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                                                                          Connectivity Devices - 2


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     .      ™@( 6? w      ~' " $ 3 -( ! , ' 2 w 6 U" 1Q ) . $! . 7 #
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                                                           :Subnet 6      .   - '
             .     AND 2   ( (2 ( w   Mask n    ? ( IP n ? :(Straight)j! = .„
  V % Z 2% Š‹‹ Mask 6? # %J       %Q    IP n ?      ! - ,* :(Shortcut) &  .Š
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              . (    Subnet !' ' B! & -w! J ' w › B . Mask !' ' B! &                      -w!
Ž w ! O&? . Subnet Ž 2 " ' (C n@ )           201.70.64.0 n ? • 2        |! :# W
Š‡ › % B . Mask -w! J .:! 7          E&    2 œ Z Š6         Z $! w      52, & Š           &
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  : ( 2 ( ( 2[ 3 $! Subnet Mask .2 : " n ? Š‹=…Š ( )            Subnet œ $! ( (.      (
                      255.255.255.224 ! 11111111 11111111 11111111 11100000




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$! ( % ( .2% …ŠLŠŽ=Ž C% &  = J .(„Ž+„š=ŠŽ): , Subnet Mask      D! |! „š     & $! ( (
        .255.255.255.192 ! 11111111 11111111 11111111 11000000: 2, Z Subnet Mask
                                        .n ? ŠŽ=Ž‡ Subnet 5 „šŠ‡ Subnet J




               ( _ # 4 ( Subnet) '?         0(          O!    Subnet      ! Subnet 6




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          :       Z Supernet ( : 3 $ & *.     &    w!         +' n ?           • $! 6              2
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€YA%      6? Supernet Mask. % ( % C n@% n ? „Ž               Supernet %       &2    |! :# W
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               : 2,    Z • $! Supernet Mask $! ( (.: ( 2 ( ‡                  & n@ „Ž         (
         11111111 11111111 11110000 00000000 ! 255.255.240
       %( %! C n@% %- @(      •% | % . % ( % n ? Žšš %                      & 2 % |! :# W
                                                       .2 f                   2   $! Supernet
198.47.32.0       198.47.33.0       198.47.34.0
198.47.32.0       198.47.42.0       198.47.52.0       198.47.62.0
198.47.31.0       198.47.32.0       198.47.33.0       198.47.34.0



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198.47.32.0    198.47.33.0    198.47.34.0           198.47.35.0
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255.255.248.0 5 Supernet Mask '    % ( % 205.16.32.0 5 Supernet |%! ! % ( n ? :# W
                                       .     2 ! ! - ? ( ,( } ! , |! .                           (
205.16.37.44
205.16.42.56
205.17.33.76
                                                M2      w   $! ( e (        ,( $!    |
205.16.37.44 AND 255.255.248.0          --> 205.16.32.0
205.16.42.56 AND 255.255.248.0          --> 205.16.40.0
205.17.33.76 AND 255.255.248.0          --> 205.17.32.0
                                                .e ( Supernet $! ( #' n ? -
255.255.248.0 Supernet Mask |%! ' 205.16.32.0 N' n ? |!        Supernet |! :# W
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   % Z %- @( $%! .      %0' Supernet $%! ™@%( œ % 2% 7 %O & 6 % % ' $%! % (
  2,% % Z n ? $! % %"? ' 205.16.32.0 2,% % Z ! % % ( n ? . 205.16.39.0 % % 205.16.32.0
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                                                                                       ClassLess - 1


E] :
205.16.37.32
190.16.42.44
17.17.33.80
123.45.24.52
2%! ( $! 2       2 $ o . 2 : ,Q U( * „Ž ( 2 …Š #' n ? 2! ( $! 2 2
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190.16.42.0
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123.45.24.52
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  ( / % & )205.16.37.24/29 & A% . # %4 ' N' % n ? ( ™@( |! |    6    |! :# W
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… ' % ‘% 3 #' 2 ( ŠŸ ! ( 5 ! - & n ? 6         . ( .2 205.16.37.24 ! ( n ?
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Beginning : 11001111 00010000 00100101 00011000
Ending    : 11001111 00010000 00100101 00011111
C & ! Uw    (6       $! ( ( .2 œ # W $!        (n ?          .          0' n ? œ - ™@(
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24 + 7 = 31 -->     205.16.37.31
                          :   B! & ! UwA( /      &|          (6               3 ( C'B5A       - @
Class A : A.B.C.D/8
Class B : A.B.C.D/16
Class C : A.B.C.D/24
$ % J 5 % ( 167.199.170.82/27 +      X%( w %     -     ?         w! w     =       w       n ? :# W
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         . 167.199.170.64/27 ( 2  ( ( w n ? .:! '? 2 ( 64 ! ' 01000000 6? "? 2 (
subnet .2% subnet ‡ %      & 6 % $! .      130.34.12.64/26 n ? ™@( 6          |!:# W
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                          . ( 26+2=28 2[ 3 $!        & A . # 4 $! ( ( .2         " n ? „Ž
Subnet 1: 130.34.12.64/28 to 130.34.12.79/28.
Subnet 2: 130.34.12.80/28 to 130.34.12.95/28.
Subnet 3: 130.34.12.96/28 to 130.34.12.111/28.


                                                                                      Slash notation - 1
                                                                    Classless Inter Domain Routing - 2


F^   :
Subnet 4: 130.34.12.112/28 to 130.34.12.127/28.




    n ?      •% $!        2,&?      & ISP $! .    190.100.0.0/16
                                                  ! ( n ? ( n ? ™@( |! ISP |!
                                                             : 8!     ! '7 $(
                                            n ? Š‹Ž        &)       A Ž‡ #' ' 7
                                          n ? „Šœ       &)         A „Šœ )' ' 7
                                           n ? Ž‡      &)         A „Šœ ) ' 7
6' %( n ? %     €YA $ o . ! '? 2 ( )         Slash notation '      3 4 - @( !
