Arthashastra and Technical Writing
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The Arthashastra is not only an academic tome on politics and governance. It also offers advice on technical writing.
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Arthashastra and Technical Writing
- 1. ARTHASHASTRA AND TECHNICALWRITING STC India annual conference, 2017 Anindita Basu
- 3. anindita_basu ■ Why is documentation important ■ Who is a good writer ■ What are the duties of a writer ■ How should a document be composed ■ What are the characteristics of good writing ■ What are the characteristics of bad writing
- 5. anindita_basu शासन-प्रधाना हि राजानः । तन्-मूलत्वात्संधध-ववग्रिय ः ।।
- 6. anindita_basu शासन-प्रधाना हि राजानः । तन्-मूलत्वात्संधध-ववग्रिय ः ।। The basis of wars and treaties
- 7. WHO IS A GOOD WRITER
- 8. anindita_basu तस्मादमात्य-सम्पदाउपेतः सवव-समयववदाशु-ग्रन्थश्चारु-अक्षर लेखन-वाचन-समथो लेखकः स्यात् ।।
- 9. anindita_basu तस्मादमात्य-सम्पदाउपेतः सवव-समयववदाशु-ग्रन्थश्चारु-अक्षर लेखन-वाचन-समथो लेखकः स्यात् ।। 1 2 3 4 5 1. Fit to be a counsellor 2. Knows all conventions 3. Reads well 4. Writes well 5. Speaks well
- 10. WHAT ARETHE DUTIES OF AWRITER
- 11. anindita_basu स अव्यग्र-मना राज्ञः संदेशं श्रुत्वा ननश्श्चत-अथं लेखं ववदध्यात्देश-ऐश्वयव-वंश-नामधेय-उपचारं ईश्वरस्य । देश-नामधेय-उपचारं अनीश्वरस्य ।।
- 12. anindita_basu स अव्यग्र-मना राज्ञः संदेशं श्रुत्वा ननश्श्चत-अथं लेखं ववदध्यात्देश-ऐश्वयव-वंश-नामधेय-उपचारं ईश्वरस्य । देश-नामधेय-उपचारं अनीश्वरस्य ।। 1 2 3 1. Listens carefully to the king 2. Thinks the matter out carefully, and puts it into writing 3. Tailors the writing to suit nobility or commoners 3
- 13. HOW SHOULD A DOCUMENT BE COMPOSED
- 14. anindita_basu जानतं कु लं स्थान-वयः-श्रुतानन कमव-ऋद्धध-शीलान्यथ देश-कालौ । यौन-अनुबन्धं च समीक्ष्य काये लेखं ववदध्यात्पुरुष-अनुरूपं ।।
- 15. anindita_basu जानतं कु लं स्थान-वयः-श्रुतानन कमव-ऋद्धध-शीलान्यथ देश-कालौ । यौन-अनुबन्धं च समीक्ष्य काये लेखं ववदध्यात्पुरुष-अनुरूपं ।। Of the same level as the person being written to
- 17. anindita_basu ■ अथव-क्रमः सम्बन्धः पररपूर्वता माधुयं औदायं स्पष्टत्वं इनत लेख-सम्पत् ।। ■ तत्र यथावदनुपूवव-क्रक्रया प्रधानस्याथवस्य पूवं अभिननवेश इत्यथव-क्रमः ।। ■ प्रस्तुतस्याथवस्यानुपर धादुत्तरस्य ववधानं आ-समाप्तेररनत सम्बन्धः ।। ■ अथव-पद-अक्षरार्ां अन्यून-अनतररक्तता िेतु-उदािरर्-दृष्टान्तैरथव-उपवर्वनाअश्रान्त-पदताइनत पररपूर्वता ।। ■ सुख-उपनीत-चारु-अथव-शब्द-अभिधानं माधुयं ।। ■ अग्राम्य-शब्द-अभिधानं औदायं ।। ■ प्रतीत-शब्द-प्रय गः स्पष्टत्वं इनत ।।
- 18. anindita_basu अथव-क्रमः सम्बन्धः पररपूर्वता माधुयं औदायं स्पष्टत्वं इनत लेख-सम्पत् ।।
- 19. anindita_basu अथव-क्रमः सम्बन्धः पररपूर्वता माधुयं औदायं स्पष्टत्वं इनत लेख-सम्पत् ।। 1 2 3 4 5 6 1. Well-arranged 2. Relevant 3. Complete 4. Pleasant 5. Excellent 6. Clear
- 20. anindita_basu तत्र यथावदनुपूवव-क्रक्रया प्रधानस्याथवस्य पूवं अभिननवेश इत्यथव-क्रमः ।।
- 21. anindita_basu तत्र यथावदनुपूवव-क्रक्रया प्रधानस्याथवस्य पूवं अभिननवेश इत्यथव-क्रमः ।। Matter is arranged in the order of importance
