1. REPORT ON FIELD TRIP
TO
KPAKUNGU AREA OF MINNA METROPOLIS,
NIGER STATE
BY
AMAKE CHRISTOPHER AKPANKE
M.TECH/SSSE/11/3099
(GROUP B)
SUBMITTED TO
DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY,
SCHOOL OF NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCES,
FEDERAL UNIVERSITY MINNA,
NIGER STATE.
MARCH, 2013

2. 1.0 INTRODUCTION
Urban planning has a critical role to play in improving people’s wellbeing and the quality of
life. International conferences on sustainable development have highlighted this message,
from the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro in
1992 to the United Nations Conference on Human Settlements (Habitat II, the City Summit)
in Istanbul in 1996. Spatial planning in both urban and rural areas is a key instrument for
working towards sustainable development at the local level. More specifically, urban
planning is a potent tool both for reducing the overall impact of settlements on the regional
environment and for improving conditions within settlements.
Urbanisation is a natural consequence of economic change that takes place as a
country develops. Certain activities are better performed in, indeed require, agglomerations of
people while others do not. The location of activities has therefore to be seen in the total
context of activities existing in a country and their development in the future. Agglomerations
economies are very important for the development of new ones as they enter in the
industrialized or manufacturing world. There are also many economies of scale in the
provision of urban infrastructure. Service activities such as banking and insurance also
exhibit economies of scale. The economic activities thrive in the presence of many other
economic activities. Hence agglomeration of economic activities and people, that is
urbanization should be seen as positive for over all development. Hence, it should be
supported by policy actions. The puzzle of India is that, when industry and overall gross
national product grew at unprecedented rates, the rate of growth of urbanization slowed
down.
In such a framework, deceleration of urban growth in a developing economy like Nigeria is a
cause for concern. This could be caused by a deceleration in productivity growth. It is
possible that the slow growth in the productivity especially in agricultural sector, except in
certain pockets of the economy, is not releasing labour from the rural areas. This may be due

3. to various factors such as introduction of inappropriate technology choice, faulty tariff
structure providing greater protection for capital intensive industries, changes in the labour
laws from time to time and mainly inadequate investment in the urban infrastructure etc,
Public facilities are those services derived from public work traditionally and supported by
the public sector in order to enhance private sector production and thereby allow for
household consumption. Urban planning needs to be transformed to make account of the need
to extend infrastructural facilities.
STUDY AREA
Kpakungu is located along the Minna – Bida road. The study area Kpakungu is situated in
South-West geographical zone of Minna, Niger state. It lies between longitude 60 31’E and
latitude 90 35’N. Kpakungu falls within the Middle Belt of Nigeria (Southern Guinea
Savanna). It has an average annual rainfall ranging between 1200mm and 1300mm. In
August rainfall is at its peak. The range of temperature varies from 19.730C-37.320C and the
climate has excess humidity during greater part of the year. The months of February, March
and April of every year, the area is at its peak of hotness, during this period the people of that
area depends on underground water supplies to sustain their life.
The people in this area are mostly low income earners while the female are into petty trade.
Kpakungu is not planned, land are acquired through community means, local chief, family
heads etc, surprisingly the area that lacks basic amenities even when it lies in the state capital.

4. Fig 1.0a Google map image of Minna
Fig 1.0b Google image of Kpakungu
The trip was a short one as the area is not far from Bosso campus of the university. In the
course of our field work we looked at the challenges the inhabitants are encountering, also on
– the – spot assessment of the manifestation of the problems as the occur. We were given
specific details of what to inquire as assess.

5. 1.1 AIM
The aim of the fieldwork is to expose the students to the challenges of identifying, profiling
and finding solution to physical problems in the urban environment.
1.2 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
1. To assess the types of buildings that predominate the area
2. Assess the spaces between the buildings
3. Identify if soak away pits exist
4. Examine if road network exist and if there are side walk
5. Assess if road network exist
6. Assess the drainage systems and identify if erosion problem persist
7. Identify sources of water supply system
8. Identify the sources of energy for domestic use
9. Check availability of dispensaries/health centres.
10. Determine the tourism potentials of the area
11. Check id there are urban parks
12. Determine if the area has educational institutions
13. Assess generally the sanitary conditions of the settlement
14. Make recommendations to problems identified
2.0 Data Collection and Methodology

6. Data were collected through personal interviews, discussion with colleagues and on the spot
assessment. Most of the inhabitants are hausa speaking people so most of the people
interviewed were done in hausa.
Fig 2.0 Interviewing some resident
Findings
3.1 The buildings in the area are predominantly constructed of sandcrete blocks and
roofed with corrugated roofing sheets, all the houses except a few are not
plastered, no ceiling. The housing pattern/layout shows no planning. Most of the
buildings are not well ventilated as we notice most rooms have only a window.
Some build from the fence wall.
Fig 2.1: Stagnant drain at the side of a building

7. Fig 2.2: typical building with ceiling
3.2 The buildings in the area are not adequately spaced. Planning authorities approved
a minimum of 3m setback from any wall, but we noticed that most buildings are
spaced about 1.5 metres – 2 metres. Some buildings are not spaced up to 900mm
and we noticed this space is used as a drain.
Fig 2.3: Poorly spaced building
3.3 Most building have soak away pits, though we notice few are not put to use ad are
not covered. Few buildings especially those close to the drain channel their waste
directly to the channel.