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                                               …ŠLœ=Š‡ ( 2 ( ( & A . # 4 $! ( (
01: 190.100.0.0/24    190.100.0.255/24
02: 190.100.1.0/24    190.100.1.255/24
…………………………………..
64: 190.100.63.0/24 190.100.63.255/24
Total = 64 × 256 = 16,384
.2%       & ,%.     %((„Šœ=Š†) † # %4 % J ( $! .2 n ? „Šœ      &   A                ' 7 $! :)' ' 7
                                                        .…ŠL†=Š‹ ( 2             ( ( & A . # 4 $! ( (
01: 190.100.64.0/25    190.100.64.127/25
02: 190.100.64.128/25    190.100.64.255/25
…………………………………..
64: 190.100.127.128/25 190.100.127.255/25
Total = 64 × 256 = 16,384
$! ( ( .2         & ,.    ((Ž‡=ŠŽ) Ž # 4    J ( $! .2 n ? Ž‡             &    A     ' 7 $! :) ' 7
                                                                         .…ŠLŽ=ŠŽ ( 2 ( ( & A . # 4
001:190.100.128.0/26              190.100.128.63/26
002:190.100.128.64/26             190.100.128.127/26
…………………………
128:190.100.159.192/26            190.100.159.255/26
Total = 128 × 64 = 8,192
                                                                   Ž‹‹…‹ : 0     - ? N O $! ( (
                                                                       ‡šŸŽš : X XY - ? N O
                                                                     Š‡‹†Ž:      6' ( - ? N O


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|%! #'t % .        & . #' 0 6? ( T" '            | B #' 0 0' " #'t . ! & 2 !
%= |! #'t R .               l #' 0 ( Attempt T         ( |! Q ( ' (Pending)P 2[ 3 ( U"
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FL :
%      %( Time-out %Q . %     % ' ( #' 0 -T" 5(Cache)B #             #'t 5 J( & { Š‹
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                                                                       . 7 H;3 6? = '




                                                                                      : 1RARP
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                                                          Reverse address resolution protcol - 1


FN :
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  • 22. . - U( & Q A( A • %0' w % ! -A%Y( 2% $%w . % ! & B! ? 5 fX& w AY( • . ( R. -&? $ " ~ " ( . & ( ! 2u 3 T ( -T( 5 ! & A U( $ ' (2 ) 9 7 • . ;7 & A& U( ' • :^ *+, ?- ) $ %( % 2% T % ' 5 % 7 % %* % `h ,7 V Z 5 NIC ! w + + |! 2,! ( w . ! & * ( # X 52 6? SC0 w ' a . % U Z F ' |! 6 Z ( w U( ( ' ( ! # X : , h ,7 n ( ( ( w " ( h ,7 + |! Uw 8* A( 52 w! ( ( w + 5 "( %W # r,% 56? %& C% ) %& % %( w + . 7 UX 5PCI ( ! ' dISA ( ! 7 #X 5 & A. T( N & ( ,( 5 w + . ( w!C !9 ' & . !9 %" ( .( % % U%=' w % + % %( % # X% |! G! 4 w U( ) T4 =" % T Y N %& %( %-&? % % % * $! & # X N & |! B ( w + . #X w -T( : *+, ?- ) /; ; & *a % ) O& 5 , 3 w # '2 ! ( & 7& 7 wT Z w + : Z -&? "( –!9 1 [ H 4 :! O! # r, 56? ( & ) ! ' w + : X . , #Q & ( 6? ?' w % ' % . w!C !9 ;7 K 4 w + 8* ' :# D ( ' ;7 U! % w % U%( ' %( # %Q & U( * w! w[ # D ( w !9 1 [ !' ' %!' ' % %( 9 %( !9 ( U( ' ! # D $ o . ! & . U! 2% ! ' w% f% % # D % #Q & ' [ 5 w + : 2 ! '# |%! . D ,%( %& . !9 Uw ' . ' w U( ( # D 2J 4 .2 '' # D %!9 XQ n ? w + ' 2 ! w Z ,( : 5 l LAN 2% W + %= . % " ! ; ( ,( !? ( ( & . %z 5 % % %Z % J( !9 1 h . ) O& ( ,( w + 5— . 6 ( . w ' ( ,( + X ! Network Interface Adapter - 1 Expansion Slot 2 Expansion Bus System's - 3 Industry Standard Architecture 4 peripheral component interconnect - 5 E :
