The document discusses various types of mechanical injuries including abrasions, contusions, lacerations, incised wounds, stab wounds, and firearm injuries. It provides details on the characteristics of each type of injury, how to determine the age of the injury, and the potential medico-legal importance. For example, abrasions can indicate the site of impact and weapon used. The shape and direction of a stab wound can reveal information about the assailant. Determining the age of wounds is also important for investigating crimes. Firearm injuries require examination by forensic ballistics experts.

1. ॐ शंखं चक्रं जलौकां दधिदमृतघटं चारुदोधभिश्चतुरतमधमि
सूक्ष्मस्वच्छाधतहृद्ांशमक परिधवलसन्मौधलमंभोजनेत्रम॥कालाम्
भोदोज्जज्जवलांगं कधटतटधवलसच्चारूपीतांबिाढ् यम
वन्दे िन्वंतरिं तं धनधखलगदवनप्रौढ़दावाधननलीलम॥

2. © All rights reserved
• Presentation is made for educational purpose only.
• Copyrights of images are reserved by the owner of images.
• The PPT is made from the Book of Dr. Satish Shindadkar Sir.

5. Guided by
1. Dr. Satish Shindadkar Sir
(HOD Agadtantra Department CAMS )
2. Dr. Pravin Firke Sir
(Agadtantra lecturer at CAMS)

6. Pr oj ect by
Akshay deokar (2nd year CAMS) (2017-18)

7. INJURY

8. Defination of Injury
A Wound or Injury is defined as termination of
the natural continuity of any of the tissues of the living
body.
Any physical damage to the body caused by violence or
accident or fracture can be called Injury.
Legally, as per sec.
44 IPC; injury is defined
as any harm caused
illegally to a person i.e. to
his body, mind, reputation
or property.
Under
section
44 IPC.

9. Mechanism of
Injury or Wound:
The body absorbs the natural forces
like gravity,
movement, routine movements like sitting
and walking
by the flexibility/लवधचकता and elasticity /
धस्िधतस्िापकत्व of its soft tissues and rigid
skeletal framework. Wound is due to the
result forces which cross the limits of
elasticity or resistance.

10. Factors which influence the
mechanism of Injury or Wound
1. The amount of force applied which depends on mass
of the object and speed.
2. The distribution of force over the surface of the body is
another factor. eg.If large area of distribution - less the
damage and ifsmall area of distribution - more the dam
age.
3. The transfer of the force through the body is a factor w
hich contributes to the wounding power. If the woundin
g object is eg. Perforating Bullet pass through and thro
ugh the amount of damage is less as compared to Exp
losive Bullet.

11. 4. The resultant damage depends not only on the type of
the mechanical insult but also on the nature of the target
tissue i.e. Muscle, bone, hollow organ like intestine etc
5. Another important factor is the moment of the body in t
he direction of the force which adds up to the wounding. I
f the movement is towards the direction of the force the d
amage is less and if against the direction of the force the
damage is more eg. Catching a cricket ball.

13. Classification
• Aetiological classification
1. Mechanical 1. Abrasions
2. Contusions
3. Lacerations
4. Incised
5. Stab
6. Fire arm
7. Fractures and dislocation
2. Thermal 1) Due to heat - Burns and Scalds
2) Due to cold - Frostbite, Trench foot, Immersion foot
3) Chemical burns
4) Radiation burns - due to x ray, UV rays etc.
5) Electric burns
6) Lightening burns
7) Explosive burns

14. • Medicolegal classification
1) Depending upon severity - Simple injuries and
Grievous injuries.
2) Another classification - Suicidal, homicidal,
accidental, defence and false
3) Depending upon moment of death - Ante mortem
injuries and post mortem injuries.

15. • Other View of Types of Injuries:
1.Self-Inflicted Injuries
2.Defence Injuries
3.Offensive Injuries
4.Unintentional Injuries
5.Fatal and Non-Fatal Injuries

16. 1. Self-inflicted injury

17. 2. Defence injury

18. Unintentional injury

19. 1. Mechanical Injuries
DEFINITION
The mechanical injury is defined as “damage to
any part of the body due to application of mechanical
force”, like Blunt force, Sharp Force and firearms. This d
amage may cause loss of tissue. The injury which is ass
ociated with loss of tissue is usually mentioned to as w
ound.

