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YANG (哪)
Amey Borkar Date:05/05/16
TCET: 747
1
Content
Introduction
Data Modelling
History
SNMP
NETCONF
YANG
Implementation
Future
2
Introduction
• YANG is an abbreviation for “Yet Another Next Generation”
• YANG is a data modelling language for NETCONF protocol
• YANG was published as RFC 6020 in October 2010
• YANG was developed by the NETMOD group of the IETF force
3
What is IETF ?
• IETF develops and promotes voluntary internet
standards
• IETF is an open standard organisation with no
formal membership or membership requirements
• IETF was an activity supported by the US
government but since 1993, it has operated as a
standard development function under “Internet
Society”
4
What is Data Modelling ?
• Data modelling is the process of creating a data model for an
information system
• It is a process used to define and analyse data requirements
needed to support the business process
• Data modelling defines not just elements but also the structure
and relationship between them
5
Data Modelling structure
• The figure illustrates
the way data models are
developed and used
today.
• A conceptual data model
is developed based on
the data requirements
for the application that
is being developed.
6
Example of data modelling
• This is a screenshot of a data
modelling example
• It clearly shows us the
relationship between different
models and the type of
relationship (one-to-many or
many-to-one) between each
model
7
History
• Many network management protocols have associated data modelling
languages
• The first widely developed internet standard for network
management was Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)
• The data modelling language associated with SNMP was Structure of
Management Information (SMI)
• The SMI language was itself based on the 1998 version of Abstract
Syntax Notation One (ASN.1)
8
Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1)
• ASN.1 is a standard and notation that describes rules and
structures in Telecom and Computer Networking
• ASN.1 is used for representing, encoding and transmitting data in
Networking
• ASN.1 defines the abstract syntax of information but does not
restrict the way the information is encoded
• A particular new application of ASN.1 is Fast Infoset
9
Structure of Management Information(SMI)
• SMI is an adapted subset of ASN.1
• The Structure of Management Information (SMI) is a framework that
describes the basic types of information that can be manipulated
by SNMP
• SMI operates in Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)
• SMI provides a skeleton that specifies the basic format and
hierarchy of management data but does not describe the objects
that can be managed
• SMI defines the modules of related managed objects in a
Management Information Base (MIB)
10
SMI Sample
• To ensure that object
identifiers are unique, each
organization is responsible
for a particular section of
the OID tree.
• Just as ISO and CCITT have
responsibility for their
portions, the Internet
Activities Board (IAB) has
responsibility for the
internet portion.
11
Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)
• SNMP is an internet standard protocol
• SNMP is used for collecting and organising information about
managed devices on IP networks
• Devices supporting SNMP are:
 Routers
 Switches
 Servers
 Workstations
12
SNMP Applications
• SNMP is widely used in network management
systems to monitor network-attached devices
for conditions that warrant administrative
attention
• SNMP is a component of the Internet Protocol
(IP) suite as defined by the Internet
Engineering Task Force (IETF)
• SNMP operates in the Application Layer of
the Internet Protocol Suite (Layer 7 of OSI
model)
• SNMP agent receives requests on UDP port 161
13
SNMP Network
• In typical uses of SNMP one or
more administrative computers,
called managers, have the task of
monitoring or managing a group of
hosts or devices on a computer
network
• An SNMP-managed network consists
of three key components:
 Managed device
 Agent
 Network Management Station (NMS)
14
Issues with SNMP
• SNMP is not purpose-built for configuring network
• SNMP lacks standard MIBs for configuring networks
• SNMP is not efficient to play back configurations
• SNMP is not fast either. For example, when returning routing
tables, it is very slow
15
Advantages of NETCONF and YANG
• Single focus is configuration
• They use standard XML format, which uses a
native “get config” command which return
only configuration data
• “Network configuration” over “Box
configuration”
