toddy tappers, Scavengers, Carriers of head loads, Drivers of
animal driven vehicles, Loaders and unloaders come under
this category.
AT-BSSS, Bhopal

8. In terms of Service categories:
Midwives, Domestic workers, Fishermen and women,
Barbers, Vegetable and fruit vendors, News paper vendors
etc. belong to this category.
In addition to these four categories, there exists a large
section of unorganized labour force such as cobblers,
Hamals, Handicraft artisans, Handloom weavers, Lady
tailors, Physically handicapped self employed persons,
Rikshaw pullers, Auto drivers, Sericulture workers,
Carpenters, Tannery workers, Power loom workers and
Urban poor.
AT-BSSS, Bhopal

9. The major characteristics of the
unorganized workers:
 The unorganized labour is overwhelming in terms of its number
range and therefore they are omnipresent throughout India.
 As the unorganized sector suffers from cycles of excessive
seasonality of employment, majority of the unorganized workers
does not have stable durable avenues of employment. Even those
who appear to be visibly employed are not gainfully and
substantially employed, indicating the existence of disguised
unemployment.
 The workplace is scattered and fragmented.
 There is no formal employer – employee relationship
AT-BSSS, Bhopal

10.  In rural areas, the unorganized labour force is highly stratified on
caste and community considerations. In urban areas while such
considerations are much less, it cannot be said that it is
altogether absent as the bulk of the unorganized workers in
urban areas are basically migrant workers from rural areas.
 Workers in the unorganized sector are usually subject to
indebtedness and bondage as their meager income cannot meet
with their livelihood needs.
 The unorganized workers are subject to exploitation significantly
by the rest of the society. They receive poor working conditions
especially wages much below that in the formal sector, even for
closely comparable jobs, ie, where labour productivity are no
different. The work status is of inferior quality of work and
inferior terms of employment, both remuneration and
employment.
AT-BSSS, Bhopal

11.  Primitive production technologies and feudal production
relations are rampant in the unorganized sector, and they
do not permit or encourage the workmen to imbibe and
assimilate higher technologies and better production
relations. Large scale ignorance and illiteracy and limited
exposure to the outside world are also responsible for such
poor absorption.
 The unorganized workers do not receive sufficient
attention from the trade unions.
 Inadequate and ineffective labour laws and standards
relating to the unorganized sector.
AT-BSSS, Bhopal

12. Open session……
Thank you !!!
AT-BSSS, Bhopal