20. TYPES
1.Abrasions
2.Contusions
3.Lacerations
4.Incised
5.Stab
6.Fire arm
7.Fractures and dislocation

21. Abrasions

22. Abrasions:
ओरखडा – अपघर्षण - खरचणे - घृष्ट व्रण
Abrasions are injuries where there is disconti
nuity in the skin due to loss of superficial epithelial
layer .
(Epidermis) only caused by a hard, blunt and rough obj
ect. These are produced as a result of blow, fall
on a rough surface, slide or being dragged in a
vehicular accident, finger-nails, thorns or teeth bite. Wh
en abrasions are healed there is no permanent scar.

23. Abrasions

24. Characteristics
of Abrasion
They are superficial injuries. They bleed slightly, though
sometimes there may be only lymph exudation. Large
abrasion may be painful and may bleed profusely. The
site of abrasion is site of impact.The following are the
different type of abrasions:
1. Scratches
2. Grazes
3. Perssure Abrasions
4. Imprint Abrasions
5. Other Abrasions
6. Contused Abrasions

25. Medico-legal Importance:
1. Abrasions may be simple in nature but medico-legall
y they are very important. It is usually seen in accide
nts and assaults. Suicidal abrasions are rare.
2. It indicates site of impact and direction of the force.
3. The age of Injury can be known; therefore time of cr
ime can be calculated.
4. Type of weapon of assault.
5. Whether injury is ante mortem or post mortem
6. PM abrasion may result due to assault or due to mis
handling or during shifting of a dead body.

26. Age Changes in Abrasions:
Time - Age Changes
Fresh Bright red
12 to 24 Hrs. Abrasion surface is covered with bright red crust called
scab, due to coagulation of blood
2 to 3 Days Scab colour becomes reddish brown
4 to 7 Days Epithelium covers the defect under the scab
8 to 14 Days Scab dries, shrinks and falls off without leaving any ma
rk due to the process of healing (Normal Skin)

27. Contusions

28. Contusions or Bruises:
मुकामार - अंत:क्षती- पपपचचत व्रण
A contusion is an effusion of
blood into the tissue, due to
rupture of subcutaneous vessels,
usually capillaries. They are caused
by application of blunt force like
fist, lathi/stick, in road traffic accident
hit with a hard object like stone, fall from height,
hammer etc.

29. Contusions

30. Characteristics
1. Usually there is no loss of continuity of skin but may
be associated with abrasions or laceration.
2. When a large blood vessel is injured, haematoma is
formed. The size varies from small pin head to large co
llections of blood in the tissue.
3. Due to the application of force on the skin, the unde
rlying subcutaneous blood vessels rupture, this causes
extravasation of blood in subcutaneous tissues. This is
called ecchymosis.

31. 1. The bruises may be accidental, suicidal, or a homicidal in nature
. Self-inflicted bruises are rare as they are painful.
2. Actually it is simple injury, but contusion of the heart may
cause death. Multiple contusions may cause death from shock
and internal haemorrhage. A contusion may contain 20 to 30 ml
blood
or more.
3. The shape and size of bruise generally correspond to the
object. So, the weapon or object can be identified.
Medico-legal Importance
of Bruises:

32. 4. The age of injury can be determined.
5. In case of fall, sand, dust, mud etc. may be found on the body.
6. The manner of injury may be known from its distribution.
7. Bruises may be artificially produced to make false charges
against someone. These false bruises are produced by
irritants like juices from marking nut, root of chitrak, etc.

33. Age of Brucies
A superficial bruise appears at one as a Bright red discolouration.
A deep bruise may take several hours to two days to appear. Ther
efore, a second examination should be carried out two days later.
Time Changes
Fresh Bright Red
Few hours to 3 days Bluish
4th day Bluish black to brown
5th–6th day Greenish
7th–12th day Yellowish
2 weeks Normal
The colour changes are well appreciated in fair persons as compa
red to dark persons. In healthy persons, changes are faster as co
mpared to sick persons. Ecchymosis situated in deeper tissues do
esn’t show changes in superficial skin.

34. Age of Brucies

35. Laceration

36. Lacerations:
पचरफाड - फाटणे -
Commonly known Wound . Laceration is a wound in which ti
ssues are torn due to heavy, hard and blunt force to the body. They are
also called tears or ruptures. e.g. hit by lathi or blow or in road traffic ac
cidents.

37. Laceration

38. Characteristics
1. It involves injury to some deeper layers and parts o
f body.
2. There may be fracture of bones.
3. Shape and size of injury do not correspond to the w
eapon.
4. The margins are irregular, torn, swollen and contuse
d.
5. Haemorrhage is less because in these vessels are cru
shed and torn across, hence they bleed less.
6. Hair and hair follicles can be crushed..