8. Fig 2.4: typical soak-away pit
3.4 Internal road network are available though not tarred. Most are make shift access
way as in some area the road are not defined. No side walk was seen.
Fig 2.5: typical road network
3.5 Drainage systems are available though not constructed drains. Individual
household create drain for easy access of water to the channel that flows through
the town. No major erosion problem was noticed but there are signs of such
problems in the future from illegal laterite excavation and sand mining at the bank
of river soje.

9. Fig 2.5: typical drainage system
3.6 Water supplies for domestic uses are mainly from wall. We noticed water pipes
laid on the ground and only one household have access to pipe borne water. We
could not ascertain why most household are not connected to it. Most well are
shallow and no consideration is given to the location as some are very close to
toilet facility or drainage. We noticed a pond located next to a major waste dump
(solid and liquid), though we were told the water is used for washing only and not
for drinking.
Fig 2.6: Pond (well) Fig 2.7: typical well

10. Fig 2.8: water pipe Fig 2.9: typical public well
3.7 Source of energy for domestic uses are majorly firewood, wood were seen in
houses and open spaces for sale. A young man interview told us he uses kerosene.
Fig 2.10: fire wood for sale
3.8 One (1) public and one (1) private health centres are I existence. We
interviewed a staff of the public clinic who told us that the major sicknesses in the
area are malaria, typhoid, cholera, measles and few STDs cases. The clinic has a
group of volunteers at ward level from the community that help in sensitizing the
people, and reports any sickness and when there are immunizations, these
volunteer communicate same to the people. The clinic has a policy of washing
your hands before entering the clinic.

11. Fig 2.11: Hospital Ambulance Fig 2.12: Nurses attending to patient
3.9 The people of the area said no tourist attraction in the area, and from our
investigation, there are no potential for tourism in the area. The buildings are
not planned as such space for tourism will be difficult.
3.10 No recreational urban park.
3.11 Educational institutions are available although most are at elementary
levels. All the schools are privately owned, standards could not be ascertained
as it was on Saturday.

12. Fig 2.13: some schools in the area
3.12 The general sanitary condition of the area is very poor and unhealthy.
From the sources of water to waste disposal are so unhealthy.
4.0 RECOMMENDATIONS
The following recommendations are therefore made:
4.1 Planning / Construction
The planning authorities should redesign the area, creating the road network, access roads,
etc. Building development should have approval before construction and building should
conform to standard. Building should be spaced at a minimum of 3m from and building.

13. 4.2 Energy Efficiency
There should be rural economy development in the area, if the income of the area is
increased, access to sustainable energy will be handed. Government should key in to new
development of sawn dust as a source of energy, this will reduce the amount of wood logged.
4.3 Water and Sanitation
Government should investigate why households are not connected to water mains, boreholes
should be constructed in areas for public use.
a. Landfill disposal is the most common management strategy for municipal solid waste.
b. Refuse can be safely deposited in a sanitary landfill, a disposal site that is carefully
selected, designed, constructed and operated to protect the environment and public health.
c. Governments at all levels should enforce the monthly environmental sanitation.
d. Strict measures should be taken against environmental ethics violation.
e. The society should be adequately enlightened about ecological apathy.
f. The sides of the well should be lined with impervious material to a depth of about three
meters to prevent easy influx of waste water through the porous media into the well.
g. An area within 15 meters of the well should be kept free from pollution. In this area,
there should be no any pit latrines, soak-away should be relocated and refuse dump
should be minimum of 200 meters away.
h. Local government should designate area where all forms of waste are to be dumped.
License should be issued and renewed for permission to dump waste in the specified area.
CONCLUSIONS
This trip to this area has revealed that the concentration of waste materials from pit latrines,
wastewater canals very close or within the residential households often influence
groundwater pollution and subsequent contamination over a given period. Obviously, the
problems associated with environmental pollution have negative tendencies on the quality of
life of the people within the radius of the affected community

14. It is found that the water is polluted both physically and biologically. Pollution of the wells
depends on the nature of the well i.e. its nearness to domestic wastes, depth of the well,
fetching technique, well-cover and droppings (organic and inorganic wastes) into the well.
Cities need to be more consciously planned if they are to address sustainability appropriately.
Urban planning practices also need to be changed to reflect a new awareness and to integrate
environmental, health, economic and social concerns of the 21st century.