PPT regardind Alzheimer’s disease

1. Mr ASHOK BISHNOI
Lecturer JINR

3. • First described by German psychiatrist
◦ Alois Alzheimer (1906)
Introduction:-

4. “is a slowly progressive disease of the brain
that is characterized by impairment of
memory and eventually by disturbances in
reasoning, planning, language, & perception”
Definition:-

5. • Generally diagnosed in people over 65 years of
age
 -Early-onset (before 65); only 5-10% of patients
• 4.5+ million Americans suffer from it
• 1 in 6 women over 55
• 1 in 10 men over 55
Incidence:-

7.  Idiopathic
 Cholinergic hypothesis
◦ -Caused by reduced synthesis of acetylcholine
◦ -Destruction of these neurons causes disruptions in distant
neuronal networks (perception, memory, judgment)
 Amyloid hypothesis
◦ -Abnormal breakdown; buildup of amyloid beta deposits
◦ -Damaged amyloid proteins build to toxic levels, causing call
damage and death
Genetics
Etiology:-

8. • Obesity
• High blood pressure
• Head trauma
• High cholesterol
• Depression
• Lower rates in highly educated
• Family history
Risk factors:-

9. Due to etiological factor
Amyloidosis ( Amyloid Decreased production
of acetylcholine
preserved protein
deposition in neurone)
Memory loss, Forgetfulness, Depression, Loss their
familiar Phases, Place, Object & Environment
Pathophysiology:-

10. 1.Mild AD:-
Memory disturbance
Poor judgement
Irritability
Agitation
Suspicious
Apathy
Cognitive impairment
Clinical Manifestations according to types:-

11. 2.Moderate A D:-
 Language disturbance
 Impaired word finding
 Spontaneous speech
 Paraphrasis (word used in the wrong context)
 Motor disturbance
 Hyper orality (the desire to take everything in to
the mouth to suck, chew, taste)
 Swallowing difficulty
 Depression
 Delusion

12. 3.Severe A D:-
Communication disturbance
Urinary, faecal incontinence
Pneumonia

13.  Memory loss that disrupts daily life.
 Challenges in planning or solving problems.
Some people may
experience changes in their ability to develop and follow a plan or work with
numbers. They may have trouble following a familiar recipe or keeping track
of monthly bills. They may have difficulty concentrating and take much
longer to do things than they did before.
 Difficulty completing familiar tasks at home,
at work.
 Confusion with time or place.
 Trouble understanding visual images and
spatial relationships.

14.  New problems with words in speaking
or writing.
 Misplacing things and losing the
ability to retrace steps.
 Decreased or poor judgment.
 Withdrawal from work or social
activities.
 Changes in mood and personality.

15.  History
 Physical examination
 (MSE) Mental State Examination (used to
evaluate the cognitive impairments)
 C.T Scan
 MRI
 PET
Diagnostic evaluation:-

16. .
PET scan of the brain of a person with AD showing a loss of
function in the temporal lobe.

17.  Aricept Used to delay or slow the symptoms of AD
Donepezil • Loses its effect over time
• Used for mild, moderate and severe AD
• Does not prevent or cure AD
 Celexa
Citalopram Used to reduce depression and anxiety
• May take 4 to 6 weeks to work
• Sometimes used to help people get to sleep
 Depakote Used to treat severe aggression
Sodium Valproate • Also used to treat depression and anxiety
 Exelon Used to delay or slow the symptoms of AD
Rivastigmine • Loses its effect over time
• Used for mild to moderate AD
• Can get in pill form or as a skin patch
• Does not prevent or cure AD
Management of AD:-

18. Nursing management:-