  • 23. : A bB #b # c *+, ?- ) J% ' ,%7 . ( 0' U 3 U( * ' |! w ,( # 3 w + ( Z & .2 U( * $! f w + .PC Card 6 ! PCMCIA + : 2, Z ( w U( . 7 0 0 2 0 |! ! ' |! PC Card ' 5 , Plug-and-Play C( C0 PC - . UX PC + ( Dongle ) & ( C( & -&? fX& R. ' & ~ " ! fX& -&? 52 2 [ J # 3 ' $ ' w [3 6 C& .2, & 6 Restart ( :(2VPN)&Y d! / $e *+, V9 % J . % Z ' ( = X" I #Q & (2 & 5(VPN) O = X" I! E . 2& ! & Z I! G! 4 = X" ' #X ( VPN % % & O U [ $! ( VPN .2, & ) Z n ' " ? F( 2 = X" % 8%* ' 2 * ( -&? $ ( = X" ' e I! G! 4 e 5 = X" ' E& U%& I%! G%! 4 = X%" % % ! ' # X 9 J VPN .. ) O& $! Z 6 ( % ! % %! % Z % ' %( # # 3 + Z@4 T ' $! ( 8* ' . ) O& C . : ,Q T Y N & ( 6? .H ' . ( ,( 6 VPN . & “ : : ,Q T= ' 7 ' ( D&C ) Z ! ( 0 (6 VPN ' ( + Z@4 $ # Q & ( D&C -C& N & C VPN : C VPN o %O = X%" % % 5 VPN $! } " & & I! . Z . , IPSec I ( 0 8( % % H ( = X" !' #X ( VPN N & $! : A&C VPN o $%! % $! ! 2, & 2 CS 3 # # 3 + Z@4 2 . O! D! ! .2% (! , I - ' $! !. $ D&C z D! h' ( 2 % ( = X" ' $ ( # # 3 + Z@4 - 2 6? ( ! , I E 9 %( % %!9 6 % % 8%* $%! (MPLS VPN) . & , -&? I! . SSL & D&C %( %Z O %( 2 5 E& 2 ( 0 ( & ] h' ' MPLS % & VPN N %& ! % . &' ( $ VPN O! ( C VPN 9 J 5 & ' (6_ . & (! , + T Z2 J 0'2 ( D ,( VPN :&Y ; @0 ; VPN &C B; N %l $%! . ,% % ( % U( * C & & . 6? OSI # !9 n ( VPN % % ) %O& %D&C 6? % !9 5 C VPN #W ( .2 " ( ="2 % % . %!9 %( 0 ( C & 6? 6 ( ( VPN 2 jF $ o . { C I :O3 . KF Portable Computer Network Adapters - 1 Network Virtual Private - 2 EE :
  • 24. %!9 = X" ' 6 & . !9 VPN (: & . !9 VPN o % 0' (. UX : ( Frame Relay ! ATM & ! -T ' . ( OSI # ` ,% I%! %( & 6 2, & & h' 9 J E& ( U3 )C & $! . &$ D&C - C & ATM ' Frame Relay -T ' . . ` !9 = X " . I 5 GTJ ` !9 # X ) ( 6? ( ,( 0 I ( 1Q -&? . ! D( ( D&C -C& !( ! & A (2 ( 7 $! ( ( %D&C %- %!/' a %!9 Tunneling ( VPN $! : !9 VPN o VPN %O! %( D&C U ' . ' IPSec Tunneling ( 6 #W (. L2TP % : % % 2% f%[ 0 . ,% L2TP ' GRE -T ' . D! -[ W . %!9 % VPN $! ( ( . $! ( a !9 & U& ` !9 I $%! %J( -A%Y( .2 f ,( C & D&C ) O& ( !9 $! . 7 * .2" . : " K' A 4 ( VPN $! ( h C7 % VPN . %& % %O! q " ( &( ( ( VPN $! : ( !9 VPN o ' }' %7 ' $ %( %D&C SSL . , VPN N & $! ( } " -[ W SSL ( % VPN N %& $%! %( %D! # %W SSH . % % $ 5 0 SSL ' " % % %T Y C%0 %( login %( % C% ' $ )C & I! 6 Z ( SSH.2 %l %! 0 % % & ( ' + %" % % 2% 6? %!9 $! VPN U A . . l ! ( C & VPN -&? & A. 5 & &- d' H- H 0 ; VPN &C B; %! 0 % ( : ,%Q %O H $! . & O! =" ( VPN O H (6 : ( VPN ( :% %( 6 % I%! 6' = X%" % ! ' VPN $! : & ! VPN o 6 % I%! ! fJ : " J & VPN N & $! . UX .: * ( -&? $ ( $ I! ' : UX 6? C ( 2 ' e Q& 6 % % !' = X" !' #X ( VPN $! : & , VPN o %( % " % 2 ' 6? B2B ! ( 9 J VPN N & $! . &' ( . 5 & ( D! ! ( O + 4 EF :
  • 25. :$ % & '"&( !"#$ & ( )& * :' ,% - & (% - :+ !"#$ & (% - ," / :. Multicast (% - ," / Multicasting :0 EG :
  • 26. :$ )) )) "& %)) & '"&( ! EL :
