2. Commodities which are used in the kitchen can be
broadly classified in to three main categories:
Perishables: Ingredients which have short shelf life
ranging from six hours to six days at room temperature
such as milk and dairy products, meats, fish, eggs, fruits
and vegetables
Semi Perishables: Ingredients which have a longer
shelf life ranging from a few weeks to a few months
such as cereals, pulses, fats, oils, condiments, spices,
flour, proprietary foods etc.
Non Perishables: Ingredients which can be stored
indefinitely such as salts, mild acids, sugar, edible
colours, some essences etc.
10. 1. Red Meat: Lamb, Beef, Pork, Mutton etc.
2. White Meat: Poultry birds such as
Chicken, Duck, Turkey etc. and also Fish
& Seafood:
3. Game Meat: Animals or Birds which are
hunted for their meat and not farm
reared, such as wild boar, hare, geese etc.
11. Types of Meats
Beef
Cattle are classified according to age and gender.
1. Steers are male cattle that have been castrated
while young so that they will gain weight
quickly.
2. Bulls are older uncast rated males, usually used
in processed meats and pet foods.
3. Heifers, females that have not borne a calf, are
also used for meat.
4. Cows are female cattle that have borne calves
and this meat is less desirable than that from
steers or heifers.
12. Types of Meats
Veal
Comes from calves of beef cattle, either male or
female, between the ages of three weeks and
three months.
Calves three to eight months old are too old for
veal and too young for beef.
13. Types of Meats
Lamb and Mutton
Lamb comes from sheep less than fourteen
months old.
Mutton from those over fourteen months.
14. Composition of Meats
Meats are composed of a combination of:
Water , Muscle, Connective tissue, Adipose (fatty) tissue, Bone
1. Collagen: A pearly white, tough, and fibrous protein
that provides support to muscle and prevents it from
over-stretching.
2. Marbling: Fat deposited in the muscle that can be
seen as little white streaks or drops.
3. The animal’s age, diet, and species affect the color
and texture of fat
15. Composition of Meats
Exposure of meat to oxygen changes the color of
myoglobin, and therefore the meat.
Cooking meat initially converts the color of raw
meat to bright red.
The food industry uses several methods to keep meat
products from turning brown.
One such method is the addition of nitrites to processed
meats.
Extractives: Flavor compounds consisting of non
protein, nitrogen substances that are end-products
of protein metabolism.
16. Purchasing Meats
To ensure that consumers are purchasing meat that is safe,
federal laws require the inspection of animal carcasses.
In addition to this mandatory inspection for safety, meat
may also be assigned yield grades and the later quality
grades to assist consumers in selection.
The Federal Meat Inspection Act of 1906 made
inspection mandatory for all meat crossing state lines
or entering the United States through foreign
commerce.
The grading of meat is not under government mandate or
control, but is a strictly voluntary procedure that the meat
packer or distributor may have done under contract with
the USDA.
20. Yield grade: The amount of lean meat on the carcass in
proportion to fat, bone, and other inedible parts.
Marbling: Fat deposited in the muscle that can be
seen as little white streaks or drops.
21. Purchasing Meats
Tenderness of Meats
Overall, natural meat tenderness is due to factors
such as the cut, age, and fat content.
Meats can also be treated to make them more
tender.
Preparation temperatures and times also
have an influence on tenderness.
Grading is affected by
Feed grass/hay vs. corn affects outer surface
fat and muscle marbling
Age at slaughter
Breed and breeding history
Type of cattle
23. Meat cuts
There are two major types of meat cuts,
wholesale and retail.
24. Purchase Meat cuts
Prior to reaching the supermarket, a carcass is divided into about
seven wholesale or primal cuts.
Wholesale (primal) cuts: The large cuts of an animal
carcass, which are further divided into retail cuts.
These wholesale cuts are then divided into the retail cuts
purchased by consumers.
Retail cuts: Smaller cuts of meat obtained from wholesale
cuts and sold to the consumer.
26. Variety meats: The liver,
sweetbreads (thymus), brain,
kidneys, hear t, tongue, tripe
(stomach lining), and oxtail (tail
of cattle).
27. Storage of Meats
Meat contains high percentages of water and protein,
both ideal for the growth of microorganisms.
Consequently, meat should be stored in the
refrigerator or freezer.
Meats are best refrigerated at just above freezing
(32°F/0°C), between 32°F and 36°F (0° to 2°C).
Wrapping Meat
Most retail meats are packaged with plastic wrap and
can be refrigerated in their original wrap for up to
two days.
Frozen
Meats to be frozen should be wrapped tightly in
aluminum foil, heavy plastic bags, or freezer paper
and stored at or below 0°F (18°C).
28. Storage of Meats
Wrapping Meat
Most retail meats are packaged with plastic
wrap and can be refrigerated in their original
wrap for up to two days.
