Citations and Referencing (brief about Mendeley desktop)

1. Day 3
Citation and Reference

2. Citation and Referencing
• Citation is what you do in the actual text of your assignment when
you want to indicate the source you have used or from which you have
quoted e.g.
• Nepal remains a place for a frequent outbreak of febrile illness and
sometimes ever without identification of causative agents of outbreak.
(Pandey et al. 2019)
• Referencing is what do you do at the end of an assignment when you
list the sources you have cited in the text e.g.
Pandey A, Sha AK, Belbase P, Sah AK, Jha AK. Febrile illness outbreak
Investigation in Sundarharicha-5 Foklan Tapu, Morang District. J Nepal
Health Res Counc. 2019;17(43):148–52.

3. Importance of Referencing
Referencing is important in the Academic Community for a
number of reasons:
• To avoid Plagiarism, a form of Academic Theft
• Referencing your work correctly ensures that you give
appropriate credit to the sources and authors that you have
used to support your research.
• Referencing the sources that you have used for your work
demonstrates the evidence and research that you have
undertaken to complete and support your ideas.
• Referenced work enables the reader to independently
consult the same materials that you have used.

4. Citing and referencing
your research work should:
i. Acknowledge the work of others wherever you make use of it.
ii. Present these acknowledgements in a consistent way, using
a recognised citation system.
iii. Include a detailed reference list at the end.

5. Citing and referencing
• You must give a reference whenever
you: quote directly from a source,
paraphrase, use ideas or material from
others, etc.
(i) Acknowledging the work of others
• This includes all kinds of sources: printed materials like
books or journal articles; electronic information like
webpages or emails; images, graphs and tables; recorded
or spoken information; etc.

6. Citing and referencing
(ii) Using a recognised citation style
• resent references in a standard style.
• This determines how you write both in-text citations and the reference list
at the end.
• Whichever system you use should apply throughout your piece of work –
do not ‘mix and match’ different referencing styles.
• The two most common styles are Harvard (author/date) and Vancouver
(numbering).

7. Citing and referencing
In the Harvard style, the author's surname and year of publication should
be quoted in the text.
e.g.
• "as confirmed by Abrams (1969)"
• "as confirmed by another study (Gillespie et al. 1983)”
• By improving your posture you can improve how you communicate feelings of
power and confidence (McCarthy and Hatcher, 1996: 111).

8. Citing and referencing
In the Vancouver style, each citation should be numbered sequentially in
the text, either in brackets or as a superscript.
e.g.
• “ as confirmed by Abrams (3) ”
• “ as confirmed by another study 4 ”

9. Citing and referencing
(iii) Giving a formal reference list
• Full details about everything you cite should be given in a reference list
(sometimes called a bibliography) – at the end of your work.
• This should give sufficient details to enable a reader to look up the original
source material.
• The referencing style you use will determine how the list is ordered, and
the precise information you need to give.

10. Citing and referencing
• In the Harvard style, the reference list at the end should
be arranged by alphabetical order of the first author's
name
• An example (for a journal article) would be:
Ganapati R., Naik S.S., Acharekar M.Y. and Pade S.S.
(1976) ‘Leprosy endemicity in Bombay: an
assessment through surveys of municipal schools’,
Leprosy Review 47: 127 – 31.

11. Citing and referencing
• In the Vancouver style, the reference list at the end should give
references in numerical order, i.e. the order they appear in the text.
• An example (for a journal article) would be:
2. Ganapati R, Naik SS, Acharekar MY and Pade SS. Leprosy
endemicity in Bombay: an assessment through surveys of municipal
schools. Leprosy Review 1976; 47: 127-31.

12. Referencing Styles and
Common Software
Styles
• Vancouver
• Harvard
• APA and many more
Softwares
• Mendeley
• EndNote
• Refrence Manager
• Zotero
• Citavi and many more

13. Practical
Mendeley about citation and referencing

14. Introduction To Mendeley

15. Desktop Web
Mobile
Free Academic Software
Cross-Platform (Win/Mac/Linux/Mobile)
All Major Browsers
What is Mendeley?

16. How Does Mendeley Help?

17. Overview:
Using Mendeley

18. Create a free account

19. Mendeley Desktop

20. Mendeley Web

21. References and Documents

22. Organize:
Setting Up A Library

23. Adding Documents
Select a file or folder to
add from your computer
Watch a folder
Add reference by
manually entering
details
Import from another reference
manager, or BibTeX

24. Finding New Research
Mendeley Web Importer Mendeley Suggest

25. Mendeley Web Importer

26. Sync

27. Organize:
Managing Your Library

28. Manage Your Library
Use column
headings
to order your
references
Mark entries
read or unread
Entries with
attached PDFs
can be opened
with the PDF
Reader
Star items to
mark them as
favorites
All items in
your personal
library
Items added
in the last two
weeks
Access your
recently read
items
All items you’ve
starred in your
library
Items in need
of review

29. Create and Use Folders
References not added to a folder
will appear in ‘unsorted’
Your folders will be listed below.
Drag and drop to re-order them.
Use ‘Create Folder’ to enter a
new folder name.

30. Search Your Documents
Enter your search term
in the search field
The main view will be
filtered accordingly
Click on a specific folder
to search within it
Use the clear button to
remove the search filter
Mendeley’s search tool
will look at reference
metadata, but will also
search within the full text
of PDF papers.

