Piping components, materials, codes and standards part 1- pipe

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PIPING SYSTEM DESIGN I –
PIPING COMPONENTS, MATERIALS, CODES AND
STANDARDS - PART 1 - PIPE
Engineering and Management Solutions
REBIS ACADEMY
Presented By Alireza Niakani

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1

PIPE
REBIS ACADEMY 2

MINIMUM REQUIREMENT FOR PIPE
• Pipe types
• Pipe manufacturing and fabrication
• Pipe size
• Pipe wall thickness, schedule and weight
• Pipe material
• Pipe End preparation (End furnished)
• Pipe length
• Pipe Insulation, Coating and lining
• Pipe Standards
REBIS ACADEMY 3

PIPE TYPES
Metallic Non‐Metallic
Ferrous Non‐FerrousCast Iron
Carbon Steel
Alloy Steel
Stainless Steel
Thermosetting
Thermoplastic
Concrete
Vitrified Clay
Glass
REBIS ACADEMY 4

PIPE MANUFACTURING AND FABRICATION
Rolled & Weld
Spiral (Helical)
welded pipe
U & O
Seamless
pipe
Seam welded
pipe
Steel pipe
Longitudinal (Straight)
welded pipe
REBIS ACADEMY 5

PIPE MANUFACTURING AND FABRICATION
Seamless
Seam welded
Steel (Metallic) Pipe
Coal, Iron Ore, Coke and Scrap are melted to form
Ingots
Billets
Slabs
Blooms
Plate
Coil
REBIS ACADEMY 6

SEAMLESS PIPE MANUFACTURING
Seamless pipe is made when steel in a solid, round cylindrical shape,
called a “billet” or a “tube round” is heated and then either pushed or
pulled (while being rapidly rotated) over a mandrel with a piercing point
positioned in the center of the billet. This activity produces a hollow tube
or “shell”. Seamless pipe is made in sizes from 1/8” to 26”.
Mandrel Mill Process is used to make smaller sizes of
seamless pipe form 1/8” to 26”.
Plug Mill Process is used to make larger sizes of
seamless pipe from 6” to 26” diameter.
Extrusion Process is used for tubes only.
Seamless pipes are stronger and more reliable,
however, expensive, in short supply and unavailable in
long lengths.
REBIS ACADEMY 7

SEAMLESS PIPES MANUFACTURING
REBIS ACADEMY 8

WELDED PIPE MANUFACTURINGSeam welded pipe
Submerged Arc Weld Pipe
(SAW)
Electric Fusion Weld Pipe
(EFW)
Fusion weld (FW) Pipe
Or Continues Weld (CW)
Electric Resistance Weld Pipe
(ERW)
Longitudinal Submerged Arc Weld Pipe
(LSAW)
Spiral Submerged Arc Weld Pipe
(SSAW)
REBIS ACADEMY 9

FUSION WELD (FW) / CONTINUES WELD (CW)
FW or CW pipes is used in sizes 1/8” to 4‐1/2”. The ribbon of steel is fed
into a leveler and then into a gas furnace where it is heated to the
required temperature for forming and fusing. The forming rolls at the end
of the furnace shape the heated skelp into an oval.
The edges of the skelp are then firmly pressed together by rolls to obtain a
forged weld. The heat of the skelp, combined with the pressure exerted by
the rolls, form the weld.
Synchronized with the speed of the pipe as it emerges from the final rolls
is a rotary saw which cuts the pipe to its desired length. The pipe is then
cooled, descaled, straightened, inspected. tested hydrostatically, coated as
required and end finished. No metal is added into the operation.
Continuous weld pipe is commonly used for the conveyance of water. air.
gas, steam; for sprinkling systems, water wells. fencing. and a multitude of
structural applications.
These pipes are generally the lowest cost steel piping material available.
REBIS ACADEMY 10

ELECTRIC RESISTANCE WELD (ERW)
ERW pipes is used in sizes 2” to 24”. The coils of strip steel or skelp is
pulled through a series of rollers that gradually form it into a cylindrical
tube. As the edges of the now cylindrical plate come together, an electric
current is applied at the proper points to heat the edges so they can be
welded together.
As in CW pipe, no extraneous metal is added; in fact, due to the extreme
pressure of the rolls, steel is extruded on both the inside and outside of
the pipe at the point of the weld. This is called flash and is removed by
stationary cutters while still white hot. This process leads to coalescence
or merging. It produces uniform wall thicknesses and outside dimensions.
The High Frequency Induction Technology (HFI) welding process is used for
manufacturing ERW pipes as well. HFI is generally considered to be
technically superior to “ordinary” ERW when manufacturing pipes for
critical applications.
REBIS ACADEMY 11

ERW PIPE MANUFACTURING
REBIS ACADEMY 12

SUBMERGED ARC WELD (SAW)
SAW pipes is used in sizes 10” to up. Submerged Arc Welded (SAW) pipe
derives its name from the process wherein the welding arc is submerged
in flux while the welding takes place. The flux protects the steel in the
weld area from any impurities in the air when heated to welding
temperatures.
The two types of pipes produced through these technologies are
Longitudinal Submerged Arc Welded (LSAW) and Spiral Submerged Arc
Welded (SSAW) pipes.
Due to their high cost, LSAW pipes are seldom used in lower value non‐
energy applications such as water pipelines. SSAW pipes are produced by
spiral (helicoidal) welding of steel coil and have a cost advantage over
LSAW pipes as the process uses coils rather than steel plates.
Both LSAW pipes and SSAW pipes compete against ERW pipes and
seamless pipes in the diameter ranges of 16”‐24”.
REBIS ACADEMY 13

SAW PIPE MANUFACTURING
REBIS ACADEMY 14

PIPE MANUFACTURING COMPARATIVE NOTES
Pipe size:
Seamless < Spiral Welded Pipe < Longitudinal welded pipe
Wall Thickness:
Seamless < Spiral Welded Pipe < Longitudinal welded pipe
Length:
Seamless < Longitudinal welded pipe< Spiral Welded Pipe
Price:
Spiral Welded Pipe < Longitudinal welded pipe<Seamless
Joint efficiency E:
joint efficiency E used in pressure design equation, where for Seamless E = 1.0, and for
Longitudinal Seam Welded E = 1.0 in case of full radiography and may be = 0.85 for other
cases, and for spiral E = 0.65 or 0.60
Method:
Seamless used hot process, Spiral used cold rolling with extrusion process while
longitudinal used cold process with bend and rolled.
REBIS ACADEMY 15

