Building Construction 1

1. WONG TENG CHUN
LIM CHOON WAH
ALEXANDER CHUNG SIANG YEE
LING YUAN MING
JILLIAN GOH JOON JIN
JULIA SHEN JAYA
EVELYN SINUGROHO
MASOUD RAMEDANI
0318538
0311265
1003A78541
0318758
0901G69895
0317774
0318217

2. 1
Golden Hills
Situated at Cameron Highlands, Golden
Hills is an English-inspired commercial
and residential project by LBS Bina
Group Berhad. The site is strategically
located in between two well-developed
centres, Tanah Rata and Brinchang.
Designed with nature and modernity in
harmony, Golden Hills is destined to be
the centre of commercial attraction in
Cameron Highlands. The expected date
of completion is April 2016.
The location is approximately 5,000 feet
above sea level with
the road distance estimated of:
205km from Kuala Lumpur
111km from Ipoh
238km from Penang
and 543km from Johor Bahru
Pic 1: Completed 3-Storey Semi Detached Home
The following sites were
involved in this project
analysis as they are
currently under
development.
Barrington Homes: 50 units
Barrington Square: 381 units
SomerSquare: 412 units
Location Plan
Pic 2 : Master Plan for Golden Hills Location Plan
Introduction
byJiilian Goh Joon Jin

3. TABLE OF CONTENT
1. INTRODUCTION
2. SITE AND SAFETY
3. EXTERNAL WORK
4. FOUNDATION
5. SUPER STRUCTURE
1 . FLOORING SYSTEM
II . FORMWORK, REINFORCEMENT, SCAFFOLDING
III . WALL
IV .STAIRCASE
6. DOOR AND WINDOWS
7. ROOF
8. SUMMARY
9. REFERENCE
1
2 - 9
10 - 19
20 - 24
25 - 30
31 - 40
41 - 49
50 - 55
56 - 60
61 - 73
74
75

4. 2
Site and Safety

5. 3
Site and Safety
SAFETY EQUIPMENT & SIGNBOARD
By Wong Teng Chun
The Department of Occupational Safety and Health (DOSH) and other government agencies
have regulations that lay down the legal requirements to ensure the safety and health of not
only the workers at the place of work but also the public. It is applied to all place of work in
building operation and work
of engineering construction activity in Malaysia covered by the Occupational
Safety And Health Act 1994 (Act 514), the Factories And Machinery Act 1967 (Act 139), and all
the regulations made there under.
Safety Equipment
Everyone that entering the construction site are required to wear safety equipment to
reduce the risk of getting injuries.
Safety helmets made of thermoplastics, help to protect people's head from falling
object from the top. The safety helmet might not be able to fully protect a person's
head but it does reduce the injury on that individual. Safety helmets come in different
colours to indicate the roles of individuals that accessing the site. Yellow and blue are
commonly worn by workers of the site, white by architects, engineers or visitors and
red is by safety agent.
Signboard
Signboards are placed all the place around the construction site to provide the information
and reminder to people around.
Project signboard shows all information that is
involved in the project which includes address
of the site, name of the developer's company,
architect's company, engineer's company,
contractor's company, date approved, beginning
and end of construction date and the funders of
the project.
Safety signboard is placed at the
entrance of the site to remind of the
authorised visitors and workers to wear
safety equipment before entering and
to be caution of the activities inside as it
could heavily injure or kills a person.
Safety helmet
Safety boot

6. Site and Safety
CONSTRUCTION SITE OFFICE
AND WAREHOUSE
By Wong Teng Chun
4
Construction Site Office
A construction site office keeps all the documents and
information about every construction methods, specification
of materials used and work progress. Every visitor to the
site have to report to the constrcution site office to get
permission to enter the site.
Warehouse
All the equipment and materials are kept in a
warehouse that can be found around the construction
site and tend to be tidy and organised. Besides that,
forklift can be found there which is used to transport
heavy materials.
Materials can be transport easily by hanging it on the hoist that can
be found on the ceiling of the warehouse.
The materials and equipments are sort out by category on the
shelft for easier searching when it is in need to use.
Samples in the site office

7. Site and Safety
HOARDING , COVERING,
WHEEL WASHING & SCAFFOLDING
By Wong Teng Chun
5
Hoarding
Temporary fencing or hoarding around
the construction site not only to keep out
unauthorised people but also ensure the
safety of general public and people who
pass by the site area.
Wheel Washing
Trucks or any vehicles that are going out of the construction site are required to undergo washing to
ensure the public road to be clean and not polluted by the dirt and dust from the construction site. There
is a place where it’s lowered ground for vehicles to wash itself and this system is called drive-through
system. The vehicles are drive forward and backward repeatedly washing the wheels until clean before
moving to the public road.
Covering
Any unused materials that are placed on the site are being covered to prevent rainwater and direct sunlight from
reaching it which could damage and distrub the materials’ properties.
Another system for wheel washing is roller
where the wheels vehicles are moved on the
roller and turn around as like the vehicles is
driving while the water are spray on the tire
until it is clean.
Scaffolding
Scaffolding provides a temporary barrier
that prevent workers from falling off
accidentally. It also act as temporary
supporting for the materials and rubbish
chute for easier way to dispose rubbish and
as well as walk way.

8. 6
Plants and Machinery
BACKHOE-LOADER, FORKLIFT &
TELESCOPING-BOOM TRUCK MOUNTED
MOBILE CRANES
By Wong Teng Chun
Backhoe-loader
Used in digging shallow excavations and trenches, general grad-ing,
lifting loads, loading and carry light building materials around
the site. The backhoe bucket can be replaced with others such as
breaker, grapple, auger or stump grinder
Forklift
backhoe
stick cab
Stabilizer legs
bucket
Telescoping-boom
Truck Mounted Mobile
Cranes
tractor
loader
Forklift is used to lift and transport building materials around the site. It is found
near warehouse. It is said to be dangerous and to be handle carefully as the lifting
of the materials increases the height of centre of gravity together with the speed
when transporting c Also called mobile crane, is used in lifting and transporting materi- ausing it to be unstable.
als around the site by hanging it on the hook. It can lift loads up to
5 storey height. It’s function can be changed by changing the hook
into another equipment such as demolition ball, clamshell bucket
or dragline.
Mast assembly
Gauges
Hydraulic
Hose Hose
Keepers
Tilt Cylinder
Fork
Driving
Wheels
Overhead
Guard
Steering
Wheels
hook
boom
Operator
cab
main boom
tip (head)
main hoist
truck cab

9. Plants and Machinery
TRUCK, CONCRETE MIXER TRANSPORT
TRUCK, CEMENT MIXER & EXCAVATOR
7
By Wong Teng Chun
Truck
A big transportation vehicles that
used to transport huge amount of
excavated materials over a long
distance.
Concrete mixer transport Truck
A transportation vehicles that transport readily mixed concrete in a large quantities to the
construction site. During the transportation, the drum of the truck rotates continuously
to prevent the cement from hardening and maintaining in liquid form with a spiral blade
build inside the drum. When the truck pouring the cement, the drum rotates in opposite
directions to force the cement flows out from the drum.
Cement Mixer
A device used to mix the cement,
aggregate and water to form concrete.
The cement mixer is portable and can be
found at the site as it helps for the workers
to apply the concrete before it hardens.
Excavator is a vehicles that
used in digging trenches
and holes, handling
materials and demolition.
side cutter
bucket
arm
bucket
cylinder
arm cylinder boom
boom cylinder
cab
muffler counterweight
drum
Excavator
Hydraulic
Pile Driver
It is a device that is
used to drive piles
into the ground to
provide foundation
support for the
buildings. The weight
is raised by hydraulics
to the highest point
and then released and
smashes on the pile to
drive into the ground.

