2. INTRODUCTION
The term jaundice is derived from the
French word “jaune” which
means yellow.
Jaundice is not a disease, but rather a
visible sign of an underlying disease
process.
3. Jaundice in adults can be caused by a
variety of medical conditions, some of
which are serious and potentially life-
threatening.
Any adult who develops jaundice needs
to undergo a comprehensive medical
evaluation in order to determine its
cause.
4. DEFINITION
Jaundice is a yellowish discoloration of
the skin, mucous membranes and of
the white of the eyes caused by
elevated levels of the
chemical bilirubin in the blood
(hyperbilirubinemia).
5. EPIDEMIOLOGY
Jaundice typically present as a symptom
of a disease.
About 5% of the U.S population is
thought to have jaundice due to
hereditary causes.
About 10% American population has
jaundice due to cholelithiasis.
6. ANATOMY OF LIVER
The liver is a large,
highly vascular organ
located behind the ribs in
the upper right portion
of the abdominal cavity.
Weight=1200-1500g
8. PHYSIOLOGY OF LIVER
• Cleans the blood
• Regulates hormones
• Helps with blood clotting
• Produces bile
• Produces important enzymes
• Maintains blood sugar levels
9. Haemoglobin Metabolism
Bilirubin is a product of metabolism of
haemoglobin (80%) and other haem
containing proteins (e.g. Myoglobin,
cytochrome P450: 20%)
Degredation of haemoglobin into
bilirubin takes place in macrophages.
Bilirubin is then excreted into plasma
and binds with albumin
10. What is bilirubin?
The breakdown product of Hgb from
injured RBCs and other heme
containing proteins.
Produced by reticuloendothelial system
(macrophage system)
Released to plasma bound to albumin
Hepatocytes conjugate it and extrete
through bile channels into small intest.
12. What causes bilirubin?
Overproduction by reticuloendothelial
system
Failure of hepatocyte uptake
Failure to conjugate or excrete
Obstruction of biliary excretion into
intestine
18. HEMOLYTIC JAUNDICE
Hemolytic jaundice is the result of an
increased destruction of the RBC, the
effect of which is to flood the plasma
with bilirubin so rapidly.
But the liver is functioning normally.
19. HEPATOCELLULAR JAUNDICE
Caused by the inability of damaged liver
cells to clear normal amount of bilirubin
from the blood.
Causes-
Hepatitis
Medications or chemical toxins(carbon
tetrachloride, chloroform, phosphorus)
alcohol
20. OBSTRUCTIVE JAUNDICE
Results from extrahepatic obstruction
may be caused by occlusion of bile duct
from a gallstone, an inflammatory
process, a tumor or pressure from an
enlarge organ
26. Clinical Features
Painless jaundice in older person with
epigastric mass & weight loss = biliary
obstruction from malignancy
Hepatomegaly with pedal edema, JVD,
and gallop = CHF
31. PREVENTION OF
JAUNDICE
Avoid high-risk behaviors such as -
unprotected intercourse
• intravenous drug use
implement universal precautions
when working with blood products and
needles. This can decrease your risk of
developing hepatitis B or hepatitis C.
32. vaccination against hepatitis A and
hepatitis B. There is currently no
available vaccine against hepatitis C.
Avoid potentially contaminated food
products or unsanitary water, as this
may decrease your risk of developing
hepatitis A.
33. When travelling to areas where malaria
is endemic, take the recommended
precautions and prophylactic
medications in order to prevent the
development of malaria.
Avoid alcohol and smoking, as it is a
risk factor for the development of
pancreatic cancer, as well as many
other malignancies.
35. 1. Pain management-
give analgesics
2. Antibiotics
3. IV fluids – to prevent dehydration
4. Blood Transfusion- in case of
anaemia and haemolysis
5. Anti-viral therapy
38. NURSING DIAGNOSIS
Acute pain related to disease condition
Imbalanced Nutrition Less Than Body
Requirements related to nausea and
vomiting
Impaired skin integrity related to
pruritis
39. HEALTH EDUCATION AND
DISCHARGE TEACHING
Encourage for healthy diet.
Advice for consumption of clean food
and water.
Hand hygiene
Safe intercourse
Adhere to medication
42. Etiology
Can have many causes
Drugs (Bromfenac,Troglitazone,Pemoline
etc)
toxins
alcohol
viral infections (A, B, C, D, E)
other infections (parasites, bacteria)
physical damage
43. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Due to etiology
Exposure to hepatitis virus
Infection and inflammation
of liver
Hepatocyte damage
Necrosis of the parts of liver,
alteration of liver function
44. Hepatitis Terms
Acute Hepatitis: Short-term
hepatitis.
Body’s immune system clears the virus
from the body within 6 months
Chronic Hepatitis: Long-term
hepatitis.
Infection lasts longer than 6 months
because the body’s immune system cannot
clear the virus from the body
48. Hepatitis A
TRANSMITION -
by consuming food or water
contaminated by feces from a
person infected with hepatitis A.
49. Hepatitis A
Prevention
Shot of immunoglobulin up to 2 weeks
after exposure
Good hand washing
Cook food well
Good diaper hygiene
Only drink clean water
VACCINation-
Children after 12 months
Adults 18 yrs or old (combo of hep A and
hep B, given in 3 shots-0,1,6 months)
50. Hepatitis B
What is it?