PIPE SIZE
IPS: Iron Pipe size = 1/8”, 3/8”, 1/2”, 3/4”, 1”, 1 1/2”, 2”, …. , 80”
NPS: Nominal Pipe size = 1/8, 3/8, 1/2, 3/4, 1, 1 1/2, 2, …. , 80
DN: Diametre Nominel = 6, 8, 10, 15, 20, 25, 32, 40, 50, …. , 2000
OD
Outside Diameter
ID
Inside Diameter
(Bore)
ODID
Wall thickness
REBIS ACADEMY
16

PIPE SIZE
NPS (in) 1/8 1/4 3/8 1/2 3/4 1 1‐1/4 1‐1/2 2 2‐1/2 3 3‐1/2 4 5 6 8 10 12
OD (in) 0.405 0.540 0.675 0.840 1.050 1.315 1.660 1.900 2.375 2.875 3.500 4.00 4.500 5.563 6.625 8.625 10.750 10.750
NPS (in) 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48
OD (in) 14.000 16.000 18.000 20.000 22.000 24.000 26.000 28.000 30.000 32.000 34.000 36.000 38.000 40.000 42.000 44.000 46.000 48.000
DN (mm) 6 8 10 15 20 25 32 40 50 65 80 90 100 125 150 200 250 300
OD (mm) 10.290 13.720 17.150 21.340 26.670 33.400 42.160 48.260 60.330 73.020 88.900 101.60 114.30 141.30 168.27 219.08 273.05 323.85
DN (mm) 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 950 1000 1050 1100 1150 1200
OD (mm) 355.60 406.40 457.20 508.00 559.00 609.60 660.04 711.20 762.00 812.80 863.60 914.40 965.20 1016.0 1066.8 117.6 1168.4 1219.2
Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) is a American (ASA) set of standard sizes for pipes used
for high or low pressures and temperatures. The European designation equivalent
to NPS is DN (diamètre nominal/nominal diameter/Durchmesser nach Norm), in
which sizes are measured in millimetres.
• For NPS ⅛ to 12 inches, the NPS and OD values are different.
• For NPS 14 inches and up, the NPS and OD values are equal.
REBIS ACADEMY
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PIPE SCHEDULE AND WALL THICKNESS
NPS
(in)
OD
(in)
Pipe Schedule (SCH)
5 10 20 30 40 STD 60 80 XS 100 120 140 160 XXS
8 8.625 0.109 0.148 0.250 0.277 0.322 0.322 0.406 0.500 0.500 0.594 0.719 0.812 0.906 0.875
12 12.750 0.165 0.180 0.250 0.330 0.406 0.375 0.562 0.688 0.500 0.844 1.000 1.125 1.312 1.000
14 14.000 0.156 0.250 0.312 0.375 0.438 0.375 0.594 0.750 0.500 0.938 1.094 1.250 1.406
24 24.000 0.218 0.250 0.375 0.562 0.687 0.375 0.968 1.218 0.500 1.531 1.812 2.062 2.343
Imperial & Metric
• The ASME/ANSI B 36.10 is for Steel Pipe, ASME/ANSI B36.19 for Stainless Steel Pipe and
API 5L for line pipe.
• The formula to approximate calculate of Schedule Number = (1,000)(P/S)
Where, P = the internal working pressure, psig and S = the allowable stress (psi)
For example, the schedule number of ordinary steel pipe having an allowable stress of
10,000 psi for use at a working pressure of 350 psig would be:
Schedule Number = (1,000)(350/10,000) = 35 (approx. 40)
NPS
(in)
OD
(mm)
Pipe Schedule (SCH)
5 10 20 30 40 STD 60 80 XS 100 120 140 160 XXS
8 219.080 2.769 3.759 6.350 7.036 8.179 8.179 10.312 12.700 12.700 15.062 18.237 20.625 23.012 22.225
12 323.850 4.191 4.572 6.350 8.382 10.312 9.525 12.700 17.450 12.700 21.412 25.4 28.575 33.325 25.400
14 355.600 3.962 6.350 7.925 9.525 11.100 9.525 15.062 19.50 12.700 23.800 27.762 31.750 35.712
24 609.600 5.537 6.350 9.525 14.275 17.450 9.525 24.587 30.937 12.700 38.887 46.025 52.375 59.512
REBIS ACADEMY
18

PIPE SCHEDULE VS. WEIGHT
Metric
NPS
(in)
OD
(mm)
Pipe Schedule (SCH)
5 10 20 30 40 STD 60 80 XS 100 120 140 160 XXS
8 219.080 15.09 20.37 33.31 36.81 42.55 42.55 64.4 64.4 107.92
10 273.100 23.08 28.34 41.77 51.03 60.31 60.31 83.19 81.55 155.15
12 323.850 31.89 36.73 49.73 65.20 79.73 73.88 132.08 97.46 186.97
14 355.600 35.06 54.69 67.90 81.33 94.55 93.27 158.10 107.39
The formula to approximate calculate of the steel pipe nominal weight per unit length is:
Approx. weight per unit length (kg/m) = [O.D.(mm) – W.T(mm)] x W.T.(mm) x 0.02466
Approx. weight per unit length (Ib/ft) = [O.D.(inch) – W.T(inch)] x W.T.(inch) x 10.69 for
C.S. or 10.68 for S.S
Where, O.D. is Outside Diameter and W.T. is Wall Thickness
1 inch=25.4 mm and 1Ib/ft=1.4895 kg/m
NPS
(in)
OD
(mm)
Pipe Schedule (SCH)
5 10 20 30 40 STD 60 80 XS 100 120 140 160 XXS
8 219.080 2.769 3.759 6.350 7.036 8.179 8.179 10.312 12.700 12.700 15.062 18.237 20.625 23.012 22.225
12 323.850 4.191 4.572 6.350 8.382 10.312 9.525 12.700 17.450 12.700 21.412 25.4 28.575 33.325 25.400
14 355.600 3.962 6.350 7.925 9.525 11.100 9.525 15.062 19.50 12.700 23.800 27.762 31.750 35.712
24 609.600 5.537 6.350 9.525 14.275 17.450 9.525 24.587 30.937 12.700 38.887 46.025 52.375 59.512
REBIS ACADEMY
19

PIPE WALL THICKNESS CALCULATION
t= Pressure design thickness
d= Inside diameter of pipe
D= Outside diameter of pipe
P= Internal design pressure
E= Quality factor (Basic quality factor “E” for
longitudinal weld joints in stainless steel
pipes, tubes and fittings)
S= Stress value for material (Basic allowable
stress “S”)
Y= Coefficient factor
REBIS ACADEMY 20