• NETCONF has the ability to support
transaction
16
NETCONF
• NETCONF is a network management protocol developed and
standardized by IETF
• NETCONF was published in December 2006 as RFC 4741 and revised in
June 2011 as RFC 6241
• NETCONF provides mechanisms to install, manipulate and delete
configuration of network devices
• NETCONF operates on the top of the Remote Procedure Call (RPC)
protocol layer
• NETCONF protocol uses an Extensive Markup Language (XML)
17
NETCONF superior to SNMP
• SNMP was not being used to configure network equipment but
was mainly being used for network management
• IETF got together with network operators to solve this
issue
• During this time, Juniper Networks used an XML-based net
management approach
• These two events together led the IETF in may 2003 to form
the NETCONF working group
18
NETCONF Protocol Layers
• The NETCONF protocol can be conceptually partitioned into four
layers:
1. The Content layer consists of configuration data and
notification data
2. The Operations layer defines a set of base protocol operations
to retrieve and edit the configuration data
3. The Messages layer provides a mechanism for encoding remote
procedure calls (RPCs) and notifications
4. The Secure Transport layer provides a secure and reliable
transport of messages between a client and a server
19
NETCONF Protocol Layers
• The NETCONF protocol has been
implemented in network devices
such as routers and switches
by some major equipment
vendors
• One particular strength of
NETCONF is its support for
robust configuration change
transactions involving a
number of devices
20
NETCONF and YANG
• NETCONF is the standard for installing,
manipulating and deleting configuration
of network devices while YANG is used
to model both configuration and state
data of network elements
• Soon after the development of NETCONF
protocol, IETF realised that a data
module language was needed to define
data modules in NETCONF
• The syntactic structure and baseline
system was originally borrowed from
SMIng
21
YANG
• YANG structures the data definitions into tree structures and
provides many modelling features
• YANG also includes an extensible type system, formal separation
of state and configuration data and a variety of syntactic and
semantic constraints
• YANG data definitions are contained in modules and provide a
strong set of features for extensibility and reuse
22
Publication
The YANG data modelling language
was developed by NETMOD working
group in the Internet
Engineering Task Force (IETF)
and was published as RFC 6020 in
October 2010
23
YANG Module Structure
A YANG module is made up of:
• Header Information
• Imports and Includes
• Type Definitions
• Configurational and
operational data declarations
• Action (RPC) and notification
declarations
24
YANG Sample Code 25
YIN & YANG
• In Chinese philosophy, YIN and YANG describe how opposite or contrary
forces are actually complementary, interconnected and interdependent
in the natural world
• YIN is the XML version of YANG
26
Yang-ide
• An integrated development environment (IDE) is a software
application that provides comprehensive facilities to computer
programmers for software development
• An IDE normally consists of a source code editor, build
automation tools and a debugger
• Most modern IDEs have intelligent code completion
• YANG IDE is an integrated development environment for Yang
language
27
Software required
Software tools required to implement a YANG-IDE are as follows:
1. Eclipse SDK 4.4
2. Java SE Development Kit 7
3. Apache Maven
4. Git
28
Steps to implement
Steps to implement yang-ide are as follows:
1. Clone the project
2. Import the projects into Eclipse
3. Configure Eclipse
4. Build the project by Maven
5. Run YANG IDE from Eclipse Development Environment
29
OpenDaylight and YANG
• OpenDaylight heavily uses YANG to model
any data, notification or Remote
Procedure Call (RPC) that goes between
different modules
• This module is provided to the MD-SAL
platform and then loaded in Karaf
• MD-SAL creates two data stores for this
module i.e.:
1. Config data store
2. Operational data store
30
Ericsson and YANG IDE
• Ericsson has started to develop
an IDE plugin to support the YANG
language
• Currently it uses pyang to
analyse the yang model file
• It does:
Syntax Highlighting
Invocation of pyang on the yang
file
Analysing the pyang output
Marking errors
31
YANG and Amdocs
• Amdocs has announced its own plan for NFV
Orchestration
• This NFV Orchestration is meant to be the
central brain of a new NFV network
• The service models are represented in YANG
• One example would be a virtual function to
