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STATUS, IMPACT AND MANAGEMENT OF THE MAJOR DISEASES OF AVOCADO Randy Ploetz University of Florida Homestead, FL USA kelly12@ufl.edu http://trec.ifas.ufl.edu/personnel_faculty_randy_ploetz.shtml 4th Australian and New Zealand Avocado Grower’s Conference, Cairns, 21-24 July 2009 21-
Disease tetrahedron Zadoks and Schein, 1979
Disease Overview •Important avocado diseases •Impacts •Geographic distributions •Symptoms, causes and behaviour (epidemiology) •Management •New and emerging diseases
The most important diseases Phytophthora root rot (PRR) 23 July, Breakout 7: Plant health - A •Managing Phytophthora cinnamomi. Dann and Pegg cinnamomi. •Improved timing of phosphonate injections for Pc control in New Zealand. Partridge
The most important diseases Phytophthora root rot (PRR) •Most important disease of avocado worldwide
The most important diseases Phytophthora root rot (PRR) •Most important disease of avocado worldwide •PRR has crippled avocado production in tropical America (avocados must be imported into Puerto Rico)
The most important diseases Phytophthora root rot (PRR) •Most important disease of avocado worldwide •PRR has crippled avocado production in tropical America, destroyed important germplasm collections (e.g. Zamarano) Zamarano)
The most important diseases Phytophthora root rot (PRR) •Most important disease of avocado worldwide •PRR has crippled avocado production in tropical America, destroyed important germplasm collections (e.g. Zamarano), and requires intense Zamarano), management in many areas
The most important diseases Phytophthora root rot (PRR) •Most important disease of avocado worldwide •PRR has crippled avocado production in tropical America, destroyed important germplasm collections, and requires intense management •In Australia, losses of A$40 million/yr; in California, losses of US$44 million in 1989
The most important diseases Phytophthora root rot (PRR) •Most important disease of avocado worldwide •PRR has crippled avocado production in tropical America, destroyed important germplasm collections, and requires intense management •In Australia, losses of A$40 million/yr; in California, losses of US$44 million in 1989 •PRR can kill or greatly debilitate trees,
The most important diseases Phytophthora root rot (PRR) •Most important disease of avocado worldwide •PRR has crippled avocado production in tropical America, destroyed important germplasm collections, and requires intense management •In Australia, losses of A$40 million/yr; in California, losses of US$44 million in 1989 Vincent Wager •PRR can kill or greatly debilitate trees, but is often misdiagnosed California – avocado decline in poorly drained soil
The most important diseases Phytophthora root rot (PRR) •Most important disease of avocado worldwide •PRR has crippled avocado production in tropical America, destroyed important germplasm collections, and requires intense management •In Australia, losses of A$40 million/yr; in California, losses of US$44 million in 1989 •PRR can kill or greatly debilitate trees, but is often Flooded 2 weeks misdiagnosed - P. cinnamomi +P. cinnamomi California – avocado decline in poorly drained soil Florida – tree mortality after hurricanes
The most important diseases Phytophthora root rot (PRR) •Most important disease of avocado worldwide •PRR has crippled avocado production in tropical America, destroyed important germplasm collections, and requires intense management •In Australia, losses of A$40 million/yr; in California, losses of US$44 million in 1989 •PRR can kill or greatly debilitate trees, but is often misdiagnosed California – avocado decline in poorly drained soil Florida – tree mortality after hurricanes Peru – orchard decline
The most important diseases Phytophthora root rot (PRR) Geographic distribution of Phytophthora cinnamomi
The most important diseases Phytophthora root rot (PRR) Symptoms Dark, necrotic feeder roots
The most important diseases Phytophthora root rot (PRR) Symptoms George Zentmyer Defoliation Wilting Ken Pegg
The most important diseases Phytophthora root rot (PRR) Salvador Ochoa Symptoms Excessive set of small fruit Small, round fruit Salvador Ochoa
The most important diseases Phytophthora root rot (PRR) Symptoms Nonuniform distribution of affected trees
The most important diseases Phytophthora root rot (PRR) Symptoms Ken Pegg Sparse, chlorotic foliage
The most important diseases Phytophthora root rot (PRR) Symptoms “Hotspots”
The most important diseases Phytophthora root rot (PRR) Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands Botryose hyphal thickenings Oospore Chlamydospores Sporangium