Hep B is a serious disease caused by a
Hep B virus that infects the liver
Can cause lifelong infection, cirrhosis
(liver scarring), liver cancer, liver
failure and death
51. Geographic Distribution of Chronic HBV
Infection
HBsAg Prevalence
8% - High
2-7% - Intermediate
<2% - Low
53. MODE OF TRANSMITION
Transmitted through puncture wounds
or contact with infectious body fluids,
such as blood, saliva, or semen.
Injection drug use
having sex with an infected partner
sharing razors of infected person
58. Hepatitis C
Shared injection equipment
Blood transfusion
Blood transfer ( tattoo, piercing)
Sex
Mother to child (<5%)
• How it is transmitted ?
60. Hepatitis C
PREVENTION-
Do not share injection equipment(it’s a
universal precaution).
Do not donate blood or plasma, organs or
sperm
Do not share toothbrushes, razors
Cover areas of open skin
Use of safer sex techniques
61. Hepatitis D
This is also called delta hepatitis.
Hepatitis D is a serious liver disease
caused by the hepatitis D virus (HDV).
62. MODE OF TRANSMITION
Transmitted through puncture wounds
or contact with infected blood.
Hepatitis D is a rare form of hepatitis
that occurs in conjunction with hepatitis
B infection
63. Hepatitis E
Hepatitis E is a waterborne disease
caused by the hepatitis E virus (HEV).
Hepatitis E is mainly found in areas with
poor sanitation and is typically caused
by ingesting contaminated food and
water.
64. COMMON SIGNS AND
SYMPTOMS
fatigue
flu-like symptoms
dark urine
pale stool
abdominal pain
loss of appetite
unexplained weight loss
yellow skin and eyes, which may be
signs of jaundice
65. Signs and Symptoms of
Hepatitis
There are three phases of Hepatitis –
Preicteric
Icteric
Posticteric.
66. Preicteric phase
nausea / vomiting
decreased appetite / weight loss
Fever
Fatigue
headache and joint pain
rt upper quadrant abdominal pain
enlarged spleen/liver/lymph nodes
rash and itching of the skin (urticaria).
67. Icteric phase
These symptoms include the symptoms
of preicteric phase
jaundice (yellowing of the skin)
pruritus (intense / persistent itch)
clay or light-colored stools and dark
urine
70. DIAGNOSTICS TEST
Complete history of patient
Physical examination
Serum bilirubin
Liver function test
Ultrasound
Liver biopsy
Viral Antibody Testing
72. HEPATITIS A
Hepatitis A isn’t usually treated.
Bed rest may be recommended if
symptoms cause a great deal of
discomfort.
For vomiting or diarrhoea give high
fluid and caloric diet to prevent
malnutrition or dehydration.
73. HEPATITIS B
Acute hepatitis B doesn’t require specific
treatment. Chronic hepatitis B is treated
with antiviral medications.
ANTIVIRAL THERAPY-
Lamivudine
adefovir
74. Hepatitis C
Antiviral medications are used to treat
both acute and chronic forms of
hepatitis C
Treatment
Interferon A and Ribavirin (suggest 40%
“cure” rate)
76. Hepatitis E
There are currently no specific medical
therapies to treat hepatitis E
It typically resolves on its own. People
with this type of infection are often
advised to get adequate rest, drink
plenty of fluids, get enough nutrients,
and avoid alcohol.
78. Nursing Diagnosis:
1. Acute Pain related to swelling of
the liver
2. Breathing Pattern related to intra-
abdominal fluid collections ascites
decreased lung expansion and
accumulation of secretions
3. Imbalanced Nutrition Less Than
Body Requirements related to
nausea and vomiting
79. NURSING INTERVENTION
1. Acute pain related to swelling of
the liver
Monitor and record vital signs.
assess the severity,frequency, and
characteristic of pain.
Provide divertional activities such as
reading newspapers.
administer medication as ordered.
80. 2.Imbalanced Nutrition Less Than
Body Requirements related to
nausea and vomiting
Monitor the inclusion of diet / calories.
Give a little meal in the frequency often.
Provide oral care before meals.
Encourage intake of orange juice,
beverage and candy carbonate heavy
throughout the day.
Keep an eye on blood glucose.
81. 3.Impaired skin integrity related to
pruritis
Assess for pruritis.
Nails of the patient should be cut short
to prevent skin injury.
Apply emollient, don’t leave the skin
dry.
Apply antibiotic ointment if any injury is
present
82. HEALTH EDUCATION AND
DISCHARGE TEACHING
Get regular medical care
Get needed rest
No alcohol, no over the counter drug use
Avoid chemical fumes and other
environmental toxins
Get vaccinated.
83.
84. CONCLUSION
HEPATITIS A B C D E
Mode of
transmission
Faeco -
oral
Body fluid Body fluid Body fluid Faeco - oral
Immunization available available Not
available
Not
available
Not
available
Severity More sever
85. CONCLUTION
Liver is chemical factory of human
body.
Hepatitis is a viral infection which
causes inflammation of liver.
Its timely management is important to
prevent complications.
88. 2) All patients with jaundice should be
admitted to the hospital for further workup.
A. True
B. False
Ans- (b)
89. 3) A marker of acute hepatocyte injury
&/or hepatocyte death is:
A. PT
B. ALT
C. Albumin
D. Direct bilirubin
E. Ammonia
Ans- (b)
90. 4) In which of the following phase clay
coloured stool is present?
A) pre-icterus phase
B) icterus phase
C) post-icterus phase
D) all phase
Ans- b)