block distributed denial-of-service (DDoS)
attacks
32
Amdocs Network Cloud Ecosystem 33
YANG and YumaWorks
• YumaWorks is a leader in YANG-driven automation
tools for NETCONF, CLI and RESTCONF network
management interfaces
• The YumaPro Server supports the complete
NETCONF protocol
• Any protocol operation, database object or
notification message can be easily added to the
server by providing a YANG data model defining
the API
34
YANG and Tail-f
• Tail-f Systems provides multi-vendor network
automation software for traditional and Software
Defined Networks (SDN)
• Tail-f are leaders in the development of
configuration management software based on the
NETCONF and YANG standards
• Tail-f Systems was the first company to introduce
100% YANG (RFC 6020) compliant software applications
and tools
• YANG allows Tail-f Systems customers to build more
robust and resilient products in less time
35
ConfD by Tail-f
• ConfD is the leading commercial
development platform to take
advantage of NETCONF and YANG
• As a way to expand adoption of
NETCONF and YANG, Tail-f is
providing a free version of ConfD
• Large service providers, such as
AT&T and Deutsche Telekom have a
strong preference for the NETCONF
and YANG standards
36
Light Reading article 37
YANG in Telecom
Companies supporting NETCONF/YANG are as
follows:
Brocade Communications Systems Inc.
Cisco Systems Inc.
Juniper Networks Inc.
Ericsson-LG
Amdocs Inc.
Nokia Networks
Alcatel-Lucent
AT&T Inc.
Deutsche Telekom
38
Future Implementations
• SDN has provided a shift away from Hardware
towards software and services
• RESTCONF is an IETF draft that describes how to
map a YANG specification
• RESTCONF is not intended to replace NETCONF but
rather provide an additional simplified interface
• NETCONF and YANG are powerful tools with a bright
future for SDN/NFV
39
References
• http://www.tail-f.com/education/what-is-yang/
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NETCONF
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YANG
• https://www.sdxcentral.com/articles/news/amdocs-makes-play-
nfv-orchestration/2014/10/
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_Network_Management_Prot
ocol
40

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YANG (哪)

  • 1. YANG (哪) Amey Borkar Date:05/05/16 TCET: 747 1
  • 3. Introduction • YANG is an abbreviation for “Yet Another Next Generation” • YANG is a data modelling language for NETCONF protocol • YANG was published as RFC 6020 in October 2010 • YANG was developed by the NETMOD group of the IETF force 3
  • 4. What is IETF ? • IETF develops and promotes voluntary internet standards • IETF is an open standard organisation with no formal membership or membership requirements • IETF was an activity supported by the US government but since 1993, it has operated as a standard development function under “Internet Society” 4
  • 5. What is Data Modelling ? • Data modelling is the process of creating a data model for an information system • It is a process used to define and analyse data requirements needed to support the business process • Data modelling defines not just elements but also the structure and relationship between them 5
  • 6. Data Modelling structure • The figure illustrates the way data models are developed and used today. • A conceptual data model is developed based on the data requirements for the application that is being developed. 6
  • 7. Example of data modelling • This is a screenshot of a data modelling example • It clearly shows us the relationship between different models and the type of relationship (one-to-many or many-to-one) between each model 7
  • 8. History • Many network management protocols have associated data modelling languages • The first widely developed internet standard for network management was Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) • The data modelling language associated with SNMP was Structure of Management Information (SMI) • The SMI language was itself based on the 1998 version of Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1) 8
  • 9. Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1) • ASN.1 is a standard and notation that describes rules and structures in Telecom and Computer Networking • ASN.1 is used for representing, encoding and transmitting data in Networking • ASN.1 defines the abstract syntax of information but does not restrict the way the information is encoded • A particular new application of ASN.1 is Fast Infoset 9