- 22. anindita_basu प्रस्तुतस्याथवस्यानुपर धादुत्तरस्य ववधानं आ-समाप्तेररनत सम्बन्धः ।।
- 23. anindita_basu प्रस्तुतस्याथवस्यानुपर धादुत्तरस्य ववधानं आ-समाप्तेररनत सम्बन्धः ।। Things that are mentioned later do not contradict those mentioned earlier
- 25. anindita_basu अथव-पद-अक्षरार्ां अन्यून-अनतररक्तता िेतु-उदािरर्-दृष्टान्तैरथव-उपवर्वनाअश्रान्त-पदताइनत पररपूर्वता ।। 1 2 3 1. Neither deficient nor redundant 2. Has reasons, examples, and illustrations 3. Uses strong action words
- 27. anindita_basu सुख-उपनीत-चारु-अथव-शब्द-अभिधानं माधुयं ।। Matter is fluidly described
- 29. anindita_basu अग्राम्य-शब्द-अभिधानं औदायं ।। Colloquial words are not used
- 30. anindita_basu प्रतीत-शब्द-प्रय गः स्पष्टत्वं इनत ।।
- 31. anindita_basu प्रतीत-शब्द-प्रय गः स्पष्टत्वं इनत ।। Easily understood words are used
- 33. anindita_basu ■ अकाश्न्तव्यावघातः पुनर्-उक्तं अपशब्दः सम्प्लव इनत लेख-द षः ।। ■ तत्र काल-पत्त्रकं अचारु-ववषं अववराग-अक्षरत्वं अकाश्न्तः ।। ■ पूवेर् पश्श्चमस्यानुपपवत्तव्यावघातः ।। ■ उक्तस्याववशेषेर् द्ववतीयं उच्चारर्ं पुनर्-उक्तं ।। ■ भलङ्ग-वचन-काल-कारकार्ां अन्यथा-प्रय ग अपशब्दः ।। ■ अवगे वगव-करर्ं चावगव-क्रक्रया गुर्-ववपयावसः सम्प्लवः इनत ।।
- 34. anindita_basu अकाश्न्तव्यावघातः पुनर्-उक्तं अपशब्दः सम्प्लव इनत लेख-द षः ।।
- 35. anindita_basu अकाश्न्तव्यावघातः पुनर्-उक्तं अपशब्दः सम्प्लव इनत लेख-द षः ।। 1 2 3 4 5 1. Clumsiness 2. Contradiction 3. Repetition 4. Bad grammar 5. Bad arrangement
- 36. anindita_basu तत्र काल-पत्त्रकं अचारु-ववषं अववराग-अक्षरत्वं अकाश्न्तः ।।
- 37. anindita_basu तत्र काल-पत्त्रकं अचारु-ववषं अववराग-अक्षरत्वं अकाश्न्तः ।। 1 2 1. Black and ugly leaf 2. Uneven and colourless writing
- 39. anindita_basu पूवेर् पश्श्चमस्यानुपपवत्तव्यावघातः ।। What was stated earlier is in contradiction with what is being said later
- 40. anindita_basu उक्तस्याववशेषेर् द्ववतीयं उच्चारर्ं पुनर्-उक्तं ।।
- 41. anindita_basu उक्तस्याववशेषेर् द्ववतीयं उच्चारर्ं पुनर्-उक्तं ।। Stating for a second time that which has been said earlier
- 42. anindita_basu भलङ्ग-वचन-काल-कारकार्ां अन्यथा-प्रय ग अपशब्दः ।।
- 43. anindita_basu भलङ्ग-वचन-काल-कारकार्ां अन्यथा-प्रय ग अपशब्दः ।। 1 2 3 4 1. Wrong gender 2. Wrong number 3. Wrong tense 4. Wrong case
- 44. anindita_basu अवगे वगव-करर्ं चावगव-क्रक्रया गुर्-ववपयावसः सम्प्लवः इनत ।।
- 45. anindita_basu अवगे वगव-करर्ं चावगव-क्रक्रया गुर्-ववपयावसः सम्प्लवः इनत ।। 1 2 1. Dividing into paragraphs in wrong places 2. Not giving a para break where needed
- 46. anindita_basu
- 47. anindita_basu Further reading ■ Sanskrit text: कौहटल्यस्य अथवशास्त्रम ् (https://sa.wikisource.org/s/6ge) ■ English text: Kautilya's Arthashastra (http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00litlinks/kautilya/index.html)
- 48. anindita_basu Still more reading Developing QualityTechnical Information: A Handbook forWriters and Editors (available on amazon.in)
- 49. THANKYOU
- 50. BACKUP
- 51. WHAT ISTHE PUNISHMENT FOR BAD WRITING