  • 27. : : ,Q N & ( w n ? ( # X ' w!C !9 ) w!C n ? .„ ( w !9) IP n ? .Š (UQ& ' U 3 !9) + . n ? .… : IP & 4;- 1 :( , ( a` - ?) & : ,Q n@ g ( IP Address Classes %& % HOST 6 % T ^i w % ! J 6 w ^`ƒ n@ $! : A n@ .(2 . n@ $! ) D( * %& HOST ^i 6 (Š w ! J 6 w ^ia•` n@ $! : B n@ . ( %& % HOST • 6 % ( Š w ! J 6 w 6 T ` n@ $! : C n@ . ( J! ) . Multicast ( n@ $! 5 2 ^^^s 6? ˜ 2 2 ( - : D n@ 5 * 6? Multicast n ? ' # ,( 2*' ' * n ? |! XQ (6 ( 2 ! ,( & XQ % %0' :% %w!C n ? % [ . , GLOBAL , IP - ? 7 - ? .2 w + ( d• n ? q X% " %3 ) & |! J! . DNS IP - ? 6 ( ‘ 3 U( * ' 3 ( . :q " - ? . w n ? :HostId=0 • .Broadcast n ? :|! ) HostId • %( ' & % % %& 7 ( IP %!9 n ? $! ( ,( .loop Back n ? : 127.X.Y.Z • . (! & w n ? %( %D! %( % Y( %-&? %w! ' % ( w % |%! Host ' %7 : 0.0.0.N • % . XQ n ? 2-0 0.0.0.N n ? & w( # .X.Y.Z.N 223.168.21.124 V W% . ! & @ €YA ™@( n ? ' ™@( 5 n ? n@ 5 w n ? %% 223.168.21.0 6? n ? %% ' C n@%% 223.168.21.0 6? w %% n ? ™@%%( 5 %%! D( %%E& . ( ! 223.168.21.225 . 7 Multihmode Device 5 ( UX w ' ( !Host ( %T w % •%Z Host ) ( } ! , |! 1 2 . :n ? : Q , Broadcast . 7 # EN :
  • 28. w 6? •Z ! ( T w U" Host |! 1 2 . :n ? ' Broadcast . ™@( 6? w ~' " $ 3 -( ! , ' 2 w 6 U" 1Q ) . $! . 7 # :: S & Subnet !(: S & w n ? ( Q4 " : Y( 7 :Subnet 6 . - ' . AND 2 ( (2 ( w Mask n ? ( IP n ? :(Straight)j! = .„ V % Z 2% Š‹‹ Mask 6? # %J %Q IP n ? ! - ,* :(Shortcut) & .Š Subnet = Q 5 & š Q Mask ! - ,* ( .: Subnet AND 2% ( %( 2% ( 5 Mask ( IP Q 5 - ,* ! ( .: 6? # J 2 J* : S & 0 ! # W ( .: %J N % O %( ( ( Subnet !' ' B! & -w! J $! ( ( ' 2 ' & Subnet J . ( Subnet !' ' B! & -w! J ' w › B . Mask !' ' B! & -w! Ž w ! O&? . Subnet Ž 2 " ' (C n@ ) 201.70.64.0 n ? • 2 |! :# W Š‡ › % B . Mask -w! J .:! 7 E& 2 œ Z Š6 Z $! w 52, & Š & …ŠLŠ†=‹ % %= % %J ' % % ( % % Š‡+…=Š† Subnet Mask % %-w! % %J $! ( % % ( . % % ( %% : ( 2 ( ( 2[ 3 $! Subnet Mask .2 : " n ? Š‹=…Š ( ) Subnet œ $! ( (. ( 255.255.255.224 ! 11111111 11111111 11111111 11100000 EU :
  • 29. Subnet „ššš % & 2 % $% ! . % (B n@% )181.56.0.0 n ? •% 2 % |% ! :# % W % % % . 3 4 Subnet $! . ( .2% „šŠ‡ 5Š 6 % %Z $ %[' .2,% & Š & „ššš . ( „Ž › B . Mask -w! J $! ( % ( .2% …ŠLŠŽ=Ž C% & = J .(„Ž+„š=ŠŽ): , Subnet Mask D! |! „š & $! ( ( .255.255.255.192 ! 11111111 11111111 11111111 11000000: 2, Z Subnet Mask .n ? ŠŽ=Ž‡ Subnet 5 „šŠ‡ Subnet J ( _ # 4 ( Subnet) '? 0( O! Subnet ! Subnet 6 w w Supernetting . , +' w n ? !J & 0' ,( - : Z Supernet ( : 3 $ & *. & w! +' n ? • $! 6 2 . (Š & ! ( - @( J • . ( . ! ( - @( n ? • • . ( : ,Q U( * 5 - @( J ( ! ( #' n ? ) 2! ( • €YA% 6? Supernet Mask. % ( % C n@% n ? „Ž Supernet % &2 |! :# W . S & : 2, Z • $! Supernet Mask $! ( (.: ( 2 ( ‡ & n@ „Ž ( 11111111 11111111 11110000 00000000 ! 255.255.240 %( %! C n@% %- @( •% | % . % ( % n ? Žšš % & 2 % |! :# W .2 f 2 $! Supernet 198.47.32.0 198.47.33.0 198.47.34.0 198.47.32.0 198.47.42.0 198.47.52.0 198.47.62.0 198.47.31.0 198.47.32.0 198.47.33.0 198.47.34.0 E[ :
  • 30. 198.47.32.0 198.47.33.0 198.47.34.0 198.47.35.0 . 0' ™@( - . & L„ .2, & . - @( • . & LŠ .2, & : ,Q U( * #' ™@( …„. & L… .2 '? ( U( * e . T(L‡ :2 ,! Q Z Mask ' Supernet5Subnet ! !X 255.255.248.0 5 Supernet Mask ' % ( % 205.16.32.0 5 Supernet |%! ! % ( n ? :# W . 2 ! ! - ? ( ,( } ! , |! . ( 205.16.37.44 205.16.42.56 205.17.33.76 M2 w $! ( e ( ,( $! | 205.16.37.44 AND 255.255.248.0 --> 205.16.32.0 205.16.42.56 AND 255.255.248.0 --> 205.16.40.0 205.17.33.76 AND 255.255.248.0 --> 205.17.32.0 .e ( Supernet $! ( #' n ? - 255.255.248.0 Supernet Mask |%! ' 205.16.32.0 N' n ? |! Supernet |! :# W M2, 6? - ? ' 0' Supernet $! ™@( . ( H@ %" %( %0 ( . ( |! Š‡ › B . Mask ' ( |! Z Š„ SuperNet % Z %- @( $%! . %0' Supernet $%! ™@%( œ % 2% 7 %O & 6 % % ' $%! % ( 2,% % Z n ? $! % %"? ' 205.16.32.0 2,% % Z ! % % ( n ? . 