REBIS ACADEMY
21

REBIS ACADEMY
22

PIPE MATERIAL
The most comprehensive reference for material is ASTM. American
Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), is an international standards
organization that develops and publishes technical standards for a wide
range of materials, products, systems, and services.
The ASTM Standards covers 15 sections:
1. Iron and Steel Products
2. Nonferrous Metal Products
3. Metals Test Methods and Analytical Procedures
4. Construction
5. Petroleum Products, Lubricants, and Fossil Fuels
6. Paints, Related Coatings, and Aromatics
7. Textiles
8. Plastics
9. Rubber
10. Electrical Insulation and Electronics
11. Water and Environmental Technology
12. Nuclear, Solar, and Geothermal Energy
13. Medical Devices and Services
14. General Methods and Instrumentation
15. General Products, Chemical Specialties
16. Index to all sections and volumes
REBIS ACADEMY 23

FLUID SERVICE CATEGORY (B31.3 DEFINITION)
B31.3 recognizes the following fluid service categories and a special
design consideration based on pressure. With the fluid service
category known, then the designer can make proper material and
component selection, as well as employ the code required
fabrication and inspection requirements.
These fluid categories and pressure concern are:
1. Normal Fluid Service (ASME B31.3 , Chapter 7)
2. Category D Fluid Service
3. Category M Fluid Service (ASME B31.3 , Chapter 8)
4. High Pressure Piping (ASME B31.3 , Chapter 9)
5. Severe Cyclic Conditions
REBIS ACADEMY 24

FLUID SERVICE CATEGORY
1. Normal Fluid Service (ASME B31.3 , Chapter 7)
A fluid service pertaining to most piping covered by this code,
not subject to the rules of Category D, M or High Pressure Fluid
Service.
Often characterized as “Process”
REBIS ACADEMY 25

2. Category D Fluid Service
The fluid handled is:
• nonflammable
• nontoxic
• not damaging to human tissue
• The design gage pressure does not exceed 150 psig
• The design temperature is greater than ‐20°F (‐29°C) and
dose not exceed 366°F (‐186°C). 366°F is the saturation
temperature of steam at 150 psig.
• Often characterized as “Utility”
Example: Steam condensate with max temp. 212°F (100°C) and
max press. 90 psig (6 bar)
REBIS ACADEMY 26

3. Category M Fluid Service (ASME B31.3 , Chapter VIII)
A fluid service in which the potential for personnel exposure is
judged to be significant and in which a single exposure to a very
small quantity of a toxic fluid, caused by leakage, can produce
serious irreversible harm to persons upon breathing or on bodily
contact, even when prompt restorative measures are taken.
Often characterized as “lethal”
Example:
Phosgene (Nerve Gas)
Hydrofluoric Acid
Hydrogen Sulfide Gas
REBIS ACADEMY 27

4. High Pressure Piping (ASME B31.3 , Chapter IX)
A service for which the owner specifies the use of Chapter IX of
ASME B31.3 for piping design and construction and etc.
considered to be in excess of class 2500 (PN 420).
Often characterized as “High Pressure”
REBIS ACADEMY 28

FLUID SERVICE CONTAINMENT SYSTEM
B31.3 Fluid Service Containment System
Category D [Utility] Lowest cost
Usually not fire resistant
Usually not blow‐out resistant
Normal [Process] Moderate cost
May be fire resistant or not
May be not blow‐out resistant or not
Category M [Lathal]
High Pressure
High cost
Usually fire resistant
Usually blow‐out resistant
REBIS ACADEMY 29

ASTM DESIGNATION SYSTEM
Example 1 ‐ ASTM A 582/A 582M‐95b (2000), Grade 303Se ‐Free‐Machining Stainless Steel
Bars:
‘A’ describes a ferrous metal, but does not sub classify it as cast iron, carbon steel, alloy
steel, tool steel, or stainless steel;
582 is a sequential number without any relationship to the metal’s properties;
M indicates that the standard A582M is written in rationalized SI units (the M comes from
the word Metric), hence together A582/A582M includes both inch‐pound and SI units;
95 indicates the year of adoption or last revision and a letter b following the year indicates
the third revision of the standard in1995;
(2000), a number in parentheses, indicates the year of last re‐approval;
Grade 300Se indicates the grade of the steel, and in this case, it has a Se (selenium)
addition.
Note: Grade is used to describe chemical composition; Type is used to define the
deoxidation practice; and Class is used to indicate other characteristics such as strength
level or surface finish.
REBIS ACADEMY 30

Example 2 ‐ ASTM A 106‐02a Grade A, Grade B, Grade C ‐ Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe for
High‐Temperature Service:
Typically an increase in alphabet (such as letters A, B, C) results in higher tensile or yield
strength steels, and if it’s an unalloyed carbon steel, an increase in carbon content;
In this case: Grade A:0.25%C (max), 48 ksi tensile strength (min); Grade B: 0.30%C (max),
60 ksi tensile strength (min); Grade C 0.35%C (max), 70 ksi tensile strength (min).
Example 3 ‐ ASTM A 276‐03, Type 304, 316, 410 – Stainless and Heat Resisting Steel Bars
and Shapes:
Types 304, 316, 410 and others are based on the SAE designation system for stainless
steels.
REBIS ACADEMY 31