The most important diseases Other Phytophthora spp. cause trunk diseases and fruit rots Trunk cankers: •P. boehmeriae (Mexico) •P. cinnamomi (Australia, Brazil, Cameroon, South Africa and USA) •P. citricola (Mexico and USA) •P. heveae (Guatemala and Mexico) •P. palmivora (Honduras) (Honduras)
The most important diseases Other Phytophthora spp. cause trunk diseases and fruit rots Trunk cankers: •P. boehmeriae (Mexico) •P. cinnamomi (Australia, Brazil, Cameroon, South Africa and USA) •P. citricola (Mexico and USA) •P. heveae (Guatemala and Mexico) •P. palmivora (Honduras) (Honduras) Fruit rots: •P. boehmeriae (Mexico) •P. citricola (USA) •P. cactorum (Spain) Salvador Ochoa
The most important diseases Phytophthora root rot (PRR) Epidemiology
The most important diseases Phytophthora root rot (PRR) Management •Cultural http://www.dieback.net.au/howhelp_learning.php 14 online publications
The most important diseases Phytophthora root rot (PRR) Management •Cultural In areas where P. cinnamomi is not found, exclusion is most important
The most important diseases Phytophthora root rot (PRR) Management •Cultural In areas where P. cinnamomi is not found, exclusion is most important. Pathogen/disease-free plants are Pathogen/disease- essential. Clean soil and irrigation water are musts ANVAS accredited nurseries
The most important diseases Phytophthora root rot (PRR) Management •Cultural In areas where P. cinnamomi is not found, exclusion is most important. Pathogen/disease-free plants are Pathogen/disease- essential. Pathogen-infested soil or water can have serious consequences in the nursery and field
The most important diseases Phytophthora root rot (PRR) Management •Cultural In areas where P. cinnamomi is not found, exclusion is most important. Pathogen/disease-free plants are Pathogen/disease- essential. Do not treat plants in the nursery with metalaxyl or phosphonates
The most important diseases Phytophthora root rot (PRR) Management •Cultural In areas where P. cinnamomi is not found, exclusion and sanitation are most important. Pathogen/disease-free Pathogen/disease- plants are also essential. Surface water is often infested with pathogens; it should be disinfested. When it is available, well water should be used.
The most important diseases Phytophthora root rot (PRR) Management •Cultural In areas where P. cinnamomi is not found, exclusion is most important. Pathogen/disease-free plants are Pathogen/disease- essential. Composting…
The most important diseases Phytophthora root rot (PRR) Management •Cultural In areas where P. cinnamomi is not found, exclusion is most important. Pathogen/disease-free plants are Pathogen/disease- essential. heat treatment…
The most important diseases Phytophthora root rot (PRR) Management •Cultural In areas where P. cinnamomi is not found, exclusion is most important. Pathogen/disease-free plants are Pathogen/disease- essential. and solarization effectively disinfest soil
The most important diseases Phytophthora root rot (PRR) Management •Cultural When P. cinnamomi is present, site selection (avoiding heavy or poorly drained soil),
The most important diseases Phytophthora root rot (PRR) Management •Cultural When P. cinnamomi is present, site selection, raised beds,
The most important diseases Phytophthora root rot (PRR) (PRR) Management •Cultural When P. cinnamomi is present, site Selection, raised beds, the use of composts
The most important diseases Phytophthora root rot (PRR) Management •Cultural When P. cinnamomi is present, site Selection, raised beds, the use of composts, and soil amendments (e.g. gypsum, organic matter) can be beneficial
The most important diseases Phytophthora root rot (PRR) Management •Cultural •Resistant rootstocks -Australia (Whiley) (Whiley) -Israel (Ben Yaacov) Yaacov) -Mexico (?) -South Africa (Merensky and FABI) (Merensky FABI) -Spain ((Gallo-Llobet) ) -US (University of Florida and USDA; University of California at Riverside)
The most important diseases Phytophthora root rot (PRR) Management •Cultural •Resistant rootstocks UC Riverside Plant Pathology Department George Zentmyer Mike Coffey John Menge Greg Douhan
The most important diseases UCR Phytophthora root rot (PRR) 116 advanced lines Management 55 tested in field •Cultural Three will be released soon: •Resistant rootstocks ‘Zentymyer’, ‘Uzi’ and ‘Steddom’ Zentymyer ’, ‘Steddom’ ‘Hass’ on ‘Dusa’ ‘Hass’ on ‘Eddie’
The most important diseases Phytophthora root rot (PRR) Management •Cultural •Resistant rootstocks •Numbers game - Success depends on screening many seedlings n = 2,355
The most important diseases Phytophthora root rot (PRR) Management •Cultural •Resistant rootstocks •Numbers game PRR-tolerant individuals are uncommon!