205.16.39.0 % % 205.16.32.0 % % . 205.16.39.255 : 0h) C/ 0- 1 . ( +' # 4 (n ? - @( 6 '? : n@ 6' ( n ? H |%! ' n ? „Ž %( |% 2 % |%! > ( & n ? Š ( - 2 $w T" w |! N' % n ? .(...5œ5‡5Š) % ( Š & % %! ( ™@%( - ? J + = .n ? „šŠ‡ ( ‰ C( 2 U%( * ‡ %( %! ( ! % ( n ? 5: % ( ? ‡ ™@( 7 V@W . ( : ,Q U( * - ? J ( ! ( ™@( %( % @( ( ' | n ? 2! ( $! 2 2 ! ( - 5n ? Š‹Ž ( ™@( ( . ( : ,Q . | 2 2 2! ( Š n ? Ž‹‹…Ž M ( ? „Ž ™@( |! ! ( n ? & ! - ? | :# W ClassLess - 1 E] :
  • 31. 205.16.37.32 190.16.42.44 17.17.33.80 123.45.24.52 2%! ( $! 2 2 $ o . 2 : ,Q U( * „Ž ( 2 …Š #' n ? 2! ( $! 2 2 -% ? % & % ) % n ? ' #' n ? %- $! ( ( .2 : ,Q U( * „Ž ( 2 œš C & ) n ? . ( E $! ( J M ( n ? „šŠ‡ ( ™@( |! N' n ? & ! | :# W 205.16.37.32 190.16.42.0 17.17.32.0 123.45.24.52 U%( * ‡ %( ! ( 2 2 )' 2! ( ' ( = 2! ( $! 2 2 5„šŠ‡ ( : ,Q 2 T( * ( . 1! $! 17.17.32.0 n ? - . ( : ,Q :/ a C% & ECIDR % & / % & . % ( % n ? |%! Mask %-w! %J 6 6 A%& ( & |! A.B.C.D/n . & ( / % & )205.16.37.24/29 & A% . # %4 ' N' % n ? ( ™@( |! | 6 |! :# W . $ J ™@( . … ' % ‘% 3 #' 2 ( ŠŸ ! ( 5 ! - & n ? 6 . ( .2 205.16.37.24 ! ( n ? .: ! J |! ( !- & 2 ( Beginning : 11001111 00010000 00100101 00011000 Ending : 11001111 00010000 00100101 00011111 C & ! Uw (6 $! ( ( .2 œ # W $! (n ? . 0' n ? œ - ™@( : & ! -& n ? 24 + 7 = 31 --> 205.16.37.31 : B! & ! UwA( / &| (6 3 ( C'B5A - @ Class A : A.B.C.D/8 Class B : A.B.C.D/16 Class C : A.B.C.D/24 $ % J 5 % ( 167.199.170.82/27 + X%( w % - ? w! w = w n ? :# W . S & (2 ( ‹) & * ( - ( ' D& #' 2 ( Š† ! ( 2,&? J ( 2 Š† & A . # 4 ‹6 = ( 2 01010010 2 ( $! "? . * { 2 2! ( $! "? - 2 ( ‹ .: = . 167.199.170.64/27 ( 2 ( ( w n ? .:! '? 2 ( 64 ! ' 01000000 6? "? 2 ( subnet .2% subnet ‡ % & 6 % $! . 130.34.12.64/26 n ? ™@( 6 |!:# W . €YA -&? n ? ' Ž ) % : Y( subnet ‡ 7 $! ( (. (Š ) n ? Ž‡ ™@( D! + Z ( .2 Ž & ,. # 4 . ( 26+2=28 2[ 3 $! & A . # 4 $! ( ( .2 " n ? „Ž Subnet 1: 130.34.12.64/28 to 130.34.12.79/28. Subnet 2: 130.34.12.80/28 to 130.34.12.95/28. Subnet 3: 130.34.12.96/28 to 130.34.12.111/28. Slash notation - 1 Classless Inter Domain Routing - 2 F^ :
  • 32. Subnet 4: 130.34.12.112/28 to 130.34.12.127/28. n ? •% $! 2,&? & ISP $! . 190.100.0.0/16 ! ( n ? ( n ? ™@( |! ISP |! : 8! ! '7 $( n ? Š‹Ž &) A Ž‡ #' ' 7 n ? „Šœ &) A „Šœ )' ' 7 n ? Ž‡ &) A „Šœ ) ' 7 6' %( n ? % €YA $ o . ! '? 2 ( ) Slash notation ' 3 4 - @( ! .2 & *( œ .2% & ,%. %((Š‹Ž=Š ) œ # %4 % J %( $%! .2 n ? Š‹Ž & A ' 7 $! :„ ' 7 …ŠLœ=Š‡ ( 2 ( ( & A . # 4 $! ( ( 01: 190.100.0.0/24 190.100.0.255/24 02: 190.100.1.0/24 190.100.1.255/24 ………………………………….. 64: 190.100.63.0/24 190.100.63.255/24 Total = 64 × 256 = 16,384 .2% & ,%. %((„Šœ=Š†) † # %4 % J ( $! .2 n ? „Šœ & A ' 7 $! :)' ' 7 .…ŠL†=Š‹ ( 2 ( ( & A . # 4 $! ( ( 01: 190.100.64.0/25 190.100.64.127/25 02: 190.100.64.128/25 190.100.64.255/25 ………………………………….. 64: 190.100.127.128/25 190.100.127.255/25 Total = 64 × 256 = 16,384 $! ( ( .2 & ,. ((Ž‡=ŠŽ) Ž # 4 J ( $! .2 n ? Ž‡ & A ' 7 $! :) ' 7 .…ŠLŽ=ŠŽ ( 2 ( ( & A . # 4 001:190.100.128.0/26 190.100.128.63/26 002:190.100.128.64/26 190.100.128.127/26 ………………………… 128:190.100.159.192/26 190.100.159.255/26 Total = 128 × 64 = 8,192 Ž‹‹…‹ : 0 - ? N O $! ( ( ‡šŸŽš : X XY - ? N O Š‡‹†Ž: 6' ( - ? N O : *+, - 0- 1 iB% . & * w !9 RARP ' ARP.:! . IP Uw ' .' ( ( 5BY( $! F :