10. Plants and Machinery
TRACTOR, BULLDOZER & ROAD ROLLERS
Tractor By Wong Teng Chun
Tractor’s main task in building site is to
push or drag. It can be equipped with dozer
blades, buckets, hoes and rippers.
8
Bulldozer
This vehicle is equipped with a substantial metal plate at the front and is
used to push a large quantities of soil, sand or rock during construction.
Bulldozer also equipped with continuous track instead of tires which allows
the vehicles to go through uneven ground easily.
Road Rollers
Road roller also sometimes called a roller
compactor or roller. The function of this vehicle
is to compact the ground with its large and
heavy metal tires at the front of the vehicle.
It is very useful as it reduces the time of the
construction and the labour costs for land
flattening. Roller also can be used in landfills,
road construction and agriculture.
hydraulic cylinder
pushing beam
blade
roller drum

11. Plants and Machinery
POWER TROVEL, BAR BENDING MACHINE,
WATER PUMP & AIR COMPRESSOR
9
By Wong Teng Chun
Power Trovel
Power trowel is a device used to apply a smooth
and flat finish to concrete slabs. It consists of fan
type abrasive blades moving on the surface of the
concrete slabs with moving motors. There are two
type of power trowel; ride-on power trowel and
walk-behind power trowel.
Water Pump
Bar Bending Machine
A machine used to bend rebar according to specifications. It is
portable and can be found and move around at the site.
Water pump is used to suck out
the water in the construction site,
preventing in flooding and channel
it outside the site. The flow of
water pump can be reversed by
turning the fan of the motor in
Air Compressor
This devices convert power into kinetics energy by compressing and pressuring
air and release it in a quick burst. Air compressor is used filling tires and supply a
moderate amount of air pressure for tools and equipment such as jackhammers.
opposite direction.
Ride-on power trowel Walk-behind power trowel

12. External Work
By Ling Yuan Ming
10
EXTERNAL WORKS

13. External Work
By Ling Yuan Ming
11
EARTHWORK AND SETTLING OUT
EARTHWORK
SETTLING OUT
Earthwork are engineering works. They are created through the moving and processing part of the
earth’s surfaces which includes soil and rock. Theses soil and rock may be trasnfered to another
location. Most earthwork involves machine excavation and backfillling.
Settling out involves marking out the site to indicate foundation trenches are to be dug as
well as the position of the walls on the oncrete foundation. Wooden profiles are firmly placed
into the ground, on which strings can be fixed, the position of which can be transferred to the
ground to indicate the trench and wall positions.
Once the profiles are in, the string lines for the outer edge of the trench are checked to
ensure that the diagonals are equal - showing that the house will be built “square”. If the
diagonals are not equal, then reposition some profiles and check again.
Steps in Settling out :
1. Identify the minimum sizes for foundation
2. Setting out corner profiles
3. Marking out foundation and wall thickness
4. Marking out on the ground from the profiles
5. Excavation of foundation
6. Setting out levels for the height of the concrete
7. Pouring concrete for the strip foundation
8. Compacting and levelling out concrete

14. External Work
By Ling Yuan Ming
12
SITE LAYOUT
SITE OFFICE
Located on an empty land that will future developed not
far from the main road.
Site office buildings are fundamental for smooth running operation. The site office keeps all data,
documents and information about every construction method, specifications of materials and work
progresses. Every visitor to the site have to report to the construction office to obtain permission. It can be
either permanent or portable; usually portable and made from a container.
3 storey semi-detached
townhouse
Double storey
townhouse
Bungalow Lots Shop Apartment
Shop Apartment
Site Office and
Labour relation
Water Detention and
Lake Promenade
Commercial/
Villa/Hotel
Water Treatment Plant

15. External Work
TOILET By Ling Yuan Ming
13
LABOUR RELATION
SITE LAYOUT
Of the many reasons, containers are used as they
are economical, durable, flexible and easy to install.
In Cameron Highlands, the containers are arranged
in a U-shape forming the site office and is covered
by zincalume roof supported by the usual wooden
beams.
There are a few temporary
toilet around the site. They are
constructed just using plywood and
also zincalume sheet for a shelter
roof. The function of a temporary
toilet and any toilets does not
differ, only that the latter will be
demolished when the construction
is done.
Rows of temporary accommodation were built by and for the foreign workers. These workers live nomadically and stays on every
construction site they go to. In Cameron Highlands, their temporary staying place/shelter is made of plywood and zincalume roof too. The
shelter are slightly raised from the ground to prevent flooding and water entry whenever heavy rain hits.
SITE OFFICE
*Red box indicating the roof

16. External Work
By Ling Yuan Ming
14
SEWERAGE / WATER TREATMENT
Pipes from each house or building will flow to a sewer main. Repeatedly, a vertical pipe will run
up from the main to the surface where it is covered by a manhole cover. Manholes are present
to allow access to the main for maintenance purposes.
From there, the sewer mains will flow into sequentially larger pipes until they arrive at the
wastewater treatment plant. The type of pipe used in sewage is Vitrified Clay Pipe (VCP). VCP
is used as it has resistance to almost all domestic waste, particularly sulfuric acid by hydrogen
sulfide (a common component in sewage). A sewer system is completely gravity-powered. In
order for gravity to do its job, the wastewater plant are usually located on lower grounds.
PROCESS
Once the water reaches the plant, it will go through several stages of treatment. The first stage
is known as a primary treatment where it allows the solids to settle out of the water and the scum
to rise. The system will then collect the solids for disposal, usually in a landfill or an incinerator.
Note that
manhole covers
are circular,
aren’t square
or rectangle so
that the cover
will not have
the chance
to fall into the
main.
The second stage, secondary treatment is carried out to remove organic materials and nutrient.
Air and is pumped into large aeration tanks mixing wastewater and sludge that stimulates the
growth of oxygen-using bacteria. These beneficial bacteria will consume the organic materials and
produce heavier particles that will settle later on. The wastewater passes through the bubbling
tanks in three to six hours. This secondary treatment will remove 90% of all solids and organic
materials.
The third and last treatment before discharging the effluent is the tertiary treatment. This
treatment uses chemicals to remove phosphorus and nitrogen from the water. Chlorine is added
too to kill bacteria. The water is then discharged into nearby river.

17. External Work
By Ling Yuan Ming
15
WATER RETICULATION
Multiple construction developers are carrying out their own projects in that and its neighbouring area. Due to the massive
construction in that area, the Government has requested the developer to have their own water tank to supply water to the
inner residential than relying on the existing water tank outside.
There are a few types of water tank, overhead, underground and rest on ground. In Cameron Highlands, the water tank
belongs to the one that rests on the ground. This is due to its aesthetical view of its surrounding and also the design of the
construction. Situated on a hill, the height is sufficient and perfect.
TEMPORARY WATER TANK PERMANENT WATER TANK
This temporary water tank gets water supply from the main pipe. It is to supply the foreign workers with clean source of water
to carry out daily activities such as drinking, cooking, showering and also for construction purposes. This water tank is built
much earlier before the permanent water tank is built and will be demolished at the end of the project.
A larger permanent water tank is built on top of a hill situated
more to the front. The purpose of this is to replace the
permanent water tank and also supply for the entire residential
are in the future, not only for this particular developer.

18. External Work
By Ling Yuan Ming
16
This station is available
beside both the
temporary and also the
permanent water tank.
There are two types of
pump, to suck and to
push. The suck type will
draw more water from
the main pipe to the
tank whereas the push
type will take water from
the tank and deliver it
outward. The one in
Cameron Highlands
belongs to the pushing.
Booster pumps are
used here so that the
water supply can reach
over a long distance
and still maintaining the
water pressure.
The image shows a pressuring reducing valve. This valve
will control the water pressure of the water released to
prevent high pressure from damaging the certain utilities
that cannot handle.
WATER RETICULATION
WATER PUMP STATION

19. External Work
By Ling Yuan Ming
17
Also known as retarding basin or a detention pond, a detention basin is an excavated area which is connected to
rivers or streams. The purpose of detention pond is to protect against flooding or downstream erosion by storing
rainwater for a period of time. It also controls some pollutants such as suspended soils.
A detention basin differs from a retention basin as it does not have a permanent pool of water. The basic function of this detention
basin is allowing large flows of water to enter but limits the outflow by having a small opening at a lowest point of the structure.
WALL STRUCTURE
The type of wall used in the detention basin is Gabion Wall. It
is a type of retaining wall that is made up of stacked stone-filled
gabions tied together with wire.
Gabions are usually stacked backwards, stepped back with the
slop and not arranged vertically.
This arrangement made it strong to perform its function which is to
stabilize places like shorelines, stream banks and slopes against
corrosion. The strength of the Gabion wall depends on the wire used,
no the content. A more commonly used wire is galvanized steel wire
but other types such as PVC coated and stainless steel are used too.
EXTENDED DETENTION DRY BASIN

20. External Work
By Ling Yuan Ming
18
STREETLIGHTS
Streetlights belongs to one of the final
installments in a construction work,
therefore they’re not erected yet in the
construction but some are available on
the road outside, linking the main road
and the construction site.
Streetlights are also known as lamp
posts and street lamps. They are the
sources of light which are raised from the
edge of the ground or also between two
opposite direction lanes. Their function
is to proide light and shine giving a clear
vision for road users in bad weather or
nighttime.
There are a few sources that powers
the lights, namely electricity, solar or
wind. The electricity powered lights can
be further broken down into underground
wiring and also the more commonly
used, wiring from one to another.
In Cameron Highlands, the streetlight belongs to underground wiring to maintain the aesthetic view.
Wiring from one to another Underground wiring

21. External Work
By Ling Yuan Ming
19
RETAINING WALL SYSTEM
Leucaena seed are used to prevent soil erosion and protect hilly soil.
Contruction of three storey semi detached
These seed are usually planted in horizontal bands which go
horizontal with each bands four to 6 metres apart. Each band will then
have 2 rows of seeds.
Before
After
It usually takes approximately three to four years to fully grow a laecaena seed, until it’s big enough to protect the hillside.
In Cameron Highlands, these seed is planted on the hillside behind the three storeys semi-detached.