Frozen
Meats to be frozen should be wrapped tightly in
aluminum foil, heavy plastic bags, or freezer
paper and stored at or below 0°F (18°C).
30. Classification of Poultr y
Poultry have been domesticated for over
4,000 years
Poultry
Has a high protein content
Is easier to raise and transport than
cows and sheep
Is considered a staple on most menus
31. Classification of Poultr y
Types of poultry that may be graded
Chicken, turkey, duck, geese, and
guinea
Chickens produce two major protein
sources: eggs and meat
Many different forms and packaging
styles
Turkey is popular as a deli meat and in
whole bird roasters
32. Classification of game birds
Feathered Game
Refers to the remaining birds used in food service
applications
Wild turkey, goose, pheasant, duck, partridge, quail,
and woodcock
Must be farm-raised (includes free range)
Game birds are available whole or precut into pieces
Fresh, frozen, or canned (smaller birds)
Factors affecting quality
Age of the bird and manner of slaughter and
packaging
Should have springy skin and no “off ” odor
33. Composition of Poultr y and Game
birds
The composition of poultry (muscle tissue,
connective tissue, etc.) is similar to meat.
Pigments
Turkeys and chickens have both white and
dark meat.
34. Purchasing Poultr y and game
birds
Available from a variety of sources
Broad line distributors to local merchants
Know your supplier and ensure their sanitary practices
Poultry should be delivered at freezing for fresh products
or hard frozen
Inspect for signs of temperature abuse
Poultry has a very short shelf life
Use fresh product within three days
HACCP guidelines
Store raw, un prepped product under raw, prepped product
Cooked product should be stored on top
Use separate coolers for raw and cooked
35. Purchasing Poultr y and Game
Birds
Types and Styles of Poultry
“Type” refers to whether it
is:
Fresh
Frozen
Cooked
Sliced
Canned
Dehydrated
“Style” describes the
degree to which it has
been cleaned or
processed:
Live
Dressed
Ready-to-cook
Convenience
categories
36. Purchasing Poultr y and Game
Birds
Processed Poultry
Processed chicken and turkey are commonly
used in:
Canned or dried soups
Frozen dinners
Pot pies
Sausages
Hot dogs
Burgers
Bologna
37. Purchasing Poultr y and Game
Birds
How Much to Buy
Ready-to-cook poultry contains a good
deal of inedible bone and unwanted fat
A good rule of thumb for most poultry is to
buy 1 2 pound or ⁄ slightly more per serving.
One of the most economical ways to buy
poultry is in its ready-to-cook whole state.
38. Preparation of Poultr y and
Game Birds
Thawing Frozen
Poultry
The refrigerator is
the best place to thaw
frozen birds, and its
use requires planning
ahead.
39. Preparation of Poultr y and Game
Birds
Changes During Preparation
Properly prepared poultry is tender and juicy,
but overcooking causes the flesh to become
dry, tough, and stringy.
40. Preparation of Poultr y and Game
Birds
Determining Doneness
Poultry should
always be heated
until well done
Doneness may be
determined by
internal
temperature, color
changes, and/or
touch and
time/weight tables.
Poultry is sufficiently
cooked when the
internal temperature
reaches 180° to 185°F
(82° to 85°C).
A thermometer placed
in the center of any
stuffing must reach a
minimum temperature
of 165°F (74°C).
41. Preparation of Poultr y and Game
Birds
Color Change
.
Oven-roasted chicken or turkey will reach a golden
brown color.
The juices coming out of the bird should run clear.
Touch
When pressed firmly with one or two fingers, the
well-done bird’s flesh will feel firm.
White meat may be firmer than dark.
Wiggle the drumstick
42. Preparation of Poultr y and Game
Birds
Dry-Heat
Frying
Preparation
Sautéed
Roasting
Pan-fried
Baking
Deep-fried
Broiling
Stir-fried
Grilling
43. Preparation of Poultr y and Game
Birds
Moist-Heat Preparation
Braising
Also called
fricasseeing
Stewing
Poaching
Microwaving
The microwave
manufacturers’
instructions should
be followed for
preparing poultry.
44. Storage of Poultr y and Game
Birds
Refrigerated
Fresh, ready-to-cook poultry can be kept safely in the
refrigerator at 40°F (4°C) or below for up to three days.
It is best kept in the bottom portion of the refrigerator to
prevent its drippings from contaminating other foods.
Frozen
Frozen whole poultry can be
stored from six to twelve
months at 0°F (18°C).
Breaded or fried poultry should
never be thawed and refrozen.
Thawing
Defrosting is recommended in
the refrigerator.
Once defrosted, poultry or any
other meat should not be
refrozen unless it has been
cooked.
46. Classification of Fish and
Shellfish
Vertebrate
Finfish
Finfish: Fish that have fins and internal skeletons.
Invertebrate
Shellfish which includes the invertebrate crustaceans and
mollusks.