- 52. anindita_basu च रं पारदाररकं वा म क्षयत राज-शासनं ऊनं अनतररक्तं वा भलखतः कन्यां दासीं वा सहिरण्यं अपरितः कू ट-व्यविाररर् ववमांस-ववक्रनयर्श्च वाम-िस्त-द्वव-पाद-वध । नव-शत वा दण्डः ।।
- 53. anindita_basu च रं पारदाररकं वा म क्षयत राज-शासनं ऊनं अनतररक्तं वा भलखतः कन्यां दासीं वा सहिरण्यं अपरितः कू ट-व्यविाररर् ववमांस-ववक्रनयर्श्च वाम-िस्त-द्वव-पाद-वध । नव-शत वा दण्डः ।। 1. The left hand and two feet cut off 2. Fine of 900 panas 1 2
- 54. DQTI
- 55. anindita_basu ■ Easy to use – Task orientation – Accuracy – Completeness ■ Easy to understand – Clarity – Concreteness – Style ■ Easy to find – Organisation – Retrievability – Visual effectiveness
Editor's Notes
- Why is writing important? 2.10.2: Writs are of great importance to kings inasmuch as treaties and ultimate leading to war depend upon writs.
- Why is writing important? 2.10.2: Writs are of great importance to kings inasmuch as treaties and ultimate leading to war depend upon writs.
- Who is a writer? 2.10.3: Hence one who is possessed of ministerial qualifications, acquainted with all kinds of customs, smart in composition, good in legible writing, and sharp in reading shall be appointed as a writer (lékhaka).
- Who is a writer? 2.10.3: Hence one who is possessed of ministerial qualifications, acquainted with all kinds of customs, smart in composition, good in legible writing, and sharp in reading shall be appointed as a writer (lékhaka).
- What should a writer do? 2.10.4: Such a writer, having attentively listened to the king's order and having well thought out the matter under consideration, shall reduce the order to writing. As to a writ addressed to a lord (ísvara), it shall contain a polite mention of his country, his possessions, his family and his name, and as to that addressed to a common man (anisvara), it shall make a polite mention of his country and name.
- What should a writer do? 2.10.4: Such a writer, having attentively listened to the king's order and having well thought out the matter under consideration, shall reduce the order to writing. As to a writ addressed to a lord (ísvara), it shall contain a polite mention of his country, his possessions, his family and his name, and as to that addressed to a common man (anisvara), it shall make a polite mention of his country and name.
- Tone 2.10.5: Having paid sufficient attention to the caste, family, social rank, age, learning (sruta), occupation, property, character (síla), blood-relationship (yaunánubandha) of the addressee, as well as to the place and time (of writing), the writer shall form a writ befitting the position of the person addressed.
- Tone 2.10.5: Having paid sufficient attention to the caste, family, social rank, age, learning (sruta), occupation, property, character (síla), blood-relationship (yaunánubandha) of the addressee, as well as to the place and time (of writing), the writer shall form a writ befitting the position of the person addressed.