  • 10. Structure of Management Information(SMI) • SMI is an adapted subset of ASN.1 • The Structure of Management Information (SMI) is a framework that describes the basic types of information that can be manipulated by SNMP • SMI operates in Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) • SMI provides a skeleton that specifies the basic format and hierarchy of management data but does not describe the objects that can be managed • SMI defines the modules of related managed objects in a Management Information Base (MIB) 10
  • 11. SMI Sample • To ensure that object identifiers are unique, each organization is responsible for a particular section of the OID tree. • Just as ISO and CCITT have responsibility for their portions, the Internet Activities Board (IAB) has responsibility for the internet portion. 11
  • 12. Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) • SNMP is an internet standard protocol • SNMP is used for collecting and organising information about managed devices on IP networks • Devices supporting SNMP are:  Routers  Switches  Servers  Workstations 12
  • 13. SNMP Applications • SNMP is widely used in network management systems to monitor network-attached devices for conditions that warrant administrative attention • SNMP is a component of the Internet Protocol (IP) suite as defined by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) • SNMP operates in the Application Layer of the Internet Protocol Suite (Layer 7 of OSI model) • SNMP agent receives requests on UDP port 161 13
  • 14. SNMP Network • In typical uses of SNMP one or more administrative computers, called managers, have the task of monitoring or managing a group of hosts or devices on a computer network • An SNMP-managed network consists of three key components:  Managed device  Agent  Network Management Station (NMS) 14
  • 15. Issues with SNMP • SNMP is not purpose-built for configuring network • SNMP lacks standard MIBs for configuring networks • SNMP is not efficient to play back configurations • SNMP is not fast either. For example, when returning routing tables, it is very slow 15
  • 16. Advantages of NETCONF and YANG • Single focus is configuration • They use standard XML format, which uses a native “get config” command which return only configuration data • “Network configuration” over “Box configuration” • NETCONF has the ability to support transaction 16
  • 17. NETCONF • NETCONF is a network management protocol developed and standardized by IETF • NETCONF was published in December 2006 as RFC 4741 and revised in June 2011 as RFC 6241 • NETCONF provides mechanisms to install, manipulate and delete configuration of network devices • NETCONF operates on the top of the Remote Procedure Call (RPC) protocol layer • NETCONF protocol uses an Extensive Markup Language (XML) 17
  • 18. NETCONF superior to SNMP • SNMP was not being used to configure network equipment but was mainly being used for network management • IETF got together with network operators to solve this issue • During this time, Juniper Networks used an XML-based net management approach • These two events together led the IETF in may 2003 to form the NETCONF working group 18
  • 19. NETCONF Protocol Layers • The NETCONF protocol can be conceptually partitioned into four layers: 1. The Content layer consists of configuration data and notification data 2. The Operations layer defines a set of base protocol operations to retrieve and edit the configuration data 3. The Messages layer provides a mechanism for encoding remote procedure calls (RPCs) and notifications 4. The Secure Transport layer provides a secure and reliable transport of messages between a client and a server 19
  • 20. NETCONF Protocol Layers • The NETCONF protocol has been implemented in network devices such as routers and switches by some major equipment vendors • One particular strength of NETCONF is its support for robust configuration change transactions involving a number of devices 20
  • 21. NETCONF and YANG • NETCONF is the standard for installing, manipulating and deleting configuration of network devices while YANG is used to model both configuration and state data of network elements • Soon after the development of NETCONF protocol, IETF realised that a data module language was needed to define data modules in NETCONF • The syntactic structure and baseline system was originally borrowed from SMIng 21
  • 22. YANG • YANG structures the data definitions into tree structures and provides many modelling features • YANG also includes an extensible type system, formal separation of state and configuration data and a variety of syntactic and semantic constraints • YANG data definitions are contained in modules and provide a strong set of features for extensibility and reuse 22