22. 20
Foundation.

23. Foundation
Reinforce Concrete Pile
by Evelyn Sinugroho
21
Reinforce Concrete Pile Introduction
Piling Process
Before Piling Installation During Piling Installation After Piling Installation
Site Clearing and Locate Piles
Piles shall be positioned as indicated on the approved pile loca-tion
drawings. Pilings shall be located not more than twelve (12)
inches from design location on the Pile Location Drawing, unless
approved otherwise by the contractor’s design Engineer. Remove
any encountered obstructions, or add/relocate pile and adjacent
piles as required by the pile layout designer.
Drive in Piles
Drive each pile continuously until refusal. Avoid interruptions in
the driving process that may cause soil freeze-up resulting in early
refusal. In order to allow some time for clay soil to remold without
significantly rebounding upward, at Refusal, maintain the hydraulic
jack pressure for a minimum period of 5 minutes before removing
the jack.
Pile Caps
After completion of the driving process, temporarily cap
and shim off the pile to prevent pile rebound. Install
specified pile cap horizontally on top of the driven pile
segment and install shims. After all piles are installed,
adjust all pile caps and shims as required to correct any
shims that may have been dislodged during the driving of
adjacent piles to
provide full contact bearing at pile locations.
Precast Concrete Pile are commonly to be constructed in a casting yard and transported to the job site.
They are either regularly reinforced or prestressed to resist handling and driving stresses. Precast
concrete piles may be manufactured full length or in sections which can be spliced during installation.
These piles are suitable as friction piles when driven in sand or clay, or as an end bearing piles when driven
through soft materials to firm strata.

24. Foundation
Reinforce Concrete Pile
by Evelyn Sinugroho
22
Rock Shoe
PileMaterialandProduction
Precast concrete piles : commonly manufactured in square and ranging from about 250 mm to about 450 mm,
with a maximum section length of up to about 20 m.
They are made of concrete, yams, threads, filaments or the like having a basis of a thermoplastic material
CAPACITY OF PILE
The maximum allowable structural working load (Safe
Working Load) of the pile is calculated in accordance with
BS 8004.
Extension of pile driving
The piles are hammered in one by one until it reaches a certain depth or until it reaches
the bed rock. Each pile has a length of the of 20 metres, if needed extension, another pile
will be added on top of it. The excess length of the pile will be cut off, then a pile cap will
be set on top of it.

25. Foundation
Reinforced Concrete Pile
by Evelyn Sinugroho
23
Pile Cap Detailings
Pile Cap Construction Process
1.Shuttering and Reinforcing
Placing the Re-bar inside the frame work before pouring in the cement. The materials used are long
twisted steel bars between piles held in shape by thinner tie wires.
2. Setting up Framework
Once the steel mat is laid, timber is attached around the perimeter to contain the wet concrete
mixture.
3.Pouring in the Concrete
The concrete contains an aggregate of small rocks and cement. Once poured, The concrete is
stirred to remove any air pockets that might weaken the structure when set. The concrete undergoes
an exothermic chemical change as it hardens and this produce a lot of heat.
Pile Cap Elevation
Column
Expansion
joint
Pile Cap
Pile
Floor Slab
Crushed Stones
Pile Cap
PileCap Section
Reinforce Bar N3
Reinforce Bar N2
Reinforce Bar N1
Pile
Mud Slab
N1
N2/N3
Pile Cap Plan

26. Foundation
Reinforced Concrete Pile
by Evelyn Sinugroho
24
Column Load
Spaced 2’-6” to 4’-0”
Load Bearing Wall
Reinforced Concrete
Grade
Standing Pile Foundation
Piles depend on the bearing
resistance of the rock or soil layer
beneath their feet for support
Pile Section
Steel Shoe
or
Rock Shoe
Reinforce Steel Bar
Concrete
Pile Foundation
Elevation
Thikness
:3”
Thickness :6”
Thickness may vary from
column load
Types of Pointed Pile
Shoe
X-pointed shoe: Moderate to hard driving Fabricated Pointed Shoe: Normal hard driving
Cast-iron Pointed Shoe: Normal hard driv-ing
Olso Point: Hard Driving

27. 25
Flooring System

28. Flooring System
Material & details by Masoud Ramedani
26
Floors are combination of materials in to a horizontal structure. It should support
both the live load which are people and furnishing , and dead loads such as the
weight of floor it self. The most important thing about floor system is to take the
weight and the pressure and than transfer it to the walls or columns. Floors also are
important for being sound resistance between the levels and being fire proof
Rebar
Braces
Welded Wires
Cement/Concrete

29. Flooring System
by Masoud Ramedani
27
Different floor systems
There are 3 different type of floor system , concrete , wood/timber & steel
Wood/Timber floor system
The wood or timber floor system , usually use in the framing , as an example for the roof and most of the time for top parts they use wood or timber
,
Wood floor system is easier to use , and at the same time is it faster as well , can also connect them in a faster way with simple tools
Here are some examples to show the connection of the wood floor systems and Wood framing method.
Carpet
Plywood
Filling
Felt
Steel
Bracket
Wood Beams

30. Flooring System
Construction Method by Masoud Ramedani
First of all they make a Foundation , after that building the platform framing.
Joists, studs, rafters and plates are the members that are used to construct
platform framing.
After that the sand blinding and the minimum of 100mm concrete will be poured in
to the platform.
28
Steel Floor System
Basically steel frame has some benefits over the others , that’s why
now days they try to use steel frame work in their building as floor
system method.
Steel , is cheaper material and lighter as well , hence even these
two reasons can be enough to use this type of method for the floor
system to use. But this is not the end, Steel is a recycle material ,
which means they can use them more times than other materials
and even when it was out of work they can sell it because it is a
recycle material , which means it is more beneficial. Also steel can
be tensioned that is very good to use with the concrete since the
concrete has expansion in some cases.
Here are some examples of the Steel frame method
Rebar
Reinforced
Concrete
Stone Rebar
Wood
Beams
Steel Column
Concrete
Slab
Steel Deck
Filler Beams
Girder
Steel Bracket

31. Flooring System
by Masoud Ramedani
29
Concrete Floors
For the concrete floor system method , there
are two types , either they mix the concrete
at the site or they just bring the mixed and
ready concrete it and pour it , they mix the
cement and sand and other mixtures , they
pour into the platform that they made
before in the site.
After they made it clear and straight surface ,
than the drying process will start. They also
have to cover it , so the rain or dust won’t
affect on the quality of the job.
Parallel Grooved
Concrete Floor
Cement Flooring
Cement floors will be used in some
other special places as ground
levels that they want to put other
materials at the top of it as
ceramics or tiles.
In this type of flooring they pour
some sand or stones first and after
that they put cement on it and wait
for the drying process and after
that they finish it with putting some
tiles or ceramics at the top.
-Non–Slip and highly wear resistant.
-Applied on parking lot
-Applied on ramp
Concrete Floor
-Applied on area which frequently
exposed to water
-More durable smooth concrete.
5cm thickness
of cement
Ceramic tiles
Cement
Stone or Sand

32. Flooring System
by Masoud Ramedani
30
Advantages & disadvantages of all three different methods of floor
systems
Concrete Wood/Timber Steel
Advantages Disadvantages Advantages Disadvantages Advantages Disadvantages
• Abundance
• Cheap
• Familiar
construction
technique
• Strength
• Durability
• Low in tensile
strength
• Need reinforcement
• Loses the shape in
different temperature
• Fast
• Light
• Quickly
assembled
• High fire
resistance
rating
• Expensive
• Only 3times can
be used
• Heavy
• Lighter than
timber
• Stronger
• Easier to join
• Recyclable
• Hard to find
• Rare material
• Expensive material

33. 31
Formwork, Reinforcement, and Scaffolding.

