3. • Astrocytes:-
• Abundant, star-shaped cells
• Brace neurons
• Form barrier
between capillaries
and neurons
• Control the chemical
environment of
the brain (CNS)
4. • Microglia
• Spider-like phagocytes
• Dispose of debris
• Ependymal cells
• Line cavities of the
brain and spinal cord
• Circulate
cerebrospinal
fluid
6. •The central nervous system (CNS) consists of
the brain & spinal cord.
• The brainstem connects the brain to the spinal
cord.
• Communication to the peripheral nervous
system (PNS) is by way of the spinal cord
7. • The meninges
• Membranes covering brain & spinal cord
• Protect the CNS
Three (3) layers of tissue:-
• Dura mater ( outer layer)
• “Tough mother”
• Venous sinuses
• Arachnoid mater ( middle layer)
• “Spider mother”
• Space contains cerebrospinal
fluid (CSF)
• Pia mater ( inner layer)
• “Little mother”
• Encapsulates blood vessels
8. Subdural space
Space between dura and arachnoid mater.
Epidural space
Space superior to dura.
Subarachnoid space
Space between arachnoid & pia mater
Filled with CSF
Contains the blood vessels supplying brain.
9.
10. 10
Spinal cord
Spinal cord
Pia mater
Arachnoid mater
Dura mater
Dorsal root
Dorsal root
Spinal nerve
Epidural space
(a) (b)
Ventral root
Dorsal root
ganglion
Thoracic
vertebra
Spinal
nerve
Dorsal root
ganglion
Subarachnoid
space
Dorsal branch
(dorsal ramus)
Ventral branch
(ventral ramus)
Ventral root
Epidural
space
Body of
vertebra
15. • Secretion of CSF-by the choroid plexus
•About 0.5 ml /mt
•About 20ml/hrs
•About 500-720 ml/day
•Specific gravity is 1.005
•pH of CSF is -7.33
•It is clear ,colorless alkaline fluid present in Subarachnoid space, ventricles of
brain ,Central canal of spinal cord.
•Completely surrounds the brain and spinal cord
17. Process of CSF
•CSF secreted by choroid plexus with in the cerebral ventricles (rt & lt) by ultra-
filtration o& active secretion.
•From Rt & Lt lateral ventricle
Foramina
•Third ventricle
Cerebral aqueduct
•Fourth ventricle
Foramina lushka & Foramina magendia
•Sub arachnoid space
•Absorbe in the sinus
18. Function of CSF:-
1.Support the brain & spinal cord
2.Protect the brain & spinal cord
3.Maintain pressure around structure
4.Keep brain & spinal cord moist
5.Conveys nutrition to brain & spinal cord
6.Remove waste product of brain & spinal cord
19.
20. Regions of the BrainRegions of the Brain
• Cerebral
hemispheres
• Diencephalon
• Brain stem
• Cerebellum
56. • Cerebral edema
– Swelling from the inflammatory response
– May compress and kill brain tissue
• Subdural hematoma
– Collection of blood below the dura
• Standards for these conditions were revised
in 2004. Please check out TBIs at
Mayoclinic.com for more current
information on diagnostic terminology.