  • 23. Publication The YANG data modelling language was developed by NETMOD working group in the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and was published as RFC 6020 in October 2010 23
  • 24. YANG Module Structure A YANG module is made up of: • Header Information • Imports and Includes • Type Definitions • Configurational and operational data declarations • Action (RPC) and notification declarations 24
  • 26. YIN & YANG • In Chinese philosophy, YIN and YANG describe how opposite or contrary forces are actually complementary, interconnected and interdependent in the natural world • YIN is the XML version of YANG 26
  • 27. Yang-ide • An integrated development environment (IDE) is a software application that provides comprehensive facilities to computer programmers for software development • An IDE normally consists of a source code editor, build automation tools and a debugger • Most modern IDEs have intelligent code completion • YANG IDE is an integrated development environment for Yang language 27
  • 28. Software required Software tools required to implement a YANG-IDE are as follows: 1. Eclipse SDK 4.4 2. Java SE Development Kit 7 3. Apache Maven 4. Git 28
  • 29. Steps to implement Steps to implement yang-ide are as follows: 1. Clone the project 2. Import the projects into Eclipse 3. Configure Eclipse 4. Build the project by Maven 5. Run YANG IDE from Eclipse Development Environment 29
  • 30. OpenDaylight and YANG • OpenDaylight heavily uses YANG to model any data, notification or Remote Procedure Call (RPC) that goes between different modules • This module is provided to the MD-SAL platform and then loaded in Karaf • MD-SAL creates two data stores for this module i.e.: 1. Config data store 2. Operational data store 30
  • 31. Ericsson and YANG IDE • Ericsson has started to develop an IDE plugin to support the YANG language • Currently it uses pyang to analyse the yang model file • It does: Syntax Highlighting Invocation of pyang on the yang file Analysing the pyang output Marking errors 31
  • 32. YANG and Amdocs • Amdocs has announced its own plan for NFV Orchestration • This NFV Orchestration is meant to be the central brain of a new NFV network • The service models are represented in YANG • One example would be a virtual function to block distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks 32
  • 33. Amdocs Network Cloud Ecosystem 33
  • 34. YANG and YumaWorks • YumaWorks is a leader in YANG-driven automation tools for NETCONF, CLI and RESTCONF network management interfaces • The YumaPro Server supports the complete NETCONF protocol • Any protocol operation, database object or notification message can be easily added to the server by providing a YANG data model defining the API 34
  • 35. YANG and Tail-f • Tail-f Systems provides multi-vendor network automation software for traditional and Software Defined Networks (SDN) • Tail-f are leaders in the development of configuration management software based on the NETCONF and YANG standards • Tail-f Systems was the first company to introduce 100% YANG (RFC 6020) compliant software applications and tools • YANG allows Tail-f Systems customers to build more robust and resilient products in less time 35
  • 36. ConfD by Tail-f • ConfD is the leading commercial development platform to take advantage of NETCONF and YANG • As a way to expand adoption of NETCONF and YANG, Tail-f is providing a free version of ConfD • Large service providers, such as AT&T and Deutsche Telekom have a strong preference for the NETCONF and YANG standards 36
  • 38. YANG in Telecom Companies supporting NETCONF/YANG are as follows: Brocade Communications Systems Inc. Cisco Systems Inc. Juniper Networks Inc. Ericsson-LG Amdocs Inc. Nokia Networks Alcatel-Lucent AT&T Inc. Deutsche Telekom 38
  • 39. Future Implementations • SDN has provided a shift away from Hardware towards software and services • RESTCONF is an IETF draft that describes how to map a YANG specification • RESTCONF is not intended to replace NETCONF but rather provide an additional simplified interface • NETCONF and YANG are powerful tools with a bright future for SDN/NFV 39
  • 40. References • http://www.tail-f.com/education/what-is-yang/ • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NETCONF • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YANG • https://www.sdxcentral.com/articles/news/amdocs-makes-play- nfv-orchestration/2014/10/ • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_Network_Management_Prot ocol 40