The most important diseases Phytophthora root rot (PRR) Management •Cultural •Resistant rootstocks •Success depends on screening large numbers of seedlings Selections must be cloned
The most important diseases Phytophthora root rot (PRR) Management •Cultural •Resistant rootstocks •Chemical Difficult prior to acylalinines (e.g. metalaxyl) metalaxyl)
The most important diseases Phytophthora root rot (PRR) Management •Cultural •Resistant rootstocks •Chemical Difficult prior to acylalinines (e.g. metalaxyl) metalaxyl) -expensive before patent lapse -not effective in badly damaged trees (xylem mobile) -resistance -enhanced breakdown
The most important diseases Phytophthora root rot (PRR) Management •Cultural •Resistant rootstocks •Chemical Difficult prior to acylalinines (e.g. metalaxyl) metalaxyl) -expensive -not effective in badly damaged trees (xylem mobile) -resistance -enhanced breakdown Aliette, Aliette, phosphoric acid products (phosphonates) (phosphonates)
The most important diseases Phytophthora root rot (PRR) Management •Cultural •Resistant rootstocks •Chemical Difficult prior to acylalinines (e.g. metalaxyl) metalaxyl) -expensive -not effective in badly damaged trees (xylem mobile) -resistance -enhanced breakdown Aliette, Aliette, phosphoric acid products -active ingredient is xylem and phloem mobile: products can be injected for eventual redistribution to roots -Australia successfully contests Rhone-Poulenc’s patent Rhone-
The most important diseases Phytophthora root rot (PRR) Management Ken Pegg Tony Whiley •Cultural •Resistant rootstocks •Chemical Difficult prior to acylalinines (e.g. metalaxyl) metalaxyl) -expensive -not effective in badly damaged trees (xylem mobile) -resistance -enhanced breakdown Aliette, Aliette, phosphoric acid products -xylem and phloem mobile: can be injected for eventual redistribution to roots - Australia successfully contests Rhone-Poulenc’s patent Rhone- Pioneers in the use of phosphonates to manage PRR
The most important diseases Phytophthora root rot (PRR) Management •Cultural •Resistant rootstocks •Chemical Phosphonates can be injected into severely affected trees
The most important diseases Phytophthora root rot (PRR) Management •Cultural •Resistant rootstocks •Chemical Phosphonates can be injected into severely affected trees, and in trees that have begun to recover can be applied as foliar sprays
The most important diseases Phytophthora root rot (PRR) Management •Cultural •Resistant rootstocks •Chemical Phosphonates can be injected into severely affected trees or in trees that have begun to recover can be applied as foliar sprays, trunk sprays
The most important diseases Phytophthora root rot (PRR) Management •Cultural •Resistant rootstocks •Chemical Phosphonates can be injected into severely affected trees, or in trees that have begun to recover can be applied as foliar sprays, trunk sprays, or soil drenches (albeit less effectively)
The most important diseases Phytophthora root rot (PRR) Management •Cultural •Resistant rootstocks •Chemical •Biological Considerable interest Cook, R.J. and Baker, K.F. 1983. The Nature and Practice of Biological Control of Plant Pathogens.
The most important diseases Phytophthora root rot (PRR) Management - Bacillus sp. + Bacillus sp. •Cultural •Resistant rootstocks •Chemical •Biological Considerable interest Ken Pegg Most success reported in glasshouse trials
The most important diseases Phytophthora root rot (PRR) Management •Cultural •Resistant rootstocks •Chemical •Biological Considerable interest Most success reported in glasshouse trials Transferring glasshouse results to the field is a major challenge
The most important diseases Phytophthora root rot (PRR) Management •Cultural •Resistant rootstocks •Chemical •Biological Considerable interest Australia California Most success reported in glasshouse trials Transferring glasshouse results to the field a major challenge Greatest success with natural disease suppression (e.g. Ashburner system)
The most important diseases Phytophthora root rot (PRR) Management •Cultural •Resistant rootstocks •Chemical •Biological Considerable interest Most success reported in glasshouse trials Transferring glasshouse results to the field a major challenge Natural disease suppression Holistic combinations of 2 or more cultural, rootstock, chemical and biological tactics are most effective
The most important diseases Pre- Pre- and post-harvest fruit diseases post- 22 and 23 July, Breakouts 6 and 10: Fruit quality Impacts of fruit disease management on quality. Dann and Coates
The most important diseases Pre- Pre- and post-harvest fruit diseases post- Anthracnose •Most important fruit disease in humid environments
The most important diseases Pre- Pre- and post-harvest fruit diseases post- Anthracnose •Most important fruit disease in humid environments •Pre-harvest Pre- Salvador Ochoa Salvador Ochoa Dov Prusky
The most important diseases Pre- Pre- and post-harvest fruit diseases post- Anthracnose •Most important fruit disease in humid environments •Pre-harvest and post-harvest damage can occur; Pre- post- losses of up to 37% have been reported Dov Prusky Univ Hawaii