31. Search Your Documents
Add tags to papers in your
library which share a common
theme
Use the Filter Menu to filter
your library view to only include
tagged items
You can also filter by Author,
Author Keywords and
Publication

32. The PDF Viewer

33. Highlighting and Annotating

34. Install the Citation Plug-in

35. Generate In-Text Citations in Word

36. • Structure of a manuscript
• Introduction
• Methods and materials

37. Structure of a Research Paper (IMRAD)
• Introduction: What is the research problem/question?
• Methods: How did you answer the question/ What did you do to find
the answer?
• Results: What did you find?
• Discussion: What does it all mean/What do your findings mean?
• Abstract: Summary of your paper

38. Writing Introduction section

39. How many articles did you read in 2018 and what
was the average time you spent reading an article?
• Increasing number of journals, articles, researchers globally…
• To make your article read and cited; readers should choose your
article
• No second chance to make your impression to reviewers and readers
Cold hard fact for the writing that you spent a lot of effort, readings and time:

40. Why writing introduction is important?
• Not a section that describes the vitals that you are excited to
share
• Yet the readers are interested in the beginning and end parts before
going to the heart
• Presents the motivation for study and convince readers about
usefulness of your work
• Decides whether I continue reading or jump to another paper

41. How should the introduction section be?
• Understandable to even the readers who are not previously familiar
with the topic
• Provides background and context
• And the implication of the research
• Start with wider perspective and narrowing down the focus linking
it to the importance of your work
• Does not obligate the readers to investigate previous publications
• Clearly communicates to your target audience exactly what you
intend

42. How to begin?
• “Health is a state of physical, mental and social well being and not…….”
• “There are two types of diseases, communicable and non communicable….”
• “According to global burden of disease study 2010, mental, neurological and substance
use disorders accounted for 10.4% of global Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALY)….”
• “Pandemic preparedness may be enhanced through a detailed understanding of past
pandemics…..”
• Broad or specific?? Avoid broad sweeping statements
• TAKE CARE OF YOUR READERS

44. The flow:
• First of all, explanation of the topic in the light of the current literature
• Jumping into the problem or need of study will confuse the readers
• Then main topic of the manuscript, analysis of problems based on
literature, focusing on one issue.
• Finally, the last paragraph should provide the indications of the
purpose of the study creating curiosity.

45. Pandey A, Sha AK, Belbase P, Sah AK, Jha AK. Febrile illness outbreak
Investigation in Sundarharicha-5 Foklan Tapu, Morang District. J Nepal Health Res
Counc. 2019;17(43):148–52.

46. Things to avoid
• Don’t make it a history session. Never use more words than necessary
• Do not mix introduction with results, discussion and conclusion
• Number of articles in references: Over citation
• E.g. Women of reproductive age undergo menstruation every month 1-6
• Use of abbreviations
• Expressions such as "novel," "first time," "first ever," etc.

47. Writing Methodology section
Methods and materials

48. https://www.jnhrc.com.np/index.php/jnhrc/article/view/1945/
808
https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/JMMIHS/article/view/2406
7

49. Why is methodology section needed in a
scientific paper?
According to APA,
Every research article should include a detailed Methods (also referred to as “Materials and Methods”)
section after the Introduction to provide the reader enough information to judge whether the study
is valid and reproducible.
• Replicable??
• Results valid?
• Conclusion valid?

50. Section likely to make the paper weak
• Section with most flaws
• Often deficient in details
• Not enough information for replication
• Statistical shortcomings
• Only include those methods necessary to understand your
results
• Section responsible for delay in decision, rejection…

51. Structure and content of the methods section
• Materials:
• What was observed (e.g.: humans, animals, tissues, cells, etc.)
• What was the intervention/s (e.g.: drugs, devices, etc.)
• What was the instrument/s (e.g.: tools, measurement technologies).
• Methods:
• How subjects or objects were selected, manipulated or observed ?
• How measurements were performed?
• How the data were analyzed?

52. STROBE checklist

53. When to start writing the methods section??
https://www.elsevier.com/connect/11-steps-to-structuring-a-science-paper-editors-will-take-seriously

54. Study design
• Descriptive vs analytical;
• Comparative vs non-comparative;
• Experimental, quasi-experimental vs observational;
• type of randomization (parallel group vs cross-over, balanced vs unbalanced
etc.),
• Participant selection based on predictor or outcome variable (Cohort
or Case control);
• Cross-sectional or longitudinal;
• Prospective vs Retrospective (based on time when predictors are
measured or start of participants recruitment)

55. What to write first ?
• Tables and figures
• Methods
• Results
• Discussion
• Conclusion
• Introduction
• Abstract
• Title
• Keywords
What appears first in the article
• Title
• Abstract
• Keywords
• Introduction
• Methods
• Results
• Discussion
• Conclusion

56. Available reporting guidelines for the most
common study types
• CONSORT for clinical trials
• STROBE for observational studies
• STARD for diagnostic research
• PRISMA for systematic reviews and meta-analysis

58. Reading links…
• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4548565/
• https://www.elsevier.com/connect/11-steps-to-structuring-a-science-
paper-editors-will-take-seriously
• http://www.ehu.eus/ccwintco/uploads/e/ef/How_to_write_a_good_i
ntroduction.pdf

59. THANK YOU!!!!!!!!!