34. Formwork, Reinforcement,
& Scaffolding
SCAFFOLDING
by Alexander Chung Siang Yee
32
The temporary structure required to support newly placed concrete,
including the forms and all necessary supporting members, bracing, and
hardware. Boarding or sheeting of wood, metal, plastic, or fiberglass for
containing and giving a desired shape to newly placed concrete until it sets
and gains sufficient strength to be self-supporting. Then it will be removed
to be reuse in most cases.
Type of formwork.
The formwork appication we've found on our site are woodform work and metal (aluminium) formwork. this is an application of system
formwork
Aluminium formwork wall panel
• The formwork is specifically designed to allow rapid construction on all types of
architectural layout.
• ToTal system forms the complete concrete structure.
• Custom designed to suit project requirements.
• Unsurpassed construction speed.
• high quality finish.
• cost effective.
• panels can be reused up to 300 times.
• erected using unskilled labour.
• environmental friendlier than other systems.
• higher cost compared to timber formwork.
• require sepcial tools to assemble and dissemble
Supplier: MPE FORMWORK TECHNOLOGY SDN. BHD.
wood formwork wall panel
• easier to handle due to its light weight.
• Custom designed to suit project requirements.
• an aesthetically pleasing architectural effect can be achieved.
• lower initial cost than steel formwork
• higher availbility.
• panels can be reused up to 3-5 times. with treatment such as paint and oil.
• highly depending on the quility and treatment to the wood.
• erected using unskilled labour
• it requires no special tools..

35. Formwork, Reinforcement,
& Scaffolding
SCAFFOLDING
by Alexander Chung Siang Yee
33
FORM LINER,
material for linning the inside face of a form special-ly
selected to impart a smooth or patterned finish to
the concrete surface
RELEASE AGENT,
ANY VARIOUS MATERIALS, SUCH AS OIL OR
SILICONE, FOR PREVENTING THE BONDING
OF CONCRETE TO A SURFACE. ALSO CALLED
PARTING COMPOUND. IN OUR SITE, DIESEL
OIL ARE APPLIED ONTO THE WOODFORM
WORK.
BULKHEAD
A PARTITION CLOSING THE END OF A FOAM
OR PREVENTING THE PASSAGE OF NEWLY
PLACED CONCRETE AT A CONSTRUCTION
JOINT.
WALER
A HORIZONTAL TIMBER OR STEEL BEAM FOR
REINFORCING VARIOUS VERTICAL MEMBERS,
AS IN FORMWORK OR SHEET PILING, OR FOR
RETAINING EARTH AT THE EDGE OF AN EM-BANKMENT.
ALSO CALLED BREAST TIMBER,
RANGER, WALE.
YOKE
A CLAMPING DEVICE FOR KEEPING COLUMN
FORMS OR THE TOPS OF WALL FORMS FROM
SPREADING UNDER THE FLUID PRESSURE OF
NEWLY
finishing effects
BRACING
WOOD STUDS,
SPREADER
A HORIZONTAL TIMBER OR STEEL BEAM FOR
REINFORCING VARIOUS VERTICAL MEMBERS,
AS IN FORMWORK OR SHEET PILING, OR FOR
RETAINING EARTH AT THE EDGE OF AN EM-BANKMENT.
ALSO CALLED BREAST TIMBER,
RANGER, WALE.

36. Formwork, Reinforcement,
& Scaffolding
SCAFFOLDING
by Alexander Chung Siang Yee
34
BRACE
NAILED TO SOLDIER AND KICK-ER.
SHUTTER
SOLDIIERS
NAILED TO SIDE SHUTTER
BATTEN
PLYWOOD FORMS CAN BE
SMOOTH, OR BE SANDBLASTED
OR WIREBRUSHED TO ACCEN-TUATE
THE GRAIN PATTERN OF
THE FACE PLY. PICTURE BELOW
IS AN EXAMPLE OF THE APPLI-CATION.
Formtie
formtie are required to keep form spreading under the
fluid pressure of newly places concrete. while various
property fomrs are available, there are two basic type
snap ties and she bolts, but only snap ties are used in
this site.
Snap ties
it has notches or crimps that allow their ends to be
snapped off below the concrete surface after stripping
of the forms. either cones or washers are used to main-tain
the correct wall thickness
Small, truncated cone of wood,
steel, or plastic, attached to form
tiesto space and spread wall
forms, leave a neatly finished
depression in the concrete sur-face
to be filled or left expose
Formwork member:

37. Formwork, Reinforcement,
& Scaffolding
SCAFFOLDING
by Alexander Chung Siang Yee
35
STUD PIN
IT IS INSERTED INTO THE
BRACING BRACCING
STIRRUP TO LINK WALL
PANEL TOGETHER.
INSTALLATION:
A WALL PANEL ARE SET VERTICALLY. THEN, A BOLT ARE INSERTED
THROUGH AN OPENING TO A WALL TIE OR BRACE STIRRUP WHICH IS
ALLIGN ON THE OTHER END; A STUD WILL SLOT INTO THE OPENING
ON THE BOLT TO LOCK THE STUD PIN. THIS METHOD WILL REPEAT
UNTIL THE WALL ARE SET INTO THE DESIRED SHAPE.
WALL TIE/BRACE STIR-RUP
IT IS INSERTED INTO THE
BRACING BRACCING
STIRRUP TO LINK WALL PANEL
TOGETHER.
STRIPPING TOOL
DISMANTLING TOOL THAT
REMOVE FORMWORK PANEL
AFTER CONCRETE ALBE TO
SELF-SUSTAIN.
OTHER APPLICATION
FORMWORK ARE USED TO CONSTRUCT SOME DIF-FERENT
FORM FOR SPECIFIC PURPOSES.
IN THIS CASE, FORMWORK ARE APPLIED IN ORDER
TO
CONSTRUCT A PILE CAP.
Formwork member:

38. Formwork, Reinforcement,
& Scaffolding
SCAFFOLDING
by Alexander Chung Siang Yee
36
in a reinforced concrete, steel bars/rebars resist tensile forces and shear
while concrete resists compression force. there are 2 types of rebar: plain
or deformed. deformation improve the bond between steel and concrete.
DOWELS
IT IS TIES TO A COLUMN TO
SUPPORT BEAM AND SLAB. IT IS
ALSO USED TO EXTEND
OVERLAP VERTICAL BAR EXTEND
DOWN INTO FOOTIG OR PILE CAP
FAR ENOUGH TO DEVELOP
ADEQUATE LENGTH FOR
ANCHORAGE.
LATERAL TIES
LATERAL REINFOREMENT RE-STRAINS
THE VERTICAL REIN-FORCEMENT
AND STRENGTHENS
THE COLUMN AGAINST BUCK-LING.
IMAGE BELOW SHOW THE
APPLICATION.
MILD STEEL REBAR
IT HAS MANY APPLICATION INSIDE
A CONSTRUCTION SIDE. IT IS OF-TEN
USED IN CONSTRUCTING
A COLUMN AND DEFORM INTO
DESIRED SHAPE FOR OTHER US-AGE.
THE FOLLOWING IMAGE ARE
SOME OF THE APPLICATIONS.
COLUMN
FINAL PRODUCT THAT HAS BEEN
BEND INTO SPECIFICATION.
BAR BENDING MACHINE
IT IS USED TO BEND THE REBAR
ACCORDING TO SPECIFICATIONS.
PILE CAP

39. Formwork, Reinforcement,
& Scaffolding
SCAFFOLDING
by Alexander Chung Siang Yee
37
BRC WIRE MESH
IT IS OFTEN USED IN CONSTRUCTING
FLOOR SYSTEM.

40. Formwork, Reinforcement,
& Scaffolding
SCAFFOLDING
by Alexander Chung Siang Yee
38
scaffolding is a temporary structure or platform for supporting
workers and materials at a height above the floor or ground duriong the
construction or repair of a building. also called staging. it also support
construction activirties like concreting, formwork installation. besides, it
is set to temporary structures such as rubbish chute, catch platform, walk
way, safety net etc.
LGITH SCAFFOLDING
IT IS COMMONLY USED IN THIS
SITE.
PICTURE ON THE RIGHT SHOWS A
SERIES OF SCAFFOLD ARE
SUPPORTING WALKING BOARD
FOR WORKERS TO WORK ABOVE
GROUND LEVEL.
WORKERS ARE TRYING TO HOIST
UP THE VERTICAL FRAME FROM
GROUND LEVEL TO LEVEL ABOVE.

41. Formwork, Reinforcement,
& Scaffolding
SCAFFOLDING
by Alexander Chung Siang Yee
39
Scaffolding member:
JET BASE
IT HAS
ADJUSTABKE
LEVELING
FEATURE WHICH
ALLOW THE
WORKER TO
ADJUST DESIRED
HEIGHT. A PIN IS
SET INTO THE
HOLE OF INNER
TUBE, THEN
SLIDING THE
SCREW POSITION
TO CERTAIN
LEVEL..
INNER TUBE
JOINT PIN
IT ALLOW VERTI-CAL
FRAME EX-TEND
ITS HEIGHT
BY JOINING AN-OTHER
FRAME
ABOVE IT.
HEAD
IT HAS A CLAMP
OR BRACE FOR
STRENGTHENING
OR HOLDING MET-AL
BAR.
IN THIS CASE IT
ACT AS A BASE TO
ACCOMODATE THE
SITUATION.
HEAD
IT HAS A CLAMP
OR BRACE FOR
STRENGTHEN-ING
OR HOLD-ING
METAL
BAR TO EN-ABLE
WALKING
BOARD CAN
LAY ON A EVEN
SURFACE.
CROSS BRACE
TWO DIAGONAL
SUPPORT PLACED
IN A X SHAPED
MANNER THAT
CONNECT VER-TICAL
FRAME TO
EACH OTHER..