- Characteristics of a good edict 2.10.6: Arrangement of subject-matter (arthakrama), relevancy (sambandha), completeness, sweetness, dignity, and lucidity are the necessary qualities of a writ. 2.10.7: The act of mentioning facts in the order of their importance is arrangement. 2.10.8: When subsequent facts are not contradictory to facts just or previously mentioned, and so on till the completion of the letter, it is termed relevancy. 2.10.9: Avoidance of redundancy or deficiency in words or letters; impressive description of subject matter by citing reasons, examples, and illustrations; and the use of appropriate and suitably strong words (asrántapada) is completeness. 2.10.10: The description in exquisite style of a good purport with a pleasing effect is sweetness. 2.10.11: The use of words other than colloquial (agrámya) is dignity. 2.10.12: The use of well-known words is lucidity.
- Characteristics of a good edict 2.10.6: Arrangement of subject-matter (arthakrama), relevancy (sambandha), completeness, sweetness, dignity, and lucidity are the necessary qualities of a writ. 2.10.7: The act of mentioning facts in the order of their importance is arrangement. 2.10.8: When subsequent facts are not contradictory to facts just or previously mentioned, and so on till the completion of the letter, it is termed relevancy. 2.10.9: Avoidance of redundancy or deficiency in words or letters; impressive description of subject matter by citing reasons, examples, and illustrations; and the use of appropriate and suitably strong words (asrántapada) is completeness. 2.10.10: The description in exquisite style of a good purport with a pleasing effect is sweetness. 2.10.11: The use of words other than colloquial (agrámya) is dignity. 2.10.12: The use of well-known words is lucidity.
- Characteristics of a good edict 2.10.6: Arrangement of subject-matter (arthakrama), relevancy (sambandha), completeness, sweetness, dignity, and lucidity are the necessary qualities of a writ. 2.10.7: The act of mentioning facts in the order of their importance is arrangement. 2.10.8: When subsequent facts are not contradictory to facts just or previously mentioned, and so on till the completion of the letter, it is termed relevancy. 2.10.9: Avoidance of redundancy or deficiency in words or letters; impressive description of subject matter by citing reasons, examples, and illustrations; and the use of appropriate and suitably strong words (asrántapada) is completeness. 2.10.10: The description in exquisite style of a good purport with a pleasing effect is sweetness. 2.10.11: The use of words other than colloquial (agrámya) is dignity. 2.10.12: The use of well-known words is lucidity.
- Characteristics of a good edict 2.10.6: Arrangement of subject-matter (arthakrama), relevancy (sambandha), completeness, sweetness, dignity, and lucidity are the necessary qualities of a writ. 2.10.7: The act of mentioning facts in the order of their importance is arrangement. 2.10.8: When subsequent facts are not contradictory to facts just or previously mentioned, and so on till the completion of the letter, it is termed relevancy. 2.10.9: Avoidance of redundancy or deficiency in words or letters; impressive description of subject matter by citing reasons, examples, and illustrations; and the use of appropriate and suitably strong words (asrántapada) is completeness. 2.10.10: The description in exquisite style of a good purport with a pleasing effect is sweetness. 2.10.11: The use of words other than colloquial (agrámya) is dignity. 2.10.12: The use of well-known words is lucidity.
- Characteristics of a good edict 2.10.6: Arrangement of subject-matter (arthakrama), relevancy (sambandha), completeness, sweetness, dignity, and lucidity are the necessary qualities of a writ. 2.10.7: The act of mentioning facts in the order of their importance is arrangement. 2.10.8: When subsequent facts are not contradictory to facts just or previously mentioned, and so on till the completion of the letter, it is termed relevancy. 2.10.9: Avoidance of redundancy or deficiency in words or letters; impressive description of subject matter by citing reasons, examples, and illustrations; and the use of appropriate and suitably strong words (asrántapada) is completeness. 2.10.10: The description in exquisite style of a good purport with a pleasing effect is sweetness. 2.10.11: The use of words other than colloquial (agrámya) is dignity. 2.10.12: The use of well-known words is lucidity.
- Characteristics of a good edict 2.10.6: Arrangement of subject-matter (arthakrama), relevancy (sambandha), completeness, sweetness, dignity, and lucidity are the necessary qualities of a writ. 2.10.7: The act of mentioning facts in the order of their importance is arrangement. 2.10.8: When subsequent facts are not contradictory to facts just or previously mentioned, and so on till the completion of the letter, it is termed relevancy. 2.10.9: Avoidance of redundancy or deficiency in words or letters; impressive description of subject matter by citing reasons, examples, and illustrations; and the use of appropriate and suitably strong words (asrántapada) is completeness. 2.10.10: The description in exquisite style of a good purport with a pleasing effect is sweetness. 2.10.11: The use of words other than colloquial (agrámya) is dignity. 2.10.12: The use of well-known words is lucidity.