SAE DESIGNATION SYSTEM
Carbon steels
10XX Plain carbon, Mn 1.00% max
11XX Resulfurized free machining
12XX Resulfurized/rephosphorized free machining
15XX Plain carbon, Mn 1.00-1.65%
Manganese steels 13XX Mn 1.75%
Nickel steels
23XX Ni 3.50%
25XX Ni 5.00%
Nickel-chromium steels
31XX Ni 1.25%, Cr 0.65-0.80%
32XX Ni 1.75%, Cr 1.07%
33XX Ni 3.50%, Cr 1.50-1.57%
34XX Ni 3.00%, Cr 0.77%
Molybdenum steels
40XX Mo 0.20-0.25%
44XX Mo 0.40-0.52%
Chromium-molybdenum steels 41XX Cr 0.50-0.95%, Mo 0.12-0.30%
Nickel-chromium-molybdenum steels
43XX Ni 1.82%, Cr 0.50-0.80%, Mo 0.25%
47XX Ni 1.05%, Cr 0.45%, Mo 0.20-0.35%
Nickel-molybdenum steels
46XX Ni 0.85-1.82%, Mo 0.20-0.25%
48XX Ni 3.50%, Mo 0.25%
Chromium steels
50XX Cr 0.27-0.65%
51XX Cr 0.80-1.05%
50XXX Cr 0.50%, C 1.00% min
51XXX Cr 1.02%, C 1.00% min
52XXX Cr 1.45%, C 1.00% min
Chromium-vanadium steels 61XX Cr 0.60-0.95%, V 0.10-0.015%
Tungsten-chromium steels 72XX W 1.75%, Cr 0.75%
81XX Ni 0.30%, Cr 0.40%, Mo 0.12%
86XX Ni 0.55%, Cr 0.50%, Mo 0.20%
87XX Ni 0.55%, Cr 0.50%, Mo 0.25%
88XX Ni 0.55%, Cr 0.50%, Mo 0.35%
Silicon-manganese steels 92XX Si 1.40-2.00%, Mn 0.65-0.85%, Cr 0-0.65%
93XX Ni 3.25%, Cr 1.20%, Mo 0.12%
94XX Ni 0.45%, Cr 0.40%, Mo 0.12%
97XX Ni 0.55%, Cr 0.20%, Mo 0.20%
98XX Ni 1.00%, Cr 0.80%, Mo 0.25%
1 ‐ Carbon Steel,
2 ‐ Nickel steels;
3 ‐ Nickel‐chromium steels;
4 ‐ Molybdenum steels;
5 ‐ Chromium steels;
6 ‐ Chromium‐vanadium steels;
7 ‐ Tungsten‐chromium steels;
9 ‐ Silicon‐manganese steels.
Example:
SAE 5130 indicates a chromium
steel alloy, containing 1% of
chromium and 0.30% of carbon.
REBIS ACADEMY 32

Example 4: Another use of ASTM grade designators is found in pipe, tube, and forging
products, where the first letter P refers to pipe, T refers to tube, TP may refer to tube or
pipe, and F refers to forging.
• ASTM A 335/A335‐03, Grade P22; Seamless Ferritic Alloy‐Steel Pipe for High
Temperature Service;
• ASTM A 213/A213M‐03a, Grade T22; Seamless Ferritic and Austenitic Alloy Steel Boiler,
Superheater and Heat‐Exchanger Tubes;
• ASTM A 312/A312M‐03, Grade TP304; Seamless and Welded Austenitic Stainless Steel
Pipe;
• ASTM A 336/A336M‐03a, Class F22‐Steel Forgings, Alloy, for Pressure and High‐
Temperature Parts.
REBIS ACADEMY 33

EFFECTS OF ALLOYING ELEMENTS IN STEEL
Steel is basically iron alloyed to carbon with certain additional elements to give
the required properties to the finished melt. Listed below is a summary of the
effects various alloying elements in steel.
‐ Carbon ‐ Tantalum
‐ Manganese ‐ Selenium
‐ Chromium ‐ Niobium
‐ Nickel ‐ Nitrogen
‐ Molybdenum ‐ Silicon
‐ Titanium ‐ Cobalt
‐ Phosphorus ‐ Copper
‐ Sulfur
REBIS ACADEMY 34

• Carbon
Increases the hardness and strength by heat treatment
• Manganese
Improves hot working properties and increases strength, toughness and hardenability
• Chromium
Increases resistance to oxidation and also improve hardenability and strength
• Nickel
Improves resistance to oxidation, corrosion, toughness and temperature strengths
• Molybdenum
Improves resistance to pitting corrosion especially by chlorides and sulphur chemicals
• Titanium
Minimises the occurrence of inter‐granular corrosion by carbide stabilisation
• Phosphorus
Improves machinability and also strength and corrosion resistance
• Sulphur
Improves machinability
REBIS ACADEMY 35

• Tantalum
Stabilises carbon and also strengthens steels and alloys for high temperature service
• Selenium
Improves machinability
• Niobium (Columbium)
Chemically similar to Tantalum and has similar effects
• Nitrogen
Improves yield strength and also increases the austenitic stability of stainless steels
• Silicon
Improve hardness and silicon is used as a deoxidising (killing) agent in the melting of steel
• Cobalt
Cobalt becomes highly radioactive when exposed to the intense radiation of nuclear
reactors, and as a result, any stainless steel that is in nuclear service will have a cobalt
restriction, usually approximately 0.2% maximum.
• Copper
Produces precipitation hardening properties
REBIS ACADEMY 36

HEAT TREATMENT
The purpose of heat treating carbon steel is to change the mechanical properties of steel,
usually ductility, hardness, yield strength, or impact resistance. The following is a list of the
types of heat treatments possible:
Spheroidizing:
The purpose is to soften higher carbon steels and allow more formability.
Full annealing:
Fully annealed steel is soft and ductile, with no internal stresses, which is often necessary
for cost‐effective forming.
Normalizing:
Normalized steel has a fine pearlitic structure, and a more‐uniform structure. it has a
higher strength than annealed steel and a relatively high strength and ductility.
Quenching:
This quenched steel is extremely hard but brittle, usually too brittle for practical purposes.
Martempering (Marquenching)and Austempering:
In industry, this is a process used to control the ductility and hardness of a material. With
longer marquenching, the ductility increases with a minimal loss in strength.
REBIS ACADEMY 37

PIPE MATERIAL
Metallic Non‐Metallic
Ferrous Non‐FerrousCast Iron
Fe+2‐4% C+1‐3%Si Fe+1.95% C Ni, Cu, Ti, Cr, Mo, Al
Inconel
Hastelloy
Monel
Carbon Steel
Alloy Steel
Stainless Steel
Fe+C
Fe+C+Cr< 10%
Fe+C+Cr> 10.5%
Thermosetting
Thermoplastic
Concrete
Vitrified Clay
Glass
REBIS ACADEMY 38

CAST IRON PIPE
It is usually made from pig iron. Cast iron tends to be brittle, except for malleable
cast irons. With its relatively low melting point, good fluidity, castability, excellent
machinability and resistance to deformation. Cast irons are used in pipes,
machines and automotive industry parts, such as cylinder heads, cylinder
blocks and gearbox cases. It is resistant to destruction and weakening
by oxidation (rust).
Hardness Tensile strength [ksi]
Nominal composition
[% by weight]
Name
26050C 3.4, Si 1.8, Mn 0.5Grey cast iron (ASTM A48)
45025C 3.4, Si 0.7, Mn 0.6White cast iron
13052C 2.5, Si 1.0, Mn 0.55Malleable iron (ASTM A47)
7070C 3.4, P 0.1, Mn 0.4, Ni 1.0, Mg 0.06Ductile or nodular iron (ASTM A339)
55055C 2.7, Si 0.6, Mn 0.5, Ni 4.5, Cr 2.0Ni‐hard type 2
14027C 3.0, Si 2.0, Mn 1.0, Ni 20.0, Cr 2.5Ni‐resist type 2
REBIS ACADEMY 39