42. 40
FALSEWORK
THE TEMPORARY FRAMWORK FOR SUPPORTING A STRUCTURE UNDER CONSTRUCTION THAT IS NOT YET CAPABLE OF SUPPORTING IT-SELF.
IN THIS CASE, SCAFFOLDING ARE USED AS SUPPORTING MEMBER. THE SCAFFOLDING WILL BE REMOVE ONCE THE STRUCTURE HAS
GAIN ENOUGH STREGHT TO SELF-SUPPORT.

43. 41
Wall System.

44. Super Structure
WALL SYSTEM
by Alexander Chung Siang Yee
42
Wall are the vertical construction of a building that enclose seperate,
and protect its interior spaces. some wall are constructed as loadbear-ing
structure with combination or fusion of construction that are intend to
support loads from slabs to roofs; and some use as partition wall to distin-guish
one space with other.
Function of walls:
1. To support vertical load
2. Exteriior wall, able to withstand hori-zontal
wind loading.
3. Serve as shear walls and transfer
lateral win and seismic forces to the
ground foundation..
Types of wall (at site):
1. concrete wall
2. mansory wall.
3. retaining wall.
concrete wall mansory wall
retaining wall

45. 43
Super Structure
WALL SYSTEM
Construction of Concrete Wall: by Alexander Chung Siang Yee
BEAM,
OVERHAND CENTILEVER,
SLAB.
1st step
Prepare timber formwork.
2nd step
Nailed to side shutter
3rd step
Erect formwork
4th step
Concrete mix is poured into
formwork
5th step
Formwork is removed
6th step
Completed reinforece concrete
shear wall

46. Super Structure
WALL SYSTEM
by Alexander Chung Siang Yee
44
Construction of Concrete column:
1ST STEP
PREPARE TIMBER FORMWORK.
2ND STEP
NAILED TO SIDE SHUTTER
3RD STEP
ERECT FORMWORK
4TH STEP
CONCRETE MIX IS POURED INTO FORMWORK
5TH STEP
FORMWORK IS REMOVED
6TH STEP
COMPLETED REINFORECE CONCRETE SHEAR WALL
FOR ALUMINIUM FORMWORK SEE
TUPIC FORMWORK, REINFORMENT,
AND SCAFFOLDING.
CONSTRUCTION METHOD OF CONCRETE
COLUMNS ARE SIMILAR TO CONCRETE WALL.

47. 45
Super Structure
WALL SYSTEM
by Alexander Chung Siang Yee
Mansory wall consist of modular building blocks bonded together with
mortar to form walls that are durable, fire-resistant, and structurally
efficient in compression. In our site, clay brick are commonly use due to
its thermal insulation property. Most of the wall (semi-detached house)
are non-load bearing except wall that seperate the two house and related
wall. There is a wall warranty that cover first 5 years only.
Clay brick.
Rowlock.
Mansory at at top
level.
Running bond.
commonly used for
cavity and veneer
walls, is composed of
overlapping strechers.

48. Super Structure
WALL SYSTEM
by Alexander Chung Siang Yee
46
in a reinforced concrete, steel bars/rebars resist tensile forces and shear
while concrete resists compression force. there are 2 types of rebar: plain or
deformed. deformation improve the bond between steel and concrete.
Chicken Wire mesh
or Exmet
Reinforcement
component that apply
to reinforece concrete
every 4 course
brickwall.
Cement or Mortar
Dowel Bars
It is fixed to reinforce
concrete wall about
every 4 course
brickwall.
Damp proof Concrete
Ensure the first layer of bricks placed
within the damp proof membrane area.

49. 47
Super Structure
WALL SYSTEM
by Alexander Chung Siang Yee
Typical erection at selected site:
1st stage
substrate must be clean, and free of
surface contaminat. Remove dust,
laitance, grease, oils, curing compound,
form release agent and all foreign
particles by mechanical means. create a
floor slab before start laying claybrick.
2nd stage
apply damp proof concrete
whence, this site has been
using Sika product as their
building material.
3rd stage
Gauging method are carried
out to ensure that the correct
designation of mortar is
achieved. In our selected
site, cement, lime, sand, are
used to construct reinforce
concrete wall. This particular
type of material, the working
quality are guarantee, water
retention, and adhesion.
4th stage
Start laying brick on top of the slab
and apply the mixture to adhensive the
following claybrick in a running english
order. A manson’s line act as a guide to
set bricks in a straight row.
5th stage
Remove the excessive mortar
to prepare a clean surface for
plastering work.
Sika apply inside toilet wall system to prevent water
penetration from attacking the material.

50. Super Structure
WALL SYSTEM
by Alexander Chung Siang Yee
48
Concrete beading
Act a guide or plaster work
to straighten the edges, act
as a guide line and often use
on arc. Corner beading
Act as a reinforce
exterior angles of
plasterwork. Flexible
corner beads may be
bent for curve edges.
In this case the edge
of this wall has used
F-reveal at the corner.
In this photograph,
a F-reveal also
has been applied
to the column for
plasterwork.
Concrete beading
also been use at a
curve arc.
Use nylon threat act
as a guide line to get
straight the beading
straight.

51. 49
Super Structure
WALL SYSTEM
by Alexander Chung Siang Yee
Brick Wall Extrude
inward to create
requried degree
space of acoustical
seperation, and
accommodate
when necessary the
distribution and outlets
of mechanical and
electrical
This illustration shows
a fire alarm box set into
the hollow on brickwall
afterward.
In this case, the wall
has extrude inward
to accomodate the
electrical system of the
building.
Process of Plasterwork:
Substrate surface preparation
shall provide a clean and sound
surface with a finish profile of a
CSP-1 to 4 as per ICRI Technical
Guidlines.
Pre-soak to provide saturated
surface dry (SSD) substrate
condition before apply coating
material.
Apply 2 coats of SikaTop Seal
107 with a stiff bristled brush,
broom, notched trowel, or hopper
type spray equipment.

52. 50
Staircase

53. 51
Stairs are important links in an overall circulation scheme of a building as it provide
means for moving from one level to another. Whether interjecting a two-story volume or
rising through a narrow shaft, a stairway takes up a significant space. The most
important considerations in the design and placement of stairs are the safety and its
ease of travel. To prevent overly complicated framing conditions at the later stages of
construction, the landings of a stairway should be logically integrated with the structural
system.
Terminology
Step: The step is composed of the tread and riser.
Tread: The part of the stairway which is stepped on.
Riser: The vertical portion between each tread on the stair.
Nosing: An edge part of the tread that protrudes over the riser beneath.
Bullnose: Where stairs are open on one or both sides, the first step above the lower
floor may be
wider than the other steps and rounded.
Stringer: The structural member that supports the treads and rises.
Winders: Winders are steps that are narrower on one side than the other. They are
used to change the direction of the stairs without landings.
Trim: Normally applied where walls meet floors and often underneath treads to hide the
reveal where the tread and riser meet/
Handrail: The angled member for handholding, as distinguished from the vertical
balusters which hold it up for stairs that are open on one side.
Guardrail: Required to protect the open glazed sides of stairways, ramps, porches, and
unenclosed floor and roof openings.
Gooseneck: The vertical handrail that joins a stopped handrail to a higher handrail on
the balcony or landing.
Landing: A platform between flights of the stairs or at the termination of a flight of stairs.
Superstructure
Stairs
by Jiilian Goh Joon Jin

54. 52
Types of Stair Plans
Straight-Run Stair
-A straight-run stair extends from
one level to another, absence of
turns or winders
- Building codes generally limit the
vertical rise between landings to
12’ (3660).
Quarter-Turn Stair
-A quarter-turn or L-shaped stair
makes a right angled turn in the path
of travel
- The two flights connected by an
intervening landing may be equal or
unequal, depending on the desired
proportion of the stairway opening
Half-Turn Stair
- A half-turn stair turns 180̊̊ or
through two right-angles at the
intervening landing
- A half-turn stair is more compact
than a single straight-run stair
- The two fights connected by the
landing may be equal or unequal,
depending on the desired
proportion of the stairway opening.
Winding Stair
-A winding stair is any stairway
constructed with winders, as a circular
or spiral stair.
-Winders can be hazardous since they
offer little foothold at their interior
corners. Building codes generally
restrict the use of winders to private
stairs within individual dwelling units.
Pic 1 shows an example of half-turn stair
at the construction site.
Pic 2 shows a finished winding stair at the
semi-detached house.
Pic 1
Pic 2