- Characteristics of a good edict 2.10.6: Arrangement of subject-matter (arthakrama), relevancy (sambandha), completeness, sweetness, dignity, and lucidity are the necessary qualities of a writ. 2.10.7: The act of mentioning facts in the order of their importance is arrangement. 2.10.8: When subsequent facts are not contradictory to facts just or previously mentioned, and so on till the completion of the letter, it is termed relevancy. 2.10.9: Avoidance of redundancy or deficiency in words or letters; impressive description of subject matter by citing reasons, examples, and illustrations; and the use of appropriate and suitably strong words (asrántapada) is completeness. 2.10.10: The description in exquisite style of a good purport with a pleasing effect is sweetness. 2.10.11: The use of words other than colloquial (agrámya) is dignity. 2.10.12: The use of well-known words is lucidity.
- Characteristics of a good edict 2.10.6: Arrangement of subject-matter (arthakrama), relevancy (sambandha), completeness, sweetness, dignity, and lucidity are the necessary qualities of a writ. 2.10.7: The act of mentioning facts in the order of their importance is arrangement. 2.10.8: When subsequent facts are not contradictory to facts just or previously mentioned, and so on till the completion of the letter, it is termed relevancy. 2.10.9: Avoidance of redundancy or deficiency in words or letters; impressive description of subject matter by citing reasons, examples, and illustrations; and the use of appropriate and suitably strong words (asrántapada) is completeness. 2.10.10: The description in exquisite style of a good purport with a pleasing effect is sweetness. 2.10.11: The use of words other than colloquial (agrámya) is dignity. 2.10.12: The use of well-known words is lucidity.
- Characteristics of a good edict 2.10.6: Arrangement of subject-matter (arthakrama), relevancy (sambandha), completeness, sweetness, dignity, and lucidity are the necessary qualities of a writ. 2.10.7: The act of mentioning facts in the order of their importance is arrangement. 2.10.8: When subsequent facts are not contradictory to facts just or previously mentioned, and so on till the completion of the letter, it is termed relevancy. 2.10.9: Avoidance of redundancy or deficiency in words or letters; impressive description of subject matter by citing reasons, examples, and illustrations; and the use of appropriate and suitably strong words (asrántapada) is completeness. 2.10.10: The description in exquisite style of a good purport with a pleasing effect is sweetness. 2.10.11: The use of words other than colloquial (agrámya) is dignity. 2.10.12: The use of well-known words is lucidity.
- Characteristics of a good edict 2.10.6: Arrangement of subject-matter (arthakrama), relevancy (sambandha), completeness, sweetness, dignity, and lucidity are the necessary qualities of a writ. 2.10.7: The act of mentioning facts in the order of their importance is arrangement. 2.10.8: When subsequent facts are not contradictory to facts just or previously mentioned, and so on till the completion of the letter, it is termed relevancy. 2.10.9: Avoidance of redundancy or deficiency in words or letters; impressive description of subject matter by citing reasons, examples, and illustrations; and the use of appropriate and suitably strong words (asrántapada) is completeness. 2.10.10: The description in exquisite style of a good purport with a pleasing effect is sweetness. 2.10.11: The use of words other than colloquial (agrámya) is dignity. 2.10.12: The use of well-known words is lucidity.
- Characteristics of a good edict 2.10.6: Arrangement of subject-matter (arthakrama), relevancy (sambandha), completeness, sweetness, dignity, and lucidity are the necessary qualities of a writ. 2.10.7: The act of mentioning facts in the order of their importance is arrangement. 2.10.8: When subsequent facts are not contradictory to facts just or previously mentioned, and so on till the completion of the letter, it is termed relevancy. 2.10.9: Avoidance of redundancy or deficiency in words or letters; impressive description of subject matter by citing reasons, examples, and illustrations; and the use of appropriate and suitably strong words (asrántapada) is completeness. 2.10.10: The description in exquisite style of a good purport with a pleasing effect is sweetness. 2.10.11: The use of words other than colloquial (agrámya) is dignity. 2.10.12: The use of well-known words is lucidity.