CARBON STEEL PIPE
Carbon steel is steel in which the main alloying constituent is carbon in the range
of 0.12–2.0%. As the carbon percentage content rises, steel has the ability to
become harder and stronger through heat treating, however it becomes
less ductile with the lower melting point. It also reduces weldability.
Example: ASTM A53, A105 , A106
Medium carbon steel:
0.30–0.59% carbon content. Balances ductility and strength and has good wear
resistance; used for large parts, forging and automotive components.
High‐carbon steel:
0.6–0.99% carbon content. Very strong, used for springs and high‐strength wires.
Ultra‐high‐carbon steel:
1.0–2.0% carbon content. Steels that can be tempered to great hardness. Used
for special purposes like knives, axles or punches.
REBIS ACADEMY 40

CARBON STEEL PIPE
Composition, max, %
Element C Mn P S Cu (1) Ni (1) Cr (1) Mo (1) V (1)
Type S (Seamless Pipe)
Grade A 0.25 0.95 0.05 0.045 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.15 0.08
Grade B 0.30 1.20 0.05 0.045 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.15 0.08
Type E (Electric-Resistance-Welded)
Grade A 0.25 0.95 0.05 0.045 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.15 0.08
Grade B 0.30 1.20 0.05 0.045 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.15 0.08
Type F (Furnace-Welded Pipe)
Grade A 0.30 1.20 0.05 0.045 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.15 0.08
(1) The total composition for these five elements shall not exceed 1.00%.
ASTM A53
Specification for seamless and welded black and hot-dipped galvanized steel pipe
ASTM A105: Specification for Carbon Steel Forgings for Piping Applications
ASTM A106: Specification for Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe for High‐Temperature Service
REBIS ACADEMY 41

ALLOY STEEL PIPE
Composition, max, %
Element C Mn P S SI Cr Mo others
Grade P2 0.10-0.20 0.30-0.61 0.025 0.025 0.10-0.30 0.50-0.81 0.44-0.65 ….
Grade P5 0.15 max 0.30-0.60 0.025 0.025 0.5 max 4.00-6.00 0.45-0.65 ….
Grade P9 0.15 max 0.30-0.60 0.025 0.025 0.25-1.00 8.00-10.00 0.90-1.10 ….
Grade P911 0.09-0.13 0.30-0.60 0.020 0.010 0.10-0.50 8.50-9.50 0.90-1.10 V 0.18-0.25
Ni 0.40 max
Al 0.20 max
Ti 0.01 max
Zr 0.01 max
ASTM A335
Specification for seamless ferritic alloy-steel pipe for high-temperature service
All grades: P1, P2, P5, P5B, P5C, P9, P11,P12,P15,P21,P22,P23, P24,P36,P91,P92, P122, P911
REBIS ACADEMY 42

STAINLESS STEEL
Stainless steel is a name given to a group of steel alloys with many differences in
properties and behaviour having one property in common ‐ resistance to
corrosion.
When an Alloy of Steel contains more than approximately 10.5% Chromium it can
be classed as a stainless steel. The large group of stainless steels can be divided
into three major groups, namely:
• Austenitic
Chromium normally in the range 17‐25% and nickel in a range 8‐20%
• Ferritic
Minimum of 17% chrome and carbon in the range of 0.08% ‐ 2.00%
• Martensitic
Minimum of 12% chrome and usually a maximum of 14% with carbon in the range of
0.08% ‐ 2.00%.
• Duplex (Supper Alloy) (Austenitic + Ferritic)
REBIS ACADEMY 43

STAINLESS STEEL PIPE
• Austenitic
• A312 ‐ A312/A312M‐00 ‐ Specification for Seamless and Welded Austenitic Stainless Steel Pipes
• A813 ‐ A813/A813M‐95e2 ‐ Specification for Single‐ or Double‐Welded Austenitic Stainless Steel Pipe
• A814 ‐ A814/A814M‐96 (1998) ‐ Specification for Cold‐Worked Welded Austenitic Stainless Steel Pipe
Others: SAE: Type 201, 202,,205, 254, 301, 302, 302B, 303, 303Se, 304, 304L, 304Cu, 304N, 304, 308, 309,
309S, 310, 310S, 314, 316, 316L, 316F, 316N, 317, 317L, 321, 329, 330, 347, 348, 384
• Ferritic
• A790 ‐ A790/A790M‐99 ‐ Specification for Seamless and Welded Ferritic/Austenitic Stainless Steel Pipe
• A872 ‐ A872‐91 (1997) ‐ Specification for Centrifugally Cast Ferritic/Austenitic Stainless Steel Pipe for
Corrosive Environments
Others: SAE: 405, 409, 429, 430, 430F, 430FSe, 434, 436, 442, 446
• Martensitic
• ASTM A1053 / A1053M ‐ 12 Standard Specification for Welded Ferritic‐Martensitic Stainless Steel Pipe
Others: SAE: 403, 410, 414, 416, 416Se, 420, 420F, 422,431,440A, 440B, 440C
• Duplex (Supper Alloy)
REBIS ACADEMY 44

PIPE MATERIAL VS. OTHER PIPING COMPONENTS
ASTM Grades
Material Pipes Fittings Flanges Valves Bolts & Nuts
Carbon Steel
A106 Gr A A234 Gr WPA A105 A216 Gr WCB
A193 Gr B7
A194 Gr 2H
A106 Gr B A234 Gr WPB A105 A216 Gr WCB
A106 Gr C A234 Gr WPC A105 A216 Gr WCB
Carbon Alloy Steel
High‐Temp
A335 Gr P1 A234 Gr WP1 A182 Gr F1 A217 Gr WC1
A193 Gr B7
A194 Gr 2H
A335 Gr P5 A234 Gr WP5 A182 Gr F5 A217 Gr C5
A335 Gr P9 A234 Gr WP9 A182 Gr F9 A217 Gr C12
Carbon Alloy Steel
Low‐Temp
A333 GR 6 A420 Gr WPL6 A350 Gr LF2 A352 Gr LCB A320 Gr L7
A194 Gr 7A333 Gr 3 A420 Gr WPL3 A350 Gr LF3 A352 Gr LC3
Austenitic
Stainless Steel
A312 Gr TP304 A403 Gr WP304 A182 Gr F304 A182 Gr F304
A193 Gr B8
A194 Gr 8
REBIS ACADEMY 45