55. 53
In-Situ Reinforced Concrete Stairs (Construction method)
Formwork may vary for different types of reinforced stairs but the basic principles do still apply for all. Timber formwork is observed in the construction site.
The solid wooden boards must be load bearing to support the weight of the concrete.
Several fixtures are used to join and fasten the riser boards to the lateral structure of the formwork. The reinforcement bars (joist) are installed in the
formwork.
Simple reinforced concrete steps is based on the following requirements:
- concrete mix of M15 (1:2:4) / 20mm aggregate
- minimum “cover” to reinforcement 15mm or bar diameter or greater value for 1 hour fire resistance

56. 54
Measurements
The rise height or rise of each step is measured from the top of the first tread to the next.
The tread depth of a step is measured from the edge of the nosing to the vertical riser.
The going of a step is measured from the edge of the nosing to the edge of nosing in plan view.
The total run or total going of the stairs is the horizontal distance from the first riser to the last
riser.
Total Run = (No. Risers - 1) x Unit Run
The total rise of the stairs is the height between floors (or landings) that the flight of stairs is
spanning. If there are N steps, the total rise equals N times the rise of each step.
The slope or pitch of the stairs is the ratio between the rise and the going (not the tread depth,
due to the nosing).
Headroomis the height above the nosing of a tread to the ceiling above it.
There are many types of materials use in stairs construction.
Wood
They have poor resistance to fire and only used for small residential buildings. They are light-weight and the
timber used should be free from fungal decay or insect attack. The wood should be well treated before use.
In-Situ Reinforced Concrete (Pic 2))
It is usually designed as an inclined, one way reinforced slab with steps formed on its upper surface. It acts
as a simple beam if the stair is constructed after the floor beam or wall supports. If it is cast with the beam
or slab supports, it is designed as a continuous beam. Concrete stairs require careful analysis of load,
span, and support conditions.
Steel
Pre-engineered and prefabricated steel stairs are available. They require regular maintenance in the form of
painting to protect from corrosion. Mostly used for spiral stairs and made up of mild steel or cast iron.
In-situ reinforced Concrete
Pic 1
Pic 2

57. 55
Standard Requirements:
Stairway design is strictly regulated by the building code. The
dimensions of the stairway are subjected to the requirements approved
by the Department of Standards Malaysia.
Risers and Treads
- Tread depth: 11” (280) minimum
- Riser height: 4” (100) minimum; 7” (180) maximum
- Uniform riser and tread dimensions are required to prevent slipping
- More than 16 risers per flight are not encouraged
- Open risers are not permitted
Stairway Width
- The occupant load determines the required width of an exit stairway.
- 44” (1120) minimum clear width; 36” (915) minimum for stairways
serving an occupant load of 49 or less
Landings
- Landings should be at least as wide as the stairway width and have
minimal length of 44” (1120) measured in the direction of travel.
Landings in dwelling units may have a minimum length of 36” (915).
-When door is fully open, the door must not intrude into required width
by more than 7” (180).
Handrails
- Required on both sides of the stair. The building code allows
exceptions for stairs in individual dwelling units, stairways less than 44”
(1120) wide and stairs having less than four risers.
- 34” to 38” (865 to 965) height above the leading edge of the stair
treads or nosings.
- Should be continuous without any obstruction
- One handrail should extend at least 12” (305) plus one tread width
beyond the bottom riser. The ends should return smoothly to a wall or
walking surface, or continue to the handrail of an adjacent stair flight.
If there is a door at the landing, the door should swing in the direction
of egress and door swing must not reduce the landing to less than one
half of its required width. - When door is fully open, the door must not
intrude into required width by more than 7” (180).
Detailed Analysis
- The stairs have full landing
- Closed risers
- Absence of skirting
- Treads’ width meets the standard requirements.
- Riser’s height meets the standard requirements.
- Landings and stairs have equal width
- Single handrail as permitted in dwelling units

58. 56
Door and Window

59. 57
Door and Window
DOOR
by Julia Shenjaya
Door and doorways are the connection between two or more spaces
which is provide access from outside to inside. There are variety
types and style of doors that followed by different function.
For the installation, there will be some criteria that need to be
considered, size, strength and durability, apperance, weather
proofing, material, finishing and head of opening.
Door General doors operation Type of door frame on site
1. Rough: The opening of the wall to fiting the door-frame.
2. Head: The uppermost member of door frame.
3. Jambs: Preventing the ingress of moisture from
outer leaf to inner leaf.
4. Stop: Projecting part of the door frame against
which a door closes.
5. Casing: The trim that finishes the joint between the
doorframe and its rough opening.
6. Threshold: The silll of the doorway to prevent
weather issues at an exterior door.
7. Door hardware: Adequate lock for security, which
include the metal fastenings such as hinges, locksets
and closers.
1. The aluminium door frames
standard gauge is 14, 16 and
18. This door frame profiles
vary with manufacturer and
also it reinforced to receive
hinges, strike and closer.
2. The wood door frame
visually appealing, because
of the natural appearane and
provide excellent insulation.
Type of door operation and dimension on site
1. Panel door
- For the main open-ing
door.
- Wood rail and stile
doors which consist
of a frame of vertical
stiles and horizontal
rails that hold solid
wood.
- The tiles and rails
are vendered hard-wood.
2. Sliding door
- For the door that face to the garden.
- The function of the door, to have an intetaction
from inside to outside.
- Material for sliding door is steel frames and
normal tinted green glass.

60. The other door Lever on the site
58
Door and Window
DOOR
by Julia Shenjaya
Door Conctruction Method
1. Before hand, the contractor need to measure
the distance between one door to another door.
Stand the aluminium door frame and use tim-ber
to support the doorway before the wall was
built.
A wood was nailed between two
door frames to stabilize it.
Due to the flat surface on the
floor, to hold the wood from slip-ping,
the rocks and bricks were
used for it.
Lintel
Door cramps or
Door frame tie
2. Next step is installing the wall by
stacking bricks and there will be a door
cramps between one level of brick
stacking that used to tie the internal and
external wall to door leaf. On the top of
doorframe also have a lintel to support
the weight of the bricks on top of the
doorframe. The lintel that used in the
site construction is concrete lintel.
3. Installing the door leaf to the
door frame. Make sure the the
opening of the door frame was
enough for jamb to slip over. The
standard size of the doors opening
are 24-36”. For sliding door, make
sure to install the bottom track.
4. Nail the Jamb to the door frame at
the leg first, next go to the header of
the door frame. For sliding door, need
to level it and install it by using the
punch holes and brush gasket.Make
sure the jamb was attached to the door
frame. installing the hinge on the jamb.
The hinge was avaiable in steel, brass
nylon and aluminium.
The hinge that used on site
construction
5. Install the lockset and another
door hardware such as lockset to
the door leaf and door frame.
The lockset
Door strike
The Finishing door

61. 59
Door and Window
WINDOW
by Julia Shenjaya
Window is the other opening after a door. Windows need to be aesthetically acceptable by
the design of the building and environment. Installation of windows need to follow the
minimum requirement, to ensure the function. Windows are designed with such requirement
to resist wind loading,providing the natural lighting, ventilation, type and size of glazing
and the vision contact from inside to outside.
Window General windows operation Type of window frame on site
1. Head is the uppermost member of door frame
2. Jamb: either two side members of door frame
3. Exterior casing: Not always used.
4. Rough opening : Space require at he top,
sides,and bottom for levelling window unit.
5. Casing trim: Finishing trim work around window
opening.
6. Sash: movable framework which panes of glass
are set.
7. Glazing: sheet of glass set in the sashes of window
and offer little resistance to heat flow.
8. Sills: collect the rainwater which has run down the
face of the window and shed it clear of the wall bel-low.
1. Aluminium window frame
relatively low in cost, light
weight, and resistance to cor-rosion,
water pressure, and
air infiltration. Can be using in
large scale.
Type of door operation and dimensionon on site
1. Fixed Window
- For the exterior
window.
- Fixed cannot be
open or adjust
- 0% ventilating
2. Casement window
-For bedroom the win-dows
which faced to
the garden.
- Can be adjust.
-100% ventilating
- Material for sliding
door is steel frames
and normal tinted
green glass.