  • 33. : 1ARP % ( ! ,% ( %% ,( *' . & 7 ( ( w + n ? ) w!C n ? 2 Tw ' . n ? %! ( } ! , $! 5 ( €YA %%%%% |! ( ) ;D( LAN ' ( ,( } ! , $! ! %%( % MAC ,( n ? ! ( ' & J IP n ? LAN w ! ). ( ( ( d•) w!C '? 2 ( %w!C n ? Tw ' . . 2 3 LAN & %%%% & ,( + = $! z ( . 2 ARP LAN %( ,%( ' * XQ IP n ? " ,( w! ( ' "q"2 ARP . ( 2! ( Šœ 5RARP ' ARP ,( &. : 7 * Uw - ( ARP Address resolution protocol - 1 FE :
  • 34. ,%( X%Q n ? 6 % X%Q IP n ? . w % |%! 6 (C ' $ ( ,( # .„ . ( %( ,%( % ( ! ( $! ( ( . ( D! w & (C ( ,( " 6 (C |! .Š . ( } ! , n ? XQ IP n ? . U! w }! , . % U%! %D! w % & (C ( ! ( &2 ! ,( } ! , |! .… n ? X%Q IP n ? . % U%! %D! } ! ,% %( ,( ( ! ( } ! , $! ( ( . 7 U! 6? ( ,( ! ( ( ! , #' 0 n ( 2 }! , n ?. % U%! h " w & (C ( !( 2 ! ,( } ! , .‡ . ( ,( XQ n ? 6 XQ IP %-& (C . % ( % Unicast + X( 6? — . w [ 3 5 7 # Broadcast + X( ARP ) . ,%( %( 5 % ( w! " IP n ? ( ,( 0 n ? 7. D& ARP ,( IP n ? ( XQ XQ } ! , # 3 . # ' * ARP ,( " w!C n ? J! } 0 #' 0 ) & ( XQ ( MAC !9 :! ( " E& ,( & XQ 6 (C w!C n ? $ ,& ( .( Update €YA & ! . ARP w % B : ,% %w!C n ? f, ( " 2 " ARP ) . |! G! 4 A : , :# W n ?)2% |%! ) % X%Q $ % %w!C n ? ' (2 " ) 2 |! Operation T . A .(Broadcast FF :
  • 35. ' (— .)2 Š Operation T Q . # " w!C n ? 5 ! ) . } 0 B : , . 7 * ,( # :, w!C n ? 2 ,* B w!C n ? q X%" w % %T Y -AY( ARP - . ( 2 w ( ! , Proxy ARP } ! , -( A& 7 T0 h' $! $,3 . — . w -AY( ! 8* ' -& (C w!C - ? - % " %( ! 7 — . 2Z B! C $ o ' w w (B O & ' w U ARP ) . ! -& (C w!C - ? ! — . -D& 5 ! 7 — . 2Z B! C U [ . ( & %(C &9 4 , ,( w&? O( O & . ( } ! , 5q " & ( 5 w -AY( . ' ( Proxy ARP } ! , 2 1Q 5 ! & 4 w D! BY( w 6? 2-0 " 5 & } ! , #' 0 E& w!C n ? w = . 7 A : ( ! UwA( ARP C0 &' " # W |! ( " $! -['t wT Z & ' (Cache) B #' 0 0 Z@4 " : ! D( E& ! (Cache) B #' 0 .2 7 * ( FG :
  • 36. 2% ! % 114.5.7.89 X% Q n ? % ( (IP % !9 )IP Datagram ,% ( |% ! ARP % 0' " #'t % % % % % . (Resolved)R 2%[ 3 %( n ? $%! %( U" % |! ' | B #' 0 0' " #'t . ! & %& . !9 ( n ? ' ,( ' (457342ACAE32) ~ Y w!C n ? 0' " #'t . . & * ( _ 6' ( B #' 0 . #Q & ( 116.1.7.77 X%Q n ? %( (IP %!9 )IP Datagram ,%( |! ARP 0' " #'t 5 J( & { Šš |%! #'t % . & . #' 0 6? ( T" ' | B #' 0 0' " #'t . ! & 2 ! %= |! #'t R . l #' 0 ( Attempt T ( |! Q ( ' (Pending)P 2[ 3 ( U" %& . %!9 %( ARP 2% " |! #'t R . * 6? ,( ' & O! XQ $! ( ! 0 . ! & # 5 XQ $! ( . %! & % 2% ! 188.11.8.71 XQ IP n ? ( ARP ,( |! ARP ' ' #'t 5 J( & { „‹ % ( U" % 2%[ 3 %T % ' ' #'t % . % % %. n ? U" % $%! ' % % |% #' %0 #'t % % H %% %%w!C n ? ' %% %% € X%%Y Time-out %%T %%( Ÿšš %%Q ' %% _ (Resolved)R %w! 6? 0 ! ,( ' „œ = ( #'t . !C U" ( C & (E34573242ACA) . # & . !9 ( w! FL :
  • 37. % %( Time-out %Q . % % ' ( #' 0 -T" 5(Cache)B # #'t 5 J( & { Š‹ B % Š‹ %& ( Resolved ! - & U" ( ' ( ! B Žš & ( ! ( Resolved U" %( U" % (. _ (Free)F ( 5 6? Time-out 6 = U [ ( "? U * U" 2[ 3 . ( ! %( Attempt %T %& 5 3 ' |! B! C $! R. . ( ! B! C w! Attempt T Q 5P 2[ 3 %( ! _ F ( C & n ? $! U" 2[ 3 $! ( ( ' A ( O 3 201.11.56.7 IP n ? Uw ' . . 7 H;3 6? = ' : 1RARP %" IP n ? % Y( : ,% ' ( 0 MAC n ? 2 & Uw ' . $! .( & & D& IP n ? -& (C ! 0 ( V = X" ) '? 2 ( :2 ! + X( PARP ,( 2 Reverse address resolution protcol - 1 FN :
  • 38. % ,%( 5ARP % & .2% —% . %( ‡ ' 2% " %( … % ,%( $! ( operation T Q . 7 Unicast 6? — . ' Broadcast5RARP 2 " Subnet 6 %o %Z@4 6 %o %Z@4 %& & PARP 5 w ( UX |,! 6' ( % DHCL ' BootP % U%w ' . $ (. : ' IP n ? ' } ! , IP n ? 5Mask . FU :
