2. Contents
Introduction
Principle of levers
Rotation of denture bases around various axes
Definition
Principle of Indirect Retainers
Types of Fulcrum Lines
Factors Influencing Indirect Retainers
Auxillary Functions
Forms of Indirect Retainers
Summary
References
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3. Introduction
William E. Avant said “Indirect retention is required on
all extension base partial dentures retained by
clasps. It is required also when tooth at one end of
the denture base is clasped for retention but the
tooth at the other end is not suitable for retention.
Extension base partial dentures are needed more
often than any other type of removable partial
denture. If these statements are true, then we need
to consider indirect retainers carefully.”
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9. “The component of a removable partial denture
that assists the direct retainer(s) in preventing
displacement of the distal extension denture
base by functioning through lever action on
the opposite side of the fulcrum line when the
denture base moves away from the tissues in
pure rotation around the fulcrum line.”-GPT
Definition
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10. An indirect retainer does not control the movement of
the denture base in the tissueward direction
Amount of movement =amount of compressible
mucosa
Fulcrum line runs between the most posterior rests.
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11. Movement away from ridge
Sticky foods
Functions of tissues at the borders
Gravity (maxillary denture)
Fulcrum line runs through retentive tip of direct retainer
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15. Factors Influencing Effectiveness
of Indirect Retainers
• Principal
Occlusal rests
• Fulcrum line
1. Length of extension
base
2. Location of fulcrum
line
3. Position of indirect
retainer
• Rigidity of
Connectors
• Supporting tooth
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16. Auxiliary Functions
Reduce leverage
Stabilization
Support
Prevent lingual movement
Need to reline
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17. Form of Indirect Retainer
Auxillary Occlusal Rest
Consists of a minor connecter and a
rest placed in a rest seat
Class I arch –bilateral rests on
mesial marginal ridge of 1st
premolar
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18. Preparation of Rest Seats
Occlusal rest seat:
Rounded triangle
Base at the marginal ridge
and apex at the centre of
the tooth
One-half the intercuspal
distance and one-third/one-
half the mesiodistal width
Base must be less than 900
to long axis of tooth.
Depth 0.5 at the thinnest
portion and 1.5mm at the
marginal ridge.
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19. Canine Extensions from
Occlusal Rests
To effect indirect
retention by
increasing the
distance from
fulcrum line
Should always be
used with terminal
rests.
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20. Canine Rests
Used when premolar is
too close to fulcrum line
Teeth are overlapped
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21. Lingual Rest
Prepared mostly on
maxillary canines.
Multiple incisors
Closer to centre of
rotation, more esthetic,
less prone to breakage.
Rest seat is V-shaped
and half moon shaped
in configuration.
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22. Cingulum Bar (Continous Bar)
and Lingual Plate
They rest on
unprepared lingual
inclines. Aid the
terminal rests in
indirect retention.
Stress distribution
Reduces the cross
sectional area of
major connector
Splints of weak anterior
teeth
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23. May cause
orthodontic movement
of teeth
Irritating to tongue
Cannot be used in
deep overbite cases
Retroclined anteriors
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24. Cummer arms
Metal arm extending from
saddle or connectors to
end on unprepared
palatal or lingual
surface of an anterior
tooth(upper canines)
May cause tooth
movement
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25. Rugae area
Coverage of rugae area –advocated by some
clinicians as the rugae area is thought to be firm and
will also help in providing support.
Not as effective as positive tooth support.
Usually as palatal arms, palatal bearing connectors
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26. Summary
Indirect retainers do not play a role in vertical
movement towards tissues
They only facilitate the direct retainers in retention
They act by moving the fulcrum line anterior to the
force
Principle forms of indirect retainers used are the
occlusal rests
Therefore, proper design and placement of the
component parts of a removable partial denture will
not prevent but at least minimise the displacing
forces. Which will go a long way in assuring the
success of the prosthesis.
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27. References
A.A.Grant and W.Johnson,Removable denture Prosthodontics,
ed 2.1992,Churchill livingstone Inc.
Ernest L.Miller and Joseph E.Grasso,Removable Partial
Prosthodontics, ed 2. 1979,Williams and Willkins.
Glen P. Mcgivney, Alan B. Carr.Mccraken’s Removable Partial
Prosthodontics, ed10. St. Louis ;2000 ,The C.V. Mosby Co.
Stewart ,Rudd and Keubker, Clinical Removable Partial
Prosthodontics,ed 2.1997,Ishiyaku EuroAmerica Inc. U.S.A
William E. Avant.Indirect retention In partial denture Design.J
Prosthet Dent.16:1103-1110
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