Pipes
A106 = This specification covers carbon steel pipe for high‐temperature service.
A335 = This specification covers seamless ferritic alloy‐steel pipe for high‐temperature service.
A333 = This specification covers wall seamless and welded carbon and alloy steel pipe intended for use at low temperatures.
A312 = Standard specification for seamless, straight‐seam welded, and cold worked welded austenitic stainless steel pipe intended for high‐
temperature and general corrosive service.
Fittings
A234 = This specification covers wrought carbon steel and alloy steel fittings of seamless and welded construction.
A420 = Standard specification for piping fittings of wrought carbon steel and alloy steel for low‐temperature service.
A403 = Standard specification for wrought austenitic stainless steel piping fittings.
Flanges
A105 = This specification covers standards for forged carbon steel piping components, that is, flanges, fittings, Valves, and similar parts, for use in
pressure systems at ambient and higher‐temperature service conditions.
A182 = This specification covers forged or rolled alloy and stainless steel pipe flanges, forged fittings, and Valves and parts for high‐temperature
service.
A350 = This specification covers several grades of carbon and low alloy steel forged or ring‐rolled flanges, forged fittings and Valves for low‐
temperature service.
Valves
A216 = This specification covers carbon steel castings for Valves, flanges, fittings, or other pressure‐containing parts for high‐temperature service and
of quality suitable for assembly with other castings or wrought‐steel parts by fusion welding.
A217 = This specification covers steel castings, martensitic stainless steel and alloys steel castings for Valves, flanges, fittings, and other pressure‐
containing parts intended primarily for high‐temperature and corrosive service.
A352 = This specification covers steel castings for Valves, flanges, fittings, and other pressure‐containing parts intended primarily for low‐
temperature service.
A182 = This specification covers forged or rolled alloy and stainless steel pipe flanges, forged fittings, and Valves and parts for high‐temperature
service.
Bolds & Nuts
A193 = This specification covers alloy and stainless steel bolting material for pressure vessels, Valves, flanges, and fittings for high temperature or
high pressure service, or other special purpose applications.
A320 = Standard Specification for Alloy‐Steel and Stainless Steel Bolting Materials for Low‐Temperature Service.
A194 = Standard specification for nuts in many different material types.
REBIS ACADEMY
PIPE MATERIAL VS. OTHER PIPING COMPONENTS
46

PIPE ENDS
The three standard types of pipe ends used in the piping industries
are;
• Plain Ends (PE) Joint Type: Socket Weld
• Threaded Ends (TE) Joint Type: Thread or Screw
• Beveled Ends (BE) Joint Type: Butt Weld
The end type for piping components are based on the type of joint
used in that particular piping system. The are listed below;
‐ Threaded joint ‐ Grooved Joints
‐ Flange Joints ‐ Caulked Joints
‐ Butt Joints ‐ Bonded Joints
‐ Socket Joints
REBIS ACADEMY 47

PIPE ENDS ABBREVIATIONS
• Bevel End (BE)
• Bevel Both Ends (BBE)
• Bevel Large End (BLE)
• Bevel One End (BOE)
• Bevel Small End (BSE)
• Bevel for Welding (BFW)
• Butt‐weld End (BE)
• End of Pipe (EOP)
• Flange One End (FOE)
• Plain End (PE)
• Plain Both Ends (PBE)
• Plain One End (POE)
• Thread End (TE)
• Thread Both Ends (TBE)
• Thread Large End (TLE)
• Thread One End (TOE)
• Thread Small End (TSE)
• Threads Only (TO)
• Threads per Inch (TPI)
Common abbreviations for the types of pipe ends are as follows:
REBIS ACADEMY 48

PIPE ENDS
• Plain Ends (PE)
A pain end pipe is a pipe that has been cut at 90° perpendicular to
the pipe run. The reason pipe would be specified as plain end rather
than beveled end is when the pipe will be used in a Socket Weld
connection or for use with a Slip‐on Flange.
REBIS ACADEMY 49

PIPE ENDS
• Bevel Ends (BE)
A bevel is a surface that is not at a right angle (perpendicular) to
another surface. The standard angle on a pipe bevel is 37.5° but
other non standard angles can be produced. Beveling of pipe or
tubing is to prepare the ends for welding.
REBIS ACADEMY 50

PIPE ENDS
• Threaded Ends (TE)
Typically used on pipe 3" and smaller, threaded connections are
referred to as screwed pipe. In the United States, the standard pipe
thread is National Pipe Thread (NPT).
Threaded fittings have threads that are either male or female. As
screwed pipe and fittings are assembled, two pieces are pulled
together. The distance that is pulled together is called the thread
engagement.
REBIS ACADEMY 51

PIPE ENDS
• Threaded Ends (TE)
Standards:
NPT ‐ National Pipe Thread Taper, ANSI/ASME B1.20.1
NPTF ‐ Dryseal American National Standard Taper Pipe Thread (ANSI B1.20.3)
Note: For NPT threads a sealant compound or Teflon tape must be used for a
leak‐free seal. For NPTF no sealant is needed for a sealing.
Characteristics:
• tapered thread 1o 47‘ (1.7899o)
• truncation of roots and crests are flat
• 60o thread angle
• pitch is measured in threads per inch
REBIS ACADEMY 52