39. Laceration are of
Following types
1.Split
2.Strech Laceration
3.Avulsions
4.Tears
5.Cut laceration

40. Medico-legal Importance
of laceration:
1. Lacerations are usually seen in accidents an
d assaults.
2. Suicidal lacerations are rare, as they are painf
ul.
3. The type of laceration may indicate the caus
e of injury or the shape of weapon.
4. Foreign matter may be found in the wound, i
ndicate the crime circumstances.
5. These are usually grievous injury.

41. Age of Laceration
Time Changes
Initially Bleeding
After 12-24 Hrs. Clotting
After 18-36 Hrs. Pus formation
After 1 - 2 Wks. Granulation
tissue
After 4 - 8 Wks. Healing of
fractures

42. Incised

43. Incised wound
/ Cut / Slash / Slice wound
It is a wound produced by a sharp
weapon such as knife, blade, scalpel etc. and is
a clean cut through the tissue, which is longer
than its depth.

44. Incised wound

45. Characteristics
1. The edges are smooth, clean cut, everted and free from contusi
ons.
2. If an incised wound is caused by a heavy weapon like gandasa,
the edges of the wound may show contusion.
3. The starting of incised wound (head) is deeper and it gradually
becomes shallower and tails off towards the end. The tailing off of
an incised wound shows the direction by which the weapon was d
rawn off.
4. If the blade of the weapon enters the body obliquely, the tissue
s will be visible at one margin and the other margin will be under
mined (Bevelling cut).

46. Time Changes
Fresh Haematoma formation.
12 Hrs. The edges are red, swollen.
24 Hrs. A scab of dried clot is seen on the wound. Vascular buds begi
n to form.
36 Hrs. The capillary network is complete.
2 to 3 Days The wound is filled with fibroblasts and capillary buds in from
the cut surface.
3 to 5 Days Definite fibrils are seen, vessels show thickening and obliterati
on.
1 to 2 Weeks Scar is formed.
Age of incised wound
If injury is non-gaping, healing is like an abra
sion and results without scarring.

47. Scars of incised wound

48. Medico-legal Importance
of Incised Wound:
1. It indicates the nature of weapon.
2. It gives an idea about the site of impact and direction of the fo
rce.
3. The age of the injury can be determined.
4. Position of wound may indicate mode of action i.e. suicidal, acci
dental or homicidal.
5. The homicidal incised wounds, defence incisions are present on
dorsum of hand, ulnar aspect of forearm or on the palm.
6. P.M. incised wounds may be caused by the criminal to hide cri
me or identity.

49. Stabbing

50. Stab or Punctured Wounds:
भोसकणे
A stab wound is an injury, Caused by
a sharp pointed weapon, when the sharp
tip is thrust into the body.

51. Stabbing wound

52. Carecteristics of
Stabing
1. In stab wound depth is more as compared to breadth.
2. It is caused by sharp, pointed and cutting instruments such as k
nife, dagger, nail, needle, spear, arrow, screw driver etc.
3. Stab wounds are called penetrating wounds when they pass thr
ough tissues, enter a body cavity like thorax or abdomen.
4. A sharp, pointed, cylindrical or conical instrument may produce
a wound with circular margins.
5. When puncture wound is hidden it is called concealed puncture
wound e.g. puncture wound in fontanels, inner canthus of eye, ear
s etc.
6. Healing is usually by scarring

53. Medico-legal Importance
of Stab Wound:
1. Stab wounds are mostly suicidal or homicidal. Accidental woun
ds are rare.
2. Position, number and direction of wounds may indicate mode o
f action i.e. suicidal, accidental or homicidal.
3. The shape of the wound may indicate the class and type of wea
pon.
4. The depth of the wound will indicate the force of penetration.
5. Direction and dimension of the wound indicate the relative posi
tions of the assailant and the victim.
6. The age of the injury can be determined.

54. Circumstances of Incised
and stab wound:
1. Accidental wounds
Usually caused by -
a) Fall upon a sharp edged object.
b) Impact by sharp objects e.g. glass pieces.
c) Unintentional cut or stab by sharp edged or pointed
object e.g. knife, blade, house hold appliance etc.