  • 39. :* + "& % + F[ :
  • 40. e% %w [ 3 % % * ( # X |! ( w !9 Uw ' . 5^# X ( +4 ,%( % %( 7 ) O& + T Z ' U Z & 7 0 + X( ,( ( w !9 Uw ' . 5 `# X 6' ( . & ,( ! ( 4 : !;. ) O& Uw ' ( w ,( U! . w 6 & (C ( w |! 6 (C |! ,( U! '# :: Q , U! .„ 0 . D! w & (C ( w |! 6 (C ,( U! ' # :: Q , z U! .Š . ( : Q , U! 5 XQ 6 (C ( "? } ! , ,( U! 2[ 3 $! : Z w (! , (Next-hop Routing) J( h . ( ! , L„ . 0' ( ! , #' 0 XQ U , - ? : , !. ( • . 0' ( ! , #' 0 J( h . n ? 1Q : J( h . 1Q ! . ( • 1 Connection Oriented 2 Connectionless F] :
  • 41. n% ( %J( h %. n ? $ % J : (Network-specific Routing)€YA% w ( ! , LŠ . XQ w 6 %(C n ( J( h . n ? $ J :(Host-specific Routing)€YA 6 (C ( ! , L… . XQ ( ! ,% %( › % B %. ,% |%! € X%Y :(Default Routing)› B . ( ! , L‡ . , & 5€YA F #' 0 !- ? G^ :
  • 42. : , + =' ( ( ! , #' 0 . ' + X( #' 0 $! + Z@4 : ,! #' 0 L„ %! ' OSPF 5RIP %-Tw ' . T % ( ' + X( #' 0 $! + Z@4 : ! . #' 0 LŠ . 7 ' ( BGP . 7 # Z ,( ' ( ( ! , #'t G! 4 ( ! , #' 0 + Z@4 : ( ! + X( ( ! , #' 0 |! K 4 : Z ( ! , #' 0 -DT .2 # J } ! , :U • . * D! w XQ :G • . ( €YA 6 (C + X( n ? :H • . O , $ J T ( 'C :D • . O , $ J T ( j X :M • :2 ! + X( ( ! , #' 0 F $ 7 *f : Q , U! n ? L„ €YA 6 (C n ? LŠ G :
  • 43. €YA w n ? L… › B . n ? L‡ . 3 4 R1 } ! , ( ! w ( ! , #' 0 :# W %( F% % Mask # % Z ( | ( | 6? XQ n ? 5 ,( , 6 . 2-0 ( ! , #'t (. ~ Y F 6? ,( # n ? 5G( F + = ' ,! Q F 6? XQ n ? + X( #' 0 j = F 5 ! & 2 ! 192.16.7.14 n ? ( ! ,( T * R1 } ! , 7 # W : 7 €YA ! Direct delivery 192.16.7.14 & 255.0.0.0 192.0.0.0 no match 192.16.7.14 & 255.255.255.224 192.16.7.0 no match 192.16.7.14 & 255.255.255.224 192.16.7.0 no match Host-specific 192.16.7.14 & 255.255.255.255 192.16.7.14 no match Network-specific 192.16.7.14 & 255.255.255.0 192.16.7.0 match : ( ! Uw ( 193.14.5.176 n ? ( ,( (}! , $ wT Z Direct delivery 193.14.5.176 & 255.0.0.0 193.0.0.0 no match GE :
  • 44. 193.14.5.176 & 255.255.255.224 193.14.5.160 match :200.34.12.34 n ? ( ,( (' Direct delivery 200.34.12.34 & 255.0.0.0 200.0.0.0 no match 200.34.12.34 & 255.255.255.224 200.34.12.32 no match 200.34.12.34 & 255.255.255.224 200.34.12.32 no match Host-specific 200.34.12.34 & 255.255.255.255 200.34.12.34 no match Network-specific 200.34.12.34 & 255.255.255.0 200.34.12.0 no match 200.34.12.34 & 255.255.255.0 200.34.12.0 no match Default 200.34.12.34 & 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0. match . : R1} ! , ( ! , #' 0 :# W . : R1} ! , ( ! , #' 0 :# W GF :
  • 45. . S &: 6? w t [ . .2 R1} ! , ( ! , #' 0 :# W : ( U U( * ! n@ 6' ( n ? ! ' CIDR ( ! , #' 0 & • Q 4 (! , • ! _0 ( ! , • ( ! , #' 0 O ,0 : ! D[ • 6% ? ( ! ,% #' %0 O ,%0 2 Z@4 ' 3 h " n ? 5 @ n ? .2, & & D ! n@ 6' ( n ? > GG :
  • 46. :, "& % + # GL :
  • 47. 6? %( % % %-D& 6 % |%! 1 2 $w 6? ! -AY( 2 7 C( w 2& ! ' &% U=' : ( AS $! R . (Autonomous system) ! 7 ( : , ) Autonomous (as) . AS $ ( ( ! , ' AS T" ( ! , : :! ( ! , N & ' $! ( (. & '? 0 ( 2& ! w % RIP ' OSPF % AS U%" :(Interior routing Protocol or IRP) %T" ( ! ,% - . . BGP AS ~ " :(Exterior routing protocol or ERP ) 0 " ( ! , - The relation between ASes, backbones, and areas in OSPF U%Q ŒS% ( ,( J! . Store & Forward + = ( WAN w 8* ' # _% 0' " 1" 7 R ' ~ Y n ? Switch5 "] Switch ,( . . Forward ,( 5 ( ( ? ) & 5 % 2% ! %& ,( J( Œ S 2 u 1Q Œ S :Next Hop Forwareding . XQ ( & ,( 2, & :- J! > €YA GN :