- Characteristics of a good edict 2.10.6: Arrangement of subject-matter (arthakrama), relevancy (sambandha), completeness, sweetness, dignity, and lucidity are the necessary qualities of a writ. 2.10.7: The act of mentioning facts in the order of their importance is arrangement. 2.10.8: When subsequent facts are not contradictory to facts just or previously mentioned, and so on till the completion of the letter, it is termed relevancy. 2.10.9: Avoidance of redundancy or deficiency in words or letters; impressive description of subject matter by citing reasons, examples, and illustrations; and the use of appropriate and suitably strong words (asrántapada) is completeness. 2.10.10: The description in exquisite style of a good purport with a pleasing effect is sweetness. 2.10.11: The use of words other than colloquial (agrámya) is dignity. 2.10.12: The use of well-known words is lucidity.
- Characteristics of a good edict 2.10.6: Arrangement of subject-matter (arthakrama), relevancy (sambandha), completeness, sweetness, dignity, and lucidity are the necessary qualities of a writ. 2.10.7: The act of mentioning facts in the order of their importance is arrangement. 2.10.8: When subsequent facts are not contradictory to facts just or previously mentioned, and so on till the completion of the letter, it is termed relevancy. 2.10.9: Avoidance of redundancy or deficiency in words or letters; impressive description of subject matter by citing reasons, examples, and illustrations; and the use of appropriate and suitably strong words (asrántapada) is completeness. 2.10.10: The description in exquisite style of a good purport with a pleasing effect is sweetness. 2.10.11: The use of words other than colloquial (agrámya) is dignity. 2.10.12: The use of well-known words is lucidity.
- Characteristics of a good edict 2.10.6: Arrangement of subject-matter (arthakrama), relevancy (sambandha), completeness, sweetness, dignity, and lucidity are the necessary qualities of a writ. 2.10.7: The act of mentioning facts in the order of their importance is arrangement. 2.10.8: When subsequent facts are not contradictory to facts just or previously mentioned, and so on till the completion of the letter, it is termed relevancy. 2.10.9: Avoidance of redundancy or deficiency in words or letters; impressive description of subject matter by citing reasons, examples, and illustrations; and the use of appropriate and suitably strong words (asrántapada) is completeness. 2.10.10: The description in exquisite style of a good purport with a pleasing effect is sweetness. 2.10.11: The use of words other than colloquial (agrámya) is dignity. 2.10.12: The use of well-known words is lucidity.
- Characteristics of a good edict 2.10.6: Arrangement of subject-matter (arthakrama), relevancy (sambandha), completeness, sweetness, dignity, and lucidity are the necessary qualities of a writ. 2.10.7: The act of mentioning facts in the order of their importance is arrangement. 2.10.8: When subsequent facts are not contradictory to facts just or previously mentioned, and so on till the completion of the letter, it is termed relevancy. 2.10.9: Avoidance of redundancy or deficiency in words or letters; impressive description of subject matter by citing reasons, examples, and illustrations; and the use of appropriate and suitably strong words (asrántapada) is completeness. 2.10.10: The description in exquisite style of a good purport with a pleasing effect is sweetness. 2.10.11: The use of words other than colloquial (agrámya) is dignity. 2.10.12: The use of well-known words is lucidity.
- Defects 2.10.57: Clumsiness, contradiction, repetition, bad grammar, and misarrangement are the faults of a writ. 2.10.58: Black and ugly leaf, (kálapatrakamacháru) and uneven and uncoloured (virága) writing cause clumsiness (akánti). 2.10.59: Subsequent portion disagreeing with previous portion of a letter, causes contradiction (vyágháta). 2.10.60: Stating for a second time what has already been said above is repetition. 2.10.61: Wrong use of words in gender, number, time and case is bad grammar (apasabda). 2.10.62: Division of paragraphs (varga) in unsuitable places, omission of necessary division of paragraphs, and violation of any other necessary qualities of a writ constitute misarrangement (samplava).
- Defects 2.10.57: Clumsiness, contradiction, repetition, bad grammar, and misarrangement are the faults of a writ. 2.10.58: Black and ugly leaf, (kálapatrakamacháru) and uneven and uncoloured (virága) writing cause clumsiness (akánti). 2.10.59: Subsequent portion disagreeing with previous portion of a letter, causes contradiction (vyágháta). 2.10.60: Stating for a second time what has already been said above is repetition. 2.10.61: Wrong use of words in gender, number, time and case is bad grammar (apasabda). 2.10.62: Division of paragraphs (varga) in unsuitable places, omission of necessary division of paragraphs, and violation of any other necessary qualities of a writ constitute misarrangement (samplava).