55. 2. Suicidal wounds
In most of the cases, we may found -
a) Wounds are multiple, parallel, superficial in any one
accessible area of the body, such as neck, wrists, groin
and rarely on backs of legs or on chest.
b) Suicidal cut-throat wounds are usually seen above t
he thyroid cartilage, the direction is from left to right.
Multiple 20 to 30 wounds may be seen on the other p
arts of the body. The cloths are not cut and circumstan
tial evidence may be helpful.

56. c) Unintentional cuts are found on the fingers where th
e blade has been gripped.
d) More than one method may be used for suicide.
e) In right handed persons, the most severe wounds ar
e often fou. nd on the left side of the body.

57. 3. Homicidal wounds
In it -
a) Multiple gaping wounds on any part of the body including
back.
b) Defence wounds may be found.
c) Wounds, particularly on the breast and genitals indicate sexual
offence.

58. Firear
m Inju

59. Firearm injury
1. Forensic Ballistics is the science dealing with the investigation o
f firearms, and the problems arising from their use.
2. Ammunition दारुगोळा - Projectiles, such as bullets and shot, tog
ether with their fuses and primers, that can be fired from guns
or otherwise propelled.
3. A firearm weapon is an instrument which discharges a missile b
y the expansive force of the gases produced by burning of gun
powder.
4. Firearm injury is an injury caused by a firearm weapon.

60. Types of
fire-arm weapons:
1. Smooth bored weapons - Shot gun, Muskets, air g
uns, air pistols etc.
2. Rifled bored weapons - Rifles, hand guns, revolvers,
pistols

61. 1. Smooth Bored or
Shotgun Weapons:
These are heavy weapons carried over the shoulde
r and they have a barrel which is smooth bored inside.
The shotgun may have one barrel or double barrel.The
se guns are usually used by police to control mob, or t
hey are used in killing birds or small animals

62. Shot-gun

63. Air-gun

64. Air-pistol

65. Musket

66. 2. Rifled bore weapons:
Rifling is a process in which spiral grooves are
cut upon the inner surface of the bore to impart rotato
r motion to a ballet. It stabilises the bullet and gives gr
eater accuracy and long for the bullet to hit the target.

67. Rifel

68. Hand-gun

69. Revolver

70. Factors affecting
fire arm injury -
1. Type of fire arm weapon.
2. Type of cartridge.
3. Type of projectile.
4. Muzzle velocity.
5. Range of firing.
6. Angle of firing.
7. Time since firing.
8. Ricocheting of bullet.
9. Part of body struck

71. 2. Injuries due to
associates of missile
Associates Injury caused
Flame Burns, Singeing
Heat Scorching
Smoke and gases Blackening, smoke deposition
Gun powder Tattooing
Wads Abrasion, contusion

72. POST-MORTEM
EXAMINATION of fire arm injuries -
The following steps should be taken while conducting PM of fire-
arm injuries:
1. Record preliminary data.
2. The photograph of front and back view is taken without removi
ng clothes.
3. Examination of clothes should be done carefully by removing wi
thout cutting.
4. All wounds (with scale) on the body should be photographed a
gain after removing the clothes.

73. Medico legal aspects of
fire arm injuries -
1. Suicide by fire arm is seen mostly in males. The weapon is usua
lly found at hand due to cadaveric spasm.
2. In case of homicidal fire arm injury - the weapon will not be fo
und at the scene. There may be evidence of struggle. Variety of w
ounds can occur depending upon the circumstances. The wound i
s usually close range or long range type.
3. Accidental fire arm injuries are rare.
4. When wound of entry present and wound of exit absent
i) Bullet may be lodged in body tissue, bone or clot.
ii) Bullet may be thrown out through natural orifice i.e. through vo
mit, cough or faeces.
iii) Bullet may come out through the wound of entry itself.

74. 5. When - During single firing, single wound of entry b
ut multiple wounds of exit
i) Internal bullet fragmentation.
ii) Bone fragmentation.
iii) Contact or close range firing in shot gun
6. When - During single firing, multiple wounds of entr
y and exit
i) External bullet fragmentation
ii) Long range firing
iii) Depending upon the posture of the body same bull
et may enter through arm, trunk etc.

76. References
1. Siddheshwar Forensic science book – Dr. Satish Shindadkar sir.
2. Forensic notes – Dr. Pravin Firke sir
3. Forensic notes – Dr. Satish Shindadkar sir.
4. Forensic medicine and jurisprudence –S.K.Singhal
5. Google
6. Wikipedia
7. Satayu - By Siddheshwar Ayurved Chikitsalaya

77. Thank you