  • 48. + %= % 7 : X% X%Q n % ( wT( 2, & :- ¡ Routing 7: X :¡ #@Q (. 7 -Z ( u' $! O #& 5 O ). 7 : ,( • o S (! , : ( ! ! & ! ( ( ! , N & $! • 6 & 56 ( -( 52[ Z5 ! . 56 ( )' Q 5 6 ( 56 j = : !? J • . ;7 5 "” 5 !C 5( ( MIN ! ( ) & Node J : 7: X 6 • ( DataGRAM ) ,( .^ ( Virtual Circuit )e .` :( , 6 . # r, ) 7: X U • Node .^ C Node .` ( Source Routing ) z? Node .a : + Z@4 '? 8 0 8 • (| )Œ .^ . '? 8 0 Z@4 , $ ! ( ! ( DYNAMIC ( ! , .Š ( GLOBAL & 2 LOCAL ( ! , ) T .a , Node .d Node U .g !, Node .i ( , !J !C 6 | 6 ) ) D -( 6 • . .^ |! ! . .` ! ( _ .a t[. _ .d :/ 5! Source + %= %( 2% $%w | % ( ! ,% .| ! !2 | + = ( ! (! , .2( { ( ! , ! ( Routing : j/ 5! , . ( w.5 w XQ ' P ~' ( w! ' 2( { , |! 52( { ( ! , % % # X% % !C $! ( % ( . % ( ! % % _ 5 w " _ ( - W 3 ! ' , 2( { 2% 6 A& ! Uw . D( * 5| & ! .+ _ !. ( & & 5^ -( ! , % 2% % %O! 5 C ( ! ,% R! % |%! . 7 . & 2( { ( ! , |! & D 1 Designing router GU :
  • 49. €YA% J( 7 5 XQ ' P ~' ( R! . ( 7 * w # C |! 2 $w . ! & '@%J( . %7 % "] 5$%w % %7 ~' (U , 2, & ) 9 ( 0 $! % , › 5N l $! 6 ! ( .2 5 7 ~' ( 5 , 7 $ [' $ J 5 w ! Y %( A ,% A%Y( % R1 , & * ( ( n *( - . z? X-A # X ( Y ( X !C !C A ( R1 !C 7 6 . 7 ! J Y ( A , $! !C : 6 Z ( R2 .2 ) 9 52 $! % % !C :% 5R2 5 %( R2 R1 !C 7 . ( ! -( R2 , ( & X-Y , 5 ( R2 U% %& ' %J( %7 2 - 5 , FQ& $! ( ( .R1=R2 $! ( ( ' ( Y& Y ( A , % %( (' . 7 z? 5‡ 7 (Ž 7 („ 7 , 5 #W . 7 €YA , Ž %7 ( : Q , # X |! 5Ž 7 ( ‹ 7 , 5) O& . ;7 ‹ 7 Ž 7 ( ‡ 7 , 5R! . ( „L‡L‹LŽ 5Ž 7 ( „ 7 U , $! ( ( .2 . & 7 "] 7 ' J 7 & ( ! , #' 0 5 R! $! ( % ! . (! , ! 6 |! "] ( & - 7 T * H 7 . #9 ( 0 ( . €YA XQ ( ( J( 7 5 7 |%! % ,( . & 0' O + ') 7 ( ( ! , $ ( ' 52( { ( ! , ( ' 7 % 52%( { ( ! ,% 2%!C . % ( ! % 6 ! 0 6 ,w! , |! 5 XQ |! ( P !;%. H %FJ& 6 %Q h' $%! J%l . % ( % 5 %! . ;%7 ( ( $r F w 6? } " . & w €Q& ! ' w 1! ( " h ' T( Q ! & h' $! . ( %7 |! 5n ~ " 7 ' , !;. G F +9 X 2,&? 2( { ( ! , ! C w! 2% $%w „ %7 ! ! & { J( 7#W (. ! & : XQ ( ! & { J( . ( …5…5Š5…5‡ 2( { ( ! , : ;1 # ; / 5! G[ :
  • 50. %! + = ( ' ( & w + Z@4 & h' $! . ( ? U 5 D! 6 ? ( ! , h' %( %! ,( |! 5 7 . 7 # B! ! , ) (P 7 |! ,( |! . %( % Y( „ %7 7 5# W (. 7 # 5 2 ! 6? ,( [ X CO( 5 0 " +9 X ) % 5Š %7 . # 5 ‡ ' … 5Š 7 ( Ž XQ n ? ( ,( 5 # ,( Ž 7 U% Z $%! ' % # 5‹ ' … 5Š 7 ( ! C &‡ 7. # ‡ '… 7 ( 6? ( ! w! !( ,( $! . Ž 7 ( ,( J 2 *Z. (! F ' 5 %[' C%O( % Q( %& ( Ž 7 + 5 [ ' O ! [ 'P & 5 . C! ( % % ' 3 6' ( QT3 ,( J 5 ! & * ,( . . # Q & T Z 0' 6' ( %Q %7 % % 2,%&? N %l $! 7 T0 ( |! . ( ! 5 (8 ! ( ,( |! 5 &2 ! ,( 6 D! Y,& w & . & ( h " # (' ,( ! |%! %( %& Q $! . 7 * ,( h . J T |! 2,&? |! . C! ( ' 6? : %E 5( w |! 7 ~' $ ( h . $! ( , $! 7 C( # 4) w F* & $w W 3 Q %= %Q $%! %7 . : T $! Q w! 5 ,( |! Z X* 7 |! 6 . 7 # % 5Ž %( „ %7 ,%( |%! .2% ? ! ! X N l $! [W . 2Y! ' ,( 5 %( . %7 O! ,( $! 5h . $ [' . ( ! € XY 6? h . T ( … Q ' 7 5 X%Q %( 6 U[ (5 Ž 7 ( ! . O! Ÿ VZ O 5 $! )' h . %0 . %& * " (h . $ ) h . $! "? 5 O! V ! 0 ŠŠ 7. Y& # (' % . % O! T3 $ $! 2 $w 5 w& ( ! ,( 5 7 |! 7 %l % ‡ C% & Ž %7 ' & % Y! ' 5 & & XQ ( h . $ ! ,( . ! & 2 ! ,( : :- 2 = " ? U h' ' # X |! & $! ( ( . & ? 5 XQ ' P $ ( $w , • $( 0 , |! U* 3 5P [ ,( |! . ( } J 5 0' " 7 ! . & " 4 XQ ' P 6 % J( %& % % XQ ( ,( |! U* 3 5 -( ! , ) B! ? U [ ( • . 7 * 5h . $! ( , |! . & + *@ 5P (: Q , z !: Q , #X ( 7 • G] :