- Defects 2.10.57: Clumsiness, contradiction, repetition, bad grammar, and misarrangement are the faults of a writ. 2.10.58: Black and ugly leaf, (kálapatrakamacháru) and uneven and uncoloured (virága) writing cause clumsiness (akánti). 2.10.59: Subsequent portion disagreeing with previous portion of a letter, causes contradiction (vyágháta). 2.10.60: Stating for a second time what has already been said above is repetition. 2.10.61: Wrong use of words in gender, number, time and case is bad grammar (apasabda). 2.10.62: Division of paragraphs (varga) in unsuitable places, omission of necessary division of paragraphs, and violation of any other necessary qualities of a writ constitute misarrangement (samplava).
- Defects 2.10.57: Clumsiness, contradiction, repetition, bad grammar, and misarrangement are the faults of a writ. 2.10.58: Black and ugly leaf, (kálapatrakamacháru) and uneven and uncoloured (virága) writing cause clumsiness (akánti). 2.10.59: Subsequent portion disagreeing with previous portion of a letter, causes contradiction (vyágháta). 2.10.60: Stating for a second time what has already been said above is repetition. 2.10.61: Wrong use of words in gender, number, time and case is bad grammar (apasabda). 2.10.62: Division of paragraphs (varga) in unsuitable places, omission of necessary division of paragraphs, and violation of any other necessary qualities of a writ constitute misarrangement (samplava).
- Defects 2.10.57: Clumsiness, contradiction, repetition, bad grammar, and misarrangement are the faults of a writ. 2.10.58: Black and ugly leaf, (kálapatrakamacháru) and uneven and uncoloured (virága) writing cause clumsiness (akánti). 2.10.59: Subsequent portion disagreeing with previous portion of a letter, causes contradiction (vyágháta). 2.10.60: Stating for a second time what has already been said above is repetition. 2.10.61: Wrong use of words in gender, number, time and case is bad grammar (apasabda). 2.10.62: Division of paragraphs (varga) in unsuitable places, omission of necessary division of paragraphs, and violation of any other necessary qualities of a writ constitute misarrangement (samplava).
- Defects 2.10.57: Clumsiness, contradiction, repetition, bad grammar, and misarrangement are the faults of a writ. 2.10.58: Black and ugly leaf, (kálapatrakamacháru) and uneven and uncoloured (virága) writing cause clumsiness (akánti). 2.10.59: Subsequent portion disagreeing with previous portion of a letter, causes contradiction (vyágháta). 2.10.60: Stating for a second time what has already been said above is repetition. 2.10.61: Wrong use of words in gender, number, time and case is bad grammar (apasabda). 2.10.62: Division of paragraphs (varga) in unsuitable places, omission of necessary division of paragraphs, and violation of any other necessary qualities of a writ constitute misarrangement (samplava).
- Defects 2.10.57: Clumsiness, contradiction, repetition, bad grammar, and misarrangement are the faults of a writ. 2.10.58: Black and ugly leaf, (kálapatrakamacháru) and uneven and uncoloured (virága) writing cause clumsiness (akánti). 2.10.59: Subsequent portion disagreeing with previous portion of a letter, causes contradiction (vyágháta). 2.10.60: Stating for a second time what has already been said above is repetition. 2.10.61: Wrong use of words in gender, number, time and case is bad grammar (apasabda). 2.10.62: Division of paragraphs (varga) in unsuitable places, omission of necessary division of paragraphs, and violation of any other necessary qualities of a writ constitute misarrangement (samplava).
- Defects 2.10.57: Clumsiness, contradiction, repetition, bad grammar, and misarrangement are the faults of a writ. 2.10.58: Black and ugly leaf, (kálapatrakamacháru) and uneven and uncoloured (virága) writing cause clumsiness (akánti). 2.10.59: Subsequent portion disagreeing with previous portion of a letter, causes contradiction (vyágháta). 2.10.60: Stating for a second time what has already been said above is repetition. 2.10.61: Wrong use of words in gender, number, time and case is bad grammar (apasabda). 2.10.62: Division of paragraphs (varga) in unsuitable places, omission of necessary division of paragraphs, and violation of any other necessary qualities of a writ constitute misarrangement (samplava).