62. 60
Door and Window
WINDOW
by Julia Shenjaya
Window Conctruction Method
A concrete lintel
A timber
1.Stacking the brick to form half wall and putting the
frame on it. Lintel was used to hold the pressure of brick
above, so it is not colapse while install the window frame
on it or after finish installing whole window. The lintel that
used in the site construction is concrete lintel. Timber at
middle were used to supporting the windows frame and
make sure it is stable.
2. .Install the aluminium sub-frame by using Anchor bolt
heads and joints to the external wall. Seal the flashing
tape or sealant to make it attach to the wall and also to
prevent the water to go inside when it is raining. The
alluminium was wrapped by the vinyl.
Aluminium wrap by
Vinyl
3. Do the checking of the sub frame before combin-ing
the sub frame to the window frame. After that
do the plastering on the wall. The sub frame can be
cleaned of any dust and debris.
5. The material for the windows is green tinted
glass which can break into sharp pieces, and
using the double glazing method.
4. Install the window to sub-frame.
The finishing casement window.

63. 61
Roof

64. Roof
LAYOUT PLAN
by Lim Choon Wah
62
LAYOUT PLAN
Gable Roof – Triple
Howe Truss
Gable Roof – Triple Howe Truss
Gable Roof – Triple Howe
Truss
R.C.
Slab
Shed Roof - Sloping Flat Truss Void
Shed Roof – Half
Truss Mono

65. Roof
TYPE OF ROOF FRAMES & TRUSS
by Lim choon wah
63
Type Of Roof Frames
Gable Roof Mono Pitch Roof Shed Roof
Straight slope falling from ridge to eave, creating a
peak or triangle on the side or front facade. The
inclination can't exceeding 30 degrees.
Type Of Truss
Single roof face falling away from the
main building. The inclination can't
exceeding 30 degrees.
Triple Howe Half Truss Mono Sloping Flat
A mono truss has only one slope as opposed two
(half of a common truss).
A Sloping Flat Truss is used to create a vaulted ceiling.
It may be top or bottom chord bearing. This truss has
parallel chords, both of which slope at the same angle,
with a vertical post at each end..
A Howe Trusses are meant to span up to 36 feet and a
Double Howe is rated for as much as 60 feet. The longest
Howe Truss design is the Triple Howe, and it is designed
for spans ranging from 54 feet to 80 feet in length.
A gabled roof with a single roof falling down from
the main building same as mono- pitched roof.
The inclination can't exceeding 10 degrees.

66. Roof
METAL ROOF DECKING & INSULATION
by Lim choon wah
64
Metal Roof Decking
Metal Deck
Aluminum Foil
Use in roofs and wall applications for barn
Conversions and for the internal insulation.
Rock Wool
Installed to improve thermal and acoustic performance of roofs.
Chicken Wire Mesh
Lay down on steel rafter to hold the rock wool with
high tensile strength and corrosion resistance.
Steel Rafter
If the deck spans are greater than 5', it's required
to side-lap fastening at mid span or every 3" but if
lesser than 5' is not required.
Aluminum Foil Rock Wool
Chicken Wire Mesh How Insulation Works
Reflecting sun and heat to protect dwelling from damaging ray and
weathering.
To support the roof system which good strength, Rigid , Durable,
Light Weight, easy workability, and corrosion protection .
Sisalation
Insulated Uninsulated
Aluminum Foil
PE (Polyethylene)
Kraft Paper
Reinforcing Glass Fibre
Aluminum Foil
Made by multi layer radiant barrier of low
emissivity and It will stop as much as
97% of radiant heat transfer.
Made from stone wool which are fire
resistance, excellent acoustics and thermal
control, durable in lifetime , sustainable
materials and reduce waste.
Shape of hexagonal wire netting is
durability, easy to use, corrosion &
rust resistance and longer service life.
Sisalation sustains a constant and comfortable
temperature in a building by preventing heat
transfer between indoor and outdoor climates.

67. Roof
INSTALLATION PROCESS
by Lim Choon wah Installation Process
65
Flat Roof Pitched Roof
2) The purlins are installed one by one
on the steel rafter which has a 5
degree pitch.
4) The chicken wire mesh then placed
on the metal decks for hold the
aluminum foil.
6) Putting another layer of fiber glass
wool on the aluminum foil for sound
and heat insulation.
3) The metal decks are putting onto the
purlins and supported by the purlins.
5) The aluminum foil then
Installed on the chicken wire mesh to reflect
the heat from the sunlight.
7) Than add another metal for
leaving space for drainage
between the decks and the
edges.
2) Install the purlins above the above
chord to strength the truss system.
4) Than lay the rock wool above the
chicken wire mesh for sound and heat
insulation.
.
6) Final put the metal decks above the
aluminum foils with bolts.
1)Putting the steel trusses on the reinforced
concrete wall with bolts and steel brackets.
3) After that, put the chicken wire mesh above
the purlins to hold the rock wool.
5) Insert another layer of aluminum foil to reflect
the heat.
1) Installing the steel rafter on the
reinforced concrete wall.

68. Roof
ROOF TERMINOLOGY
by lim choon wah
66
Roof Terminology
Gable
Common Rafter
Soffits
Common Rafter
Ridge
Valley Rafter
Pipe
Ventilate pipe for exhaust the gases.
Hip Rafter
An exterior angle formed by the
junction of two slopes.
Jack Rafter
Eaves
The lowest point of a roof where water drains into the
gutter.
.
Valley Rafter
Internal junction between two roof slopes. Ridge
Intersection at the top of two slopes in a pitched roof.
Verge
The edge of a roof. Fascia & Soffits
Fascia hangs down below the bottom line of roof tiles. Soffit is the
horizontal surface that fit the gap between the bottom of the
fascia and the wall for ventilation.
Gable
The part of a wall that encloses the
end of a pitched roof.
Jack Rafter
Fascia

69. Roof
TRUSS TERMINOLOGY
by lim choon wah
67
Top Chord
The steel rafter which runs to the
top of the truss.
Collar Ties
Bind with the rafter together to resist
uplift when strong winds.
Brandering
Webs
Is a short aluminium which runs
from the bottom chord to the top
chord.
Bottom Chord
The large horizontal member of
steel at the bottom of the truss.
Overhang
The top chord which extends from
the wall.
Apex
The highest point of the truss.
Purlins
Purlins
The long horizontal steel lay above the top chord.
Nail Plate
Wall Plate
Apex
RC Wall
To support the load of
roof structures.
Splice
Normal Span
The length of the bottom beam
that spans the wall frames
Truss Terminology
Top Chord
Collar Ties
Posts
Webs
Bottom Chord
Posts
To resist against lateral
wind and seismic
forces.

70. Roof
JOINT
by lim choon wah
68
Hammer Drill Screw Gun Aka Nail Gun
Driven misaligned, overdriven,
and under driven which could
contribute to leakage and poor
engagement.
Power Tools
Screw
Joint
Steel Rafter Purlins
Aluminum Hollow
Rectangular Bar
Steel Brackets
Screw guns auto-feed screws from a
clip.
Combination of hammer and drilling
modes.
To show the joint between steel brackets and screw to hold the aluminum channel and
onto the masonry bricks.
Tapping
range up to
10ga mean
0.25cm for
aluminum
thickness.
A screw
tapping
through the
aluminum
channel.
Properly driven Improperly driven
Driven straight,
good penetration
and compressed
firmly against the
surface.
The fasteners penetrate the metal decks and the
steel rafter.
Aluminum
Channel
Aluminum Hat
Channel
Aluminum C
Channel
Aluminum Z
Channel
How bolts work together with steel
brackets to joint the steel rafter and
purlins
L- Shaped of steel
brackets.
Square steel
brackets.
Section view of steel
brackets and bolts.
Showing the screw penetrate the
masonry wall and steel rafter.

71. 69
Internal Support
Connection
Apex Connection
Posts
L-Brackets
Bolt Penetrate In
Min. 50mm
R.C. Beams
Bottom Chord
Bottom Chord
Self- Apex Plate
Drilling
Screw
Top Chord
King Posts
Section X - X
X
X
The connection between R.C. beams and bottom
chord
Bolted together by L-brackets and bolts.
The bottom chord, posts and webs are bolt
together.
The apex plat e is apply between the
top chord and king posts. Than
bolted it with 6 screws.
Connection
End Connection Bottom Chord Connection
Bottom Chord
Brick Wall
Bolt Penetrate In
Min. 50mm
Upper
Beam/
Brick
Wall Posts
Bolt Penetrate In
Min. 50mm
L-Brackets
Top Chord
L-Brackets
Posts Min. 50mm Posts
L-Brackets L-Brackets
Brick Wall
Bolt Penetrate In
Min. 50mm
R.C. Beams Bottom Chord
Bottom Chord
Bolt Penetrate In
R.C. Beams
The overhang of top chord and concrete
brick are bolt together by L-brackets.
The top chord are bolt into the brick wall by
L-brackets with 8 screws.
The bottom chord are bolt into the R.C
beams by L-brackets with 8 screws.
The overhang of bottom chord lay down on
gap of bricks than applied concrete to fill it.
Roof
CONNECTION
by lim choon wah