PIPE ENDS
NPT ‐ American Standard Pipe Thread Taper 1)
Pipe Size
(inches)
Threads per Inch
TPI ‐ pitch
Approximate
Length of Thread
(inches)
Approximate
Number of Threads
to be Cut
Approximate Total
thread Makeup,
Hand and Wrench
(inches)
Nominal Outside
Pipe Diameter
OD
(inches)
Tap Drill
(inches)
1/16" 27 0.313
1/8" 27 3/8 10 1/4 0.405 R
1/4" 18 5/8 11 3/8 0.540 7/16
3/8" 18 5/8 11 3/8 0.675 37/64
1/2" 14 3/4 10 7/16 0.840 23/32
3/4" 14 3/4 10 1/2 1.050 59/64
1" 11‐1/2 7/8 10 9/16 1.315 1‐5/32
1‐1/4" 11‐1/2 1 11 9/16 1.660 1‐1/2
1‐1/2" 11‐1/2 1 11 9/16 1.900 1‐47/64
2" 11‐1/2 1 11 5/8 2.375 2‐7/32
2‐1/2" 8 1 1/2 12 7/8 2.875 2‐5/8
3" 8 1 1/2 12 1 3.500 3‐1/4
3‐1/2" 8 1 5/8 13 1 1/16 4.000 3‐3/4
4" 8 1 5/8 13 1 1/16 4.500 4‐1/4
4 1/2" 8 5.000 4‐3/4
5" 8 1 3/4 14 1 3/16 5.563 5‐9/32
6" 8 1 3/4 14 1 3/16 6.625 6‐11/32
8" 8 1 7/8 15 1 5/16 8.625
10" 8 2 16 1 1/2 10.750
12" 8 2 1/8 17 1 5/8 12.750
14" 8 14.000
16" 8 16.000
REBIS ACADEMY 53

NON METALLIC PIPES
References:
Chapter VII:
Nonmetallic piping and piping lined with
nonmetals:
Design, Fabrication, Installation
and limitation
Appendix B:
Stress tables and allowable pressure
table for nonmetals
Thermosetting
Thermoplastic
Concrete
Vitrified Clay
Glass
REBIS ACADEMY 54

NON‐METALLIC PIPE ADVANTAGES
Advantages:
• Typically has a lower installed and maintenance cost and lower
total cost of ownership.
• Will not corrode if the correct material is selected. This means:
• No cathodic protection or corrosion monitoring
• No chemical inhibitors are required.
• Corrosion allowance is avoided (Note: if the service is an
erosive service, an erosion allowance may be required)
• Flow properties are superior to steel pipe
• Lower pumping costs
• Consistent friction factor through the life of the pipe
• More flexible than steel pipe.
REBIS ACADEMY 55

NON‐METALLIC DISADVANTAGES
Disadvantages:
• Temperature limits are usually lower than steel pipe. As
temperatures increase, the maximum pressure will decrease.
• Maximum pressure is lower than steel pipe.
• Material is very process dependent. That is, hydrocarbons cannot
always flow through nonmetallic lines.
• Non metallic lines will degrade in sunlight without a Ultraviolet
inhibitor.
• Very susceptible to mechanical damage.
• More flexible than steel pipe. Requires more supporting than
steel piping.
REBIS ACADEMY 56

NON METALLIC PIPES
Thermoplastic:
Is a plastic which is thermoplastic in behavior, capable of being repeatedly
softened by increasing of temperature (heating) and hardened by decreasing of
temperature (cooling). Example: HDPE, PVC, ABS, PP
Manufacturing:
Pipe is extruded
Fittings are usually injection molded and sometimes fabricated
Valve parts are usually injection molded
Limitation:
Thermoplastics cannot be used when the service is a flammable service and when
the piping is above ground. Thermoplastics also must be safeguarded when in all
services (except in Category D fluids). While safeguarding is not defined, it could
mean that additional pressure & temperature protection is required. It could also
mean that physical barriers be installed to prevent unintentional rupture.
REBIS ACADEMY 57

THERMOPLASTICS PRESSURE DESIGN THICKNESS
T = PD / 2 (S + P)]
Where:
t = pressure design thickness
P= design pressure
D=outside pressure
S= HDS (Hydrostatic Design Stress) Value [Allowable stress]
HDS: this is defined as the maximum hoop stress in the pipe wall due to internal
hydrostatic pressure that can be applied continuously with great certainty that
failure of the pipe will not occur in a long period of time (50‐year period).
Example: HDS for material from Appendix B
CPVC 2.00 ksi 13.8 Mpa
PE 0.80 ksi 5.5 Mpa
PVC 2.00 ksi 13.8 Mpa
REBIS ACADEMY 58

THERMOPLASTICS PIPES ASSEMBLY
1. Butt fusion welding
Butt fusion or butt welding, which is a type of hot plate welding. This technique
involves heating two planed surfaces of thermoplastic material against a heated
surface. After a specified amount of time, the heating plate is removed and the
two pieces are pressed together and allowed to cool under pressure, forming the
desired bond.
Heater
REBIS ACADEMY 59

2. Electrofusion welding
The pipes to be joined are cleaned, inserted into the electrofusion fitting (with a
temporary clamp if required) and a voltage (typically 40V) is applied for a fixed
time depending on the fitting in use. The built in heater coils then melt the inside
of the fitting and the outside of the pipe wall, which weld together producing a
very strong homogeneous joint.
REBIS ACADEMY 60

3. Socket fusion welding
It is distinguished from butt‐welding by using custom‐shaped and ‐sized heating
plates rather than a basic flat surface. These heads allow for more surface
contact, reducing the time needed to heat and fuse the pipe. Socket fusion
joins pipe and fittings together, rather than simply joining pipe to pipe. It
requires less pressure than butt‐welding and is more commonly used on
smaller sizes of pipe (4" or less). Socket welding has additional advantages of
requiring less machinery and is more portable than the heavier equipment
required for butt fusion. PE, PP, PVDF are joined by this process.
Spigot
Heating Plate
Socket
Preparation of the welding Alignment and Pre‐heating Joining and Cooling
Fitting
Pipe
REBIS ACADEMY 61

4. Hot Gas welding
Hot gas welding, also known as hot air welding, is a plastic welding technique
using heat. A specially designed heat gun, called a hot air welder, produces a jet
of hot air that softens both the parts to be joined and a plastic filler rod, all of
which must be of the same or a very similar plastic.
Welding Rod
Heat Gun
REBIS ACADEMY 62

5. Solvent welding
Solvent welding, also known as solvent cementing or solvent bonding, is the
process of joining articles made of thermoplastic resins by applying a solvent
capable of softening the surfaces to be joined, and pressing the softened
surfaces together. Pipe and fittings are bonded together by means of chemical
fusion. ABS, CPVC, and PVC plastic pipes are primarily joined by solvent
cementing, though mechanical joints are also available. PE pipe cannot be
joined with solvent cements.
REBIS ACADEMY 63