- Defects 2.10.57: Clumsiness, contradiction, repetition, bad grammar, and misarrangement are the faults of a writ. 2.10.58: Black and ugly leaf, (kálapatrakamacháru) and uneven and uncoloured (virága) writing cause clumsiness (akánti). 2.10.59: Subsequent portion disagreeing with previous portion of a letter, causes contradiction (vyágháta). 2.10.60: Stating for a second time what has already been said above is repetition. 2.10.61: Wrong use of words in gender, number, time and case is bad grammar (apasabda). 2.10.62: Division of paragraphs (varga) in unsuitable places, omission of necessary division of paragraphs, and violation of any other necessary qualities of a writ constitute misarrangement (samplava).
- Defects 2.10.57: Clumsiness, contradiction, repetition, bad grammar, and misarrangement are the faults of a writ. 2.10.58: Black and ugly leaf, (kálapatrakamacháru) and uneven and uncoloured (virága) writing cause clumsiness (akánti). 2.10.59: Subsequent portion disagreeing with previous portion of a letter, causes contradiction (vyágháta). 2.10.60: Stating for a second time what has already been said above is repetition. 2.10.61: Wrong use of words in gender, number, time and case is bad grammar (apasabda). 2.10.62: Division of paragraphs (varga) in unsuitable places, omission of necessary division of paragraphs, and violation of any other necessary qualities of a writ constitute misarrangement (samplava).
- Defects 2.10.57: Clumsiness, contradiction, repetition, bad grammar, and misarrangement are the faults of a writ. 2.10.58: Black and ugly leaf, (kálapatrakamacháru) and uneven and uncoloured (virága) writing cause clumsiness (akánti). 2.10.59: Subsequent portion disagreeing with previous portion of a letter, causes contradiction (vyágháta). 2.10.60: Stating for a second time what has already been said above is repetition. 2.10.61: Wrong use of words in gender, number, time and case is bad grammar (apasabda). 2.10.62: Division of paragraphs (varga) in unsuitable places, omission of necessary division of paragraphs, and violation of any other necessary qualities of a writ constitute misarrangement (samplava).
- Defects 2.10.57: Clumsiness, contradiction, repetition, bad grammar, and misarrangement are the faults of a writ. 2.10.58: Black and ugly leaf, (kálapatrakamacháru) and uneven and uncoloured (virága) writing cause clumsiness (akánti). 2.10.59: Subsequent portion disagreeing with previous portion of a letter, causes contradiction (vyágháta). 2.10.60: Stating for a second time what has already been said above is repetition. 2.10.61: Wrong use of words in gender, number, time and case is bad grammar (apasabda). 2.10.62: Division of paragraphs (varga) in unsuitable places, omission of necessary division of paragraphs, and violation of any other necessary qualities of a writ constitute misarrangement (samplava).
- Defects 2.10.57: Clumsiness, contradiction, repetition, bad grammar, and misarrangement are the faults of a writ. 2.10.58: Black and ugly leaf, (kálapatrakamacháru) and uneven and uncoloured (virága) writing cause clumsiness (akánti). 2.10.59: Subsequent portion disagreeing with previous portion of a letter, causes contradiction (vyágháta). 2.10.60: Stating for a second time what has already been said above is repetition. 2.10.61: Wrong use of words in gender, number, time and case is bad grammar (apasabda). 2.10.62: Division of paragraphs (varga) in unsuitable places, omission of necessary division of paragraphs, and violation of any other necessary qualities of a writ constitute misarrangement (samplava).
- Punishments 4.10.14: When a person causes a thief or an adulterer to be let off or adds or omits anything while writing down the king's order, abducts a girl or a slave possessed of gold, carries off any deceitful transaction, or sells rotten flesh, he shall either have his two legs and one hand cut off or pay a fine of 900 panas.
- Punishments 4.10.14: When a person causes a thief or an adulterer to be let off or adds or omits anything while writing down the king's order, abducts a girl or a slave possessed of gold, carries off any deceitful transaction, or sells rotten flesh, he shall either have his two legs and one hand cut off or pay a fine of 900 panas.