72. 70
Bracing
Purlin Bracing Web Bracing
Top Chord
Posts Web Bracing
Plan View Front View
Section W - W
Bottom Chord Bracing Post Bracing
Plan View
Front View
Side View
Section Y - Y
Side View
Section Z - Z
Y
Y
Z
Z
Bottom Chord
Bottom Chord
Bracing
Bottom Chord
Bottom Chord
Bracing
Post
Bracing
Post Collar Tie
Bracing
Collar Tie
Vertical sway bracing must be required
between the top and bottom chords of adjacent
trusses to provide resistance against lateral
wind and seismic forces.
Bottom chord braces which bolted below the
bottom chord to limiting any bending.
Side View
W
W
Purlin
Bracing
Purlin
Top Chord Bracing
Top Chord
Collar Tie
Bottom Chord
Purlin which bolted above the top chord to limiting
any bending movement and the spans for each is
700mm.
The web bracing sometimes
required on roof truss are
called continuous lateral
braces to keep the truss web
from buckling and falling over
Roof
BRACING
by lim choon wah

73. Roof
MECHANICAL SERVICES, CEILING &
WORKER
Mechanical Services
by lim choon wah Electrical
Ceiling
Water Tank
v 71
Ventilation Pipe is
an extension of the
waste that runs up
through the roof to
the exterior for
venting of exhaust
gases and to
maintain
atmospheric
pressure in the
waste system.
Upper R.C. Beam
PVC Casing
Aluminum Wire
L-Bracket
The electrical
wires were
applied into
the PVC
casing and
tied with
aluminum wire
between the
bottom chord
or R.C. Beam
Ceiling Workers
Vent
Flashing
Roof
Rafter
Wall
Suspension
Rod Bracket
Suspension
Rod
Suspension
Clip
Ceiling
Panels Main Tee
Tile Hold-Down
Clip
Steel
Beams
The worker use his right leg step on
the top chord with full force to squad
down to his work.
The worker use his left leg step on the
purlins with less force to assist his
stability but If full force will cause the
purlins bend down.
The ceiling panels were supported by the
bottom chord and the concrete beams by
hanging with suspension rod.
Ventilate pipe

74. 72
Flashing
Ridge Flashing
The steel covering over the ridge to create
cover and seal between two slopes to
against the rain and wind.
-Flexible, weather resistant EPDM
rubber or silicone
-Aluminum base is flexible to
conform to any panel profile
-Grey EPDM is ozone and
ultraviolet resistance
-Appropriate pipe size diameter
listed on flashing to assure proper
fit
Edge Flashing
Properties
-Can be stretches to any shape, seals & stays
-Large square & round ducts & penetrations
-Flash between dissimilar materials & roof profiles
-Paintable after installation
-Handles vibration & expansion
Applications.
-metal roof and wall
-concrete or masonry
-sealing edges on all surfaces
-Splicing, lapping, sealing to all surfaces
-termination/joining ends of dekstrip
Before flashing on the
corner between metal
deck roof & R.C. wall
After flashing on the
corner between metal
deck roof & R.C. wall
2) Apply sealant to
the bottom of the
base to seal up
5) Install
the
fasteners
on the top
& bottom
edge
6) Apply
additional
sealant on
both
fastened
edges
Installation Process
1) Cut into proper
pipe diameter to fit
down to the pipe
3) Mold the
flexible base to
the panel
contours
Installation Process
2) Apply
splice tape
on the
dekstrip
3) Than
put
another
dekstip
over the
tape
1) Apply
the
sealant
along the
corner
4) Than
apply
heat to
seal
edges
4) Faster with 13-30
pieces of self drilling
fastener around the
base
Material
-EPDM rubber or silicone
-Aluminum base
Fastener
- 1/4 -1 x 1-1/8” stainless cap head
- Corrosion resistant fasteners
- Number of fasteners from 13-30
pieces.
Sealant Tube
Apply on bottom base to assure
a proper seal to beware from
water getting in. Applied
additional sealant can be applied
around base after installation.
Ventilate
Pipe
Closure
Seal together with outside
and inside closure.
Typical Inside Closure
Applied closure to prevent water getting in and seal
between the ridge and metal deck .
Pipe Flashing
Silicone
Using sealant tube to seal it.
Screw
Penetrate the bolt though ridge
and metal deck.
Typical Outside Closure
Ridge
Metal deck
Material
-Grey TPE
Roof
FLASHING
by lim choon wah

75. Roof
GUTTER SYSTEM
by lim choon wah
73
Gutter System
Gutter & Downspout
Gutter
Leading the
rain water from
metal decks to
it.
Fascia
A flat horizontal band
around a roof's
perimeter.
Metal Decks
To protect the building from raining and wind.
PVC Downspout
Leading the rainwater
down from downspout to
drainage.
The gutters are vinyl, galvanized steel, or aluminum. The function is to let rainwater leading
to the roof drains or gutters from the roof area.
R.C.
Beam
Purlins
To stable the truss and apply the metal decks on it.
Soffit
Made by fiber cement board
which water, fire, termite, and
weather resistant, aesthetically
pleasing, and environmentally
friendly. Than leaving a small
gap between the soffit and R.C.
Beam.
Joiner
Corner
Gutter
Hanger
Connector
Downspout
Downspout Clip
Gutter 135 ° Internal
Angle
Drop Outlet
Elbow
Joint Connector
End
90 ° Internal Angle Stop Ends Fascia Bracket
Gutter Scupper Internal Drain
Gutter mounted at low end of roof
which better resistance on leakage.
Leakage common at scupper. Potential leakage area at
drain same like scupper

76. 74
This project allowed us to undertake an experiential learning opportunity. We have
developed an understanding of building construction principles, various kinds of
construction sequences, importance of basic detailing, construction joints and
material applications. Due to the generosity of the construction site personnel who
were willing to guide us along the way, we were exposed to construction
technology and methods responding to the site context. The on-going
assessments, site visits and discussions were beneficial to our analysis and
documentation for this project. Through these weeks, we grasp a good
understanding in the construction elements and its components, sequence along
with the coordination of the site’s construction.
We had the opportunity to communicate with different kinds of people who were involved in the construction of the site, such as the
contractor, the engineer and the construction workers. We first approached all aspects of this project with curiosity so that we have a fair
understanding of the topics that were involved. Then, we picked a specific topic each and asked questions while sharing the knowledge
with the rest of our teammates, in hopes that the discussions that follow through will provide a learning opportunity for everyone. We
approached this project as a team so at the end, each of us is able to gain knowledge of how other parts of the buildings are constructed.
We would also like to express our gratitude to LBS BinaGroup Bhd for the site visit permission, the site
personnel for being patient with us .and lastly our tutor, AR Chin Tuck Heng for guiding us on the right path.
Summary
by Jiilian Goh Joon Jin

77. Referencing
75
1. Asaff, S. (n.d.). Installing Glass Blocks in a Window Frame. Retrieved October 29, 2014,
from http://homeguides.sfgate.com/installing-glass-blocks-window-frame-59657.html
2. Ching, F.D.K. (2012) A visual dictionary of architecture (2nd ed). New Jersey & Canada:
John Wiley & Sons, Inc Hoboken.
3. Ching, F.D.K.. (2008). Building Construction Illustrated (4th ed.). New Jersey: John Wiley
& Sons.
4. Chicken Wire Mesh. (2014, May 1). Retrieved October 18, 2014, f
rom http://www.indiamart.com/chandratradingcompany/chicken-wire-mesh.html
5. Chudley, R., & Greeno, R. (2004). Building construction handbook (5th ed., p. 721). London: Routledge.
6. Designing the Roof. (n.d.). Retrieved October 24, 2014, from http://www.homebuilding.co.uk/design/choosing-products/roofing/designing-the-
roof
7. Flashings. (n.d.). Retrieved October 18, 2014, from http://stratco.com.au/products/flashings/types/flashings/flashings.asp
8. Metal Roof Solutions. (2014, January 1). Retrieved October 19, 2014, from http://www.trusttrs.com/metalroofing.html
9. Rockwool Twin Roll Loft Insulation. (2014, January 1). Retrieved October 14, 2014, from
http://www.insulationshop.co/rockwool_twin_roll_loft_insulation_200mm.html
10. Sealants. (2013, January 1). Retrieved October 16, 2014, from http://trianglefastener.com/brands/sealants.asp
11. TH-TRUSS® System. (2014, January 1). Retrieved October 22, 2014, from http://www.thunghing.com.my/metal-roof-truss-system.php
12. What Kind of Trusses to Use for Different Roof & Ceiling Shapes. (2014, October 5). Retrieved October 22, 2014,
fromhttp://cortezcolorado.net/what-kind-of-trusses-to-use-for-different-roof-ceiling-shapes/