regarding anatomy & physiology in nursing

1. By-
Mr. Ashok Bishnoi
Lecturer, JINR

2. Introduction:-
 A joint, also called articulation is a point of
contact.
 Arthrology:-It is the scientific study of joints.
 Kinesiology:-It is the study of the motion of
the human body.

3. Definition:-
“It is the site at which any two
or more bone articulated is
called Joint”

4. Classification/Type:-
1.Fibrous or fixed joints (Immovable)
2.Cartilaginous or Slightly moveable joints
3.Synovial or Freely moveable joints

5.  1.Fibrous or fixed joints
(Immovable)
 These joints are held together by tough
tissue which develops during childhood.
 Examples ,Cranium.
 2.Cartilaginous or Slightly moveable
joints
 Here, movement is needed but only to a
certain point e.g the vertebral column,
Symphysis pubis
 3.Synovial or Freely moveable joints
 These joints are allow movement to take
place.

6. Synovial or Freely moveable joints:-

7. • This lubricates the joint, like oil
in a working engine. It enables all
parts of the joint to move against
each other smoothly.
• This is inside the synovial (joint)
capsule which holds the fluid in
place.
• The synovial membrane lies
inside the capsule where the fluid
is produced.

8. Types of Synovial Joints:-
 Freely Moveable (Synovial) joints
can be divided into six groups
depending upon the way they
move.
Types:-
1. Ball and
Socket Joint
2. Hinge Joint
3. Pivot Joint
4. Gliding Joint
5. Saddle Joint
6. Condyloid
Joint

9. Characteristics of Synovial joint:-
 Articular cartilage/Hyaline cartilage:-The part
of bone are covered with cartilage
.It provides a smooth articular surface
 Capsule & capsular ligament.
.The joint is surrounded & enclosed by a
sleeve of fibrous tissue which hold the bone
together.
.It is sufficient loose to allow freedom of
movement but strong enough to protect it
from injury

10.  Synovial membrane:-
.This is composed of epithilial cell & is
found—Lining the capsule
.Covering those part of the bone with in the
joint
.Covering all intra-cpsular structure that do
not bear weight.
 Synovial fluid:-This is the thick stiky fluid of
egg-white consistency secrted by synovial
membrane in to synovial cavity & its function
are-

11. Function of S.F. Is:-
1) Provides nutrients for the structure with in
the joint cavity.
2) Contain phagocytes which remove
microbes
3) Act as a lubricant
4) Maintain joint stability.

12.  Is allows the greatest range
of movement
 In this type of joint, head of
bone is fits into a socket of
another bone.
 Held together by ligaments
and tendons
 Eg. Shoulder and hip
joints
Two main Ball and Socket Joints:
Shoulder and hip joints
Ball and socket
Ball and Socket joint

13.  Is allow flexion and extension
with only a small amount of
rotation.
 Eg. Elbow,knee,ankle,finger,toes
Examples of Hinge Joints:
Elbow and Knee Joints

14.  Is allow only rotation.
 Eg. Proximal & distal radio
ulner joint

15.  In this joint the articular surface of bone it looks
flat & move on the another bone in sliping
movement.
 Eg Sternoclavicular joint & Joint b/w carpal & tarsal
bone

16.  The saddle joints allow
the movement of the
joint forward and
backwards, and right
to left.
 Eg. Wrist joint

17.  This is allows for
movement in all
directions, however full
rotations.
 Eg. Wrist joint,
Metacarpophalangeal joint,
Metatarsal phalangeal joint