NON METALLIC PIPES
SDR:
Many PE pipe manufacturers use the "Standard Dimension Ratio" ‐ SDR ‐ method
of rating pressure piping. Standard Dimension Ratio (SDR) is a method of rating a
pipe's durability against pressure.
SDR= D/s
D= Pipe outside diameter
s = Pipe wall thickness
Common nominations are SDR11, SDR17 and SDR34. Pipes with a lower SDR can
withstand higher pressures. A SDR 11 means that the outside diameter ‐ D ‐ of the
pipe is eleven times the thickness ‐ s ‐ of the wall.
with a high SDR ratio the pipe wall is thin compared to the pipe diameter
with a low SDR ratio the pipe wall is thick compared to the pipe diameter
REBIS ACADEMY 64

NON METALLIC PIPES
Thermosetting:
Material
Description Recommended Temperature limits
Minimum Maximum
ABS Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene ‐40 °F ‐40°C 176°F 80°C
CPVC Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride 0 °F ‐18°C 210°F 99°C
FEP Fluorinated ethylene propylene ‐325 °F ‐198°C 400°F 204°C
(HD)PE (High density) polyethylene ‐30 °F ‐34°C 180°F 82°C
PFA Perfluoroalkoxy Alkane ‐40 °F ‐40°C 450°F 250°C
PP Polypropylene 30 °F ‐1°C 210°F 99°C
PVC Polyvinyl chloride 0 °F ‐18°C 150°F 66°C
PVDF Polyvinylidene fluoride 0 °F ‐18°C 275°F 135°C
Thermoplastic: (B31.3 recommended temperature limits)
Material Recommended Temperature limits
Resin Reinforcing Minimum Maximum
Epoxy Glass Fiber ‐20 °F ‐29°C 300 °F 149°C
Furan Carbon ‐20 °F ‐29°C 200 °F 93°C
Furan Glass Fiber ‐20 °F ‐29°C 200 °F 93°C
Phenolic Glass Fiber ‐20 °F ‐29°C 300 °F 149°C
Polyester Glass Fiber ‐20 °F ‐29°C 200 °F 93°C
Vinylester Glass Fiber ‐20 °F ‐29°C 200 °F 93°C
REBIS ACADEMY 65

NON METALLIC PIPES
Thermosetting:
They are composed of plastic materials and are identified by being permanently
set, cured or hardened in to shape when heated and cannot be re‐melted. They
are combination of resins and reinforcing. Example: GRP, GRVE, GRE Pipes
Commonly used resins: Polyester, Vinyl ester, Epoxy and Furan
Commonly used reinforcements: Fiber glass and Carbon fiber
Manufacturing:
Pipe is filament wound, contact molded or centrifugally cast.
Fittings are filament wound, molded and sometimes fabricated.
Few valve are available.
Limitation:
Thermosets can be installed above ground if they are safeguarded when the
service is flammable or toxic.
REBIS ACADEMY 66

PIPES TEST
Hydrostatic test:
A hydrostatic test is a way in which pressure vessels such as pipelines, plumbing,
gas cylinders, boilers and fuel tanks can be tested for strength and leaks. Using
this test helps maintain safety standards and durability of a vessel or pipe over
time. Water is used mainly because it is cheap and easily available. Red or
fluorescent dyes may be added to the water to make leaks easier to see.
• This margin of safety is typically 166.66%, 143% or 150% of the designed
pressure, depending on the regulations that apply.
• Buried high pressure oil and gas pipelines are tested for strength by
pressurizing them to at least 125% of their maximum operating pressure
(MAOP) at any point along their length.
• Test pressures need not exceed a value that would produce a stress higher
than yield stress at test temperature. ASME B31.3 section 345.4.2 (c)
• The vessel or pipe is pressurized for a specified period, usually 10 to 30
seconds
REBIS ACADEMY 67

PIPES TEST
Yield strength:
The yield strength or yield point of a material is defined in engineering and
materials science as the stress at which a material begins to deform plastically.
Prior to the yield point the material will deform elastically and will return to its
original shape when the applied stress is removed. Once the yield point is passed,
some fraction of the deformation will be permanent and non‐reversible.
testing involves taking a small sample with a fixed cross‐section area, and then
pulling it with a controlled, gradually increasing force until the sample changes
shape or breaks.
Material Yield strength (Mpa) Material Yield strength (Mpa)
ASTM A36 steel 250 Cast iron 4.5% C, ASTM A‐48 172
Steel, API 5L X65 448 Titanium alloy (6% Al, 4% V) 830
Piano wire 2200 Aluminum alloy 2014‐T6 400
HDPE 26‐33 Copper 99.9% Cu 70
REBIS ACADEMY 68

ALLOY STEEL
ASTM A234
Specification for Piping Fittings of Wrought Carbon Steel and Alloy Steel for Moderate and
High Temperature Service
Composition, %
Grade C Mn
P
max
S
max
Si Cr Mo Ni Cu Others
WPB
(1,2,3,4,5)
0.30
max
0.29-1.06 0.050 0.058
0.10
min
0.40
max
0.15
max
0.40
max
0.40
max
V 0.08
max
WPC
(2,3,4,5)
0.35
max
0.29-1.06 0.050 0.058
0.10
min
0.40
max
0.15
max
0.40
max
0.40
max
V 0.08
max
WP11 CL1 0.05-0.15 0.30-0.60 0.030 0.030 0.50-1.00 1.00-1.50 0.44-0.65
WP11 CL2 0.05-0.20 0.30-0.80 0.040 0.040 0.50-1.00 1.00-1.50 0.44-0.65
WP11 CL3 0.05-0.20 0.30-0.80 0.040 0.040 0.50-1.00 1.00-1.50 0.44-0.65
WP22 CL1 0.05-0.15 0.30-0.60 0.040 0.040
0.50
max
1.90-2.60 0.87-1.13
WP5 CL1
0.15
max
0.30-0.60 0.040 0.030
0.50
max
4.0-6.0 0.44-0.65
WP9 CL1
0.15
max
0.30-0.60 0.030 0.030
1.00
max
8.0-10.0 0.90-1.10
(1) Fittings made from bar or plate may have 0.35 max carbon.
(2) Fittings made from forgings may have 0.35 max Carbon and 0.35 max Silicon with no minimum.
(3) For each reduction of 0.01% below the specified Carbon maximum, an increase of 0.06% Manganese above the
specified maximum will be permitted, up to a maximum of 1.35%.
(4) The sum of Copper, Nickel, Niobium, and Molybdenum shall not exceed 1.00%.
(5) The sum of Niobium and Molybdenum shall not exceed 0.32%.
(6) Applies both to heat and product analyses.
REBIS ACADEMY 69

70
REBIS ACADEMY
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71
REBIS ACADEMY
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