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Number of Disk Groups - Continued
• Separate disk groups for different storage tiers, e.g. hard disk or flash
• A system has disks of varying capacity and performance. Because
different drive types cannot be mixed in the same disk group and
separate disk groups are required
• To isolate specific databases due to operational considerations such
as E-Business Suite data and Siebel data
Reasons for More Than the Recommended Minimum Number of Disk
Groups
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How to Create New Disk Groups with no
Unallocated Space
• Option 1: Free up space from an existing disk group
• Delete or move some files from disk group, if necessary and possible
• Resize all ASM disks to a smaller size
• Resize the respective grid disks to a smaller size
• Use the newly available space to create new grid disks
• Create a new disk group using new grid disks
• Option 2: Obtain additional storage cells
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ASM Disk Group Attributes
• appliance.mode set to TRUE
• Fixed partnering: When disks are dropped due to failure, no
partnership change; reduces data movement when restoring
redundancy and improves availability
• All disks must be the same type (SSD or HDD)
• Disks must be in consecutive slot numbers to avoid missing hardware
• compatible.asm set to current Grid Infrastructure (GI) version
• Provides access to latest features on availability and performance
• All disks have the same size (12.1.0.2+)
• All failure groups have the same number of disks (12.2)
• Improved availability when encountering disk failures (12.2, 18)
• Faster disk online and resync (18)
• compatible.rdbms >= 12.1.0.2
• Resync checkpoint: retain resync progress after interruption (12.1.0.2+)
• Reduction of the use of large extents and its fragmentation (11.2.0.4+)
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Program Agenda
Past and Present: a History of ASM
ASM Best Practices
Disk Offline and Online Enhancements
Rebalance Enhancements
1
2
3
4
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Faster Online
• Virtually Address Metadata (VAM)
• Formerly, ASM disk metadata was physically addressed on a disk and was not
mirrored on any other disk
• Now, ASM disk metadata is virtually addressed and is mirrored
• Compatible.asm >= 18.1
• Online improvements because of VAM:
• No longer need to reconstruct physically addressed metadata as part of
online. This operation was costly because it involved scanning all the file
metadata
• Reduce metadata full scan to an amount proportional to stale data
• Checkpointing: allow resync to resume progress if interrupted
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I/O Latency Capping
• Cell-side Hair-Trigger I/O Latency Capping
• When a disk fails to return any I/O after a timeout, pending I/Os will be
cancelled
• Reads will be returned back to ASM, which will read from a mirror
• Writes will be cached in the flash cache and acknowledged
• Compute-node I/O Latency Capping
• When a storage cell stops responding, I/Os to that cell will be cancelled
• Disconnect from the problem cell
• Reads will be redirected to the a mirror on another storage cell
• Writes will be written to remaining mirrors and will be acknowledged
once ASM offlines all disks in the storage cell that failed to respond
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Program Agenda
Past and Present: a History of ASM
ASM Best Practices
Disk Offline and Online Enhancements
Rebalance Enhancements
1
2
3
4
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Rebalance Phases
1. RESYNC
2. RESILVER
3. REBUILD – new in 12.2
4. BALANCE
5. PREPARE – new in 12.2
6. COMPACT
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REDUNDANCY
RESTORE
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WITH / WITHOUT Rebalance SQL
• Specify the list of phases to run
• SQL> ALTER DISKGROUP data REBALANCE WITH RESTORE POWER 10
• SQL> ALTER DISKGROUP data REBALANCE WITH RESTORE COMPACT
• RESTORE = RESYNC + RESILVER + REBUILD
• Specify the list of phases to defer
• SQL> ALTER DISKGROUP data REBALANCE WITHOUT COMPACT
• No phase specified = Run all phases
• SQL> ALTER DISKGROUP <dg> REBALANCE
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Online Change in Rebalance Power
• MODIFY rebalance power (only change is power)
• Must specify same phases as the on-going rebalance
• On-going rebalance
• SQL> alter diskgroup data rebalance modify power 10
• New rebalance
• SQL> alter diskgroup data rebalance modify power 20
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Pause/Resume/Restart Rebalance
• Greater control on rebalance
• Use MODIFY keyword with power 0 to pause rebalance
• SQL> ALTER DISKGROUP data REBALANCE modify power 0
• Use MODIFY keyword non-zero power to resume rebalance
• SQL> ALTER DISKGROUP data REBALANCE modify power 4
• Skip the MODIFY keyword to restart rebalance
• SQL> ALTER DISKGROUP data REBALANCE power 2
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Rebalance Estimates
• Estimates for each phase computed in parallel
• Faster rebalance
• ARB-0 Process – rebalance work
• ARB-A Process (estimate slave) – rebalance estimates
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HARD Check During Rebalance
• Prevents physical corruptions from spreading from disk to disk
• What happens if HARD check fails?
• ORA-00600 [kfk_iodone_invalid_buffer] (12.1.0.2DBBP, 12.2RU)
• Results in ORA-59035: HARDCHECK error during I/O (18.3 or later)
• Rebalance tries to continue until a number of failures occur, then ORA-
59035 (18.3 or later)
• Checks limited to major file types like datafile, online redo log,
archive log, backup files, etc. File types like temp files are
excluded from these checks.
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Content.check – 19.2 ASM Feature
• Scrubs relocating extents during rebalance for physical
corruptions just like HARD check
• If a corruption is found and there is a good mirror side,
automatically repair from mirror side
• Throws ORA-00700:
[KFFSCRUBDUMPEXTENTSET_ONSUSPICIOUSBLKS] for root
cause analysis
• Rebalance will continue after the repair
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