Crustacean: An invertebrate animal with a segmented body
covered by an exoskeleton consisting of a hard upper shell
and a soft under shell. (crab, shrimp,lobster)
Mollusk: An invertebrate animal with a soft un segmented
body usually enclosed in a shell. (clams, oyster, mussels,
scallops)
47.
48.
49.
50.
51. Classification of Fish and
Shellfish
Salt or Fresh Water
Saltwater fish often have a more distinct flavor than
freshwater fish.
Some saltwater fish:
Halibut, cod, and flounder
Some freshwater varieties:
Catfish, perch, and pike
Lean or Fat
Fish are not very fatty compared to most other meats.
52.
53. Composition of Fish
Structure of Finfish
Collagen
Fish are only 3 percent collagen.
Amino Acid Content
There is less of a certain amino acid (hydroxyproline).
Muscle Structure
The muscles of fish are shorter (less than an inch in
length).
This contributes to the characteristic flaking of prepared
fish.
54. Purchasing Fish and Shellfish
Retailers providing consumers with nutrition information
must abide by the nutrition labeling values provided by the
FDA for fish and shellfish.
Fish processors may submit to inspection and grading on a
voluntary basis.
The National Marine Fisheries Service of the U.S.
Department of Commerce is responsible for fish inspections.
55. Purchasing Fish and Shellfish
Fish can be purchased fresh or frozen as whole,
drawn, dressed, steaks, fillets, and sticks.
56. Purchasing Fish and Shellfish
Signs of Decay in Fresh Finfish
Changes that occur in a fish after death are that:
The eyes flatten and become concave.
The pupil turns gray or creamy brown.
The cornea becomes opaque and discolored.
The bright red gills turn a paler brown.
Gaping is a sign of aging, or may be a result of
rough handling.
57. Purchasing Fish and Shellfish
Purchasing Processed Shellfish
Shellfish can also be bought cooked in the shell
and chilled or frozen.
Shucked shrimp, scallops, oysters, and clams
are often breaded and frozen.
Oysters can be bought live in the shell, or
shucked and then chilled, frozen, or canned.
Clams can be bought in the same forms as
oysters.
58. Preparation of Fish and Shellfish
Dry-Heat Preparation
Baking
Broiling
Grilling
Frying
Deep-Fat Fried
Moist-Heat Preparation
Poaching
Simmering
Steaming
Clambakes are underground steaming.
Microwaving
Raw Fish
Sashimi (raw fish)
59. Storage of Fish and Shellfish
Fresh fish
Fresh fish are best consumed within a day or two of
purchase.
Fish should be stored in the coldest portion of the
refrigerator.
It should also be tightly wrapped to prevent odors
from coming in contact with other foods.
Fresh Shellfish
Fresh shellfish should be eaten the day they are bought.
Crabs, usually sold precooked, should be stored in the
coldest part of the refrigerator and used within a day or
two.
60. Storage of Fish and Shellfish
Frozen
Freezing greatly extends the keeping time of
fish that, depending on the type, can be stored
in the freezer up to nine months.
Thawing
Fish is best thawed by transferring it from the
freezer to the refrigerator one day before
preparation.
Canned and Cured
64. Cereals and Millets
Cereals are normally staple foods which constitute
major consumption by populations of the world
example:
Rice
Wheat
Corn or maize
Sorghum or Jowar or Egyptian millets
Ragi or Bhajra or Millets
65. Pulses and Legumes
These include all kinds of beans, dry peas, lentils,
legumes and dals such as:
Red gram or toor dal, green gram or moong dal, black
gram or urad dal, bengal gram or channa dal, kidney
bean or rajma, white broad beans, yellow beans, soya
beans etc.
67. Nuts
All nuts are about equal in
terms of calories per ounce,
and in moderation, are all
healthy additions to any
diet. It’s a mix of omega-3
fatty acids, protein, and
fiber will help you feel full.
Nuts are high in fiber and
vitamin E, as well as
minerals. Walnuts are rich
in omega-3 fatty acids.
68. Spices
Imagine your food without any spices. Unimaginable, is it?
What are spices? In the culinary arts the word spice refers to any
dried part of a plant, other than the leaves, used for seasoning
and flavoring a recipe, but not used as the main ingredient.
Why not the leaves? Because the green leafy part of a plant used
in this way is considered an herb. Every other part of the plant,
including dried bark, roots, berries, seeds, twigs, or anything else
that isn't the green leafy part, is considered a spice.
70. Coloring
A digestible substance used to give color to food; "food
color made from vegetable dyes“. Color additives are
important components of many products, making them
attractive, appealing, appetizing, and informative.
RED/PINK
Beetroot or Cranberry
YELLOW/ORANGE
Carrots or turmeric powder
71. Flavoring
A substance, such as an extract or spice, that imparts
flavor.
A substance used to give a particular flavor to food or
drink.
E.g.: Vanilla flavoring, chicken cube, Ajinomoto.