The most important diseases Pre- Pre- and post-harvest fruit diseases post- Anthracnose •Most important fruit disease in humid environments •Pre- and post-harvest damage can occur; losses of up Pre- post- to 37% have been reported •Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, and in cooler environs gloeosporioides, C. acutatum, are responsible acutatum, CABI CABI Glomerella cingulata Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Colletotrichum acutatum
The most important diseases Pre- Pre- and post-harvest fruit diseases post- Anthracnose •Most important fruit disease in humid environments •Pre- and post-harvest damage can occur; losses of up Pre- post- to 37% have been reported •Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, and in cooler environs gloeosporioides, C. acutatum, are responsible acutatum, •Conidia are most important inoculum, inoculum,
The most important diseases Pre- Pre- and post-harvest fruit diseases post- Anthracnose •Most important fruit disease in humid environments •Pre- and post-harvest damage can occur; losses of up Pre- post- to 37% have been reported •Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, and in cooler environs gloeosporioides, C. acutatum, are responsible acutatum, •Conidia are most important inoculum, and latent inoculum, infections are responsible for post-harvest disease post- Melanized appressoria are responsible structures; they germinate/infect as fruit ripen
The most important diseases Salvador Ochoa Pre- Pre- and post-harvest fruit diseases post- Anthracnose Tony Whiley Salvador Ochoa •Most important fruit disease in humid environments •Pre- and post-harvest damage can occur; losses of up Tony Cooke to 37% have been reported Greg Johnson •Colletotrichum gloeosporiodes, and in cooler environs Dothiorella fruit rot C. acutatum, are responsible •Latent infections usually most important and are Stem-end rot responsible for post-harvest disease Stem- Stem-end rots and Dothiorella fruit rot •Most important fruit diseases after anthracnose
The most important diseases Pre- Pre- and post-harvest fruit diseases post- John Menge Anthracnose •Most important fruit disease in humid environments •Pre- and post-harvest damage can occur; losses of up Pre- post- to 37% have been reported •Colletotrichum gloeosporiodes, and in cooler environs gloeosporiodes, C. acutatum, are responsible acutatum, •Latent infections usually most important and are responsible for post-harvest disease post- Stem- Stem-end rots and Dothiorella fruit rot •Most important fruit diseases after anthracnose •Pathogens are endophytes, also affect other organs endophytes,
The most important diseases Pre- Pre- and post-harvest fruit diseases post- B. rhodina (Lasiodiplodia theobromae) Anthracnose •Most important fruit disease in humid environments •Pre- and post-harvest damage can occur; losses of up Pre- post- to 37% have been reported B. ribis •Colletotrichum gloeosporiodes, and in cooler environs gloeosporiodes, C. acutatum, are responsible acutatum, •Latent infections usually most important and are responsible for post-harvest disease post- Stem- Stem-end rots and Dothiorella fruit rot Fusicoccum aesculi •Most important fruit diseases after anthracnose B. obtusa •athogens are endophytes, also affect other organs endophytes, •Diverse pathogens, often Botryosphaeria spp.
The most important diseases Scab Salvador Ochoa Ken Pernezny John Menge
The most important diseases Scab Univ California Salvador Ochoa Physical abrasion – superficial resemblence to scab Univ California Ken Pernezny John Menge
The most important diseases Scab •Serious problem in humid tropics and subtropics – significant losses (abscised immature fruit, culled mature fruit)
The most important diseases Scab •Serious problem in humid tropics and subtropics – significant losses (abscised immature fruit, culled mature fruit) •Only young fruit are susceptible – post-harvest diseases post- are associated with cracks in mature fruit Anthracnose development associated with scab damage
The most important diseases Scab •Serious problem in humid tropics and subtropics – significant losses (abscised immature fruit, culled mature fruit) •Only young fruit are susceptible – post-harvest diseases post- are associated with cracks in mature fruit •Sphaceloma perseae is an American pathogen, also found in S Africa and elsewhere in Eastern Hemisphere (not present in New Zealand and Australia)
The most important diseases Scab •Serious problem in humid tropics and subtropics – significant losses (abscised immature fruit, culled mature fruit) •Only young fruit are susceptible – post-harvest diseases post- are associated with cracks in mature fruit •Sphaceloma perseae is an American pathogen, also found in S Africa and elsewhere in Eastern Hemisphere (not present in New Zealand and Australia) •Cool, wet weather critical for infection, eventual disease development
The most important diseases Scab •Serious problem in humid tropics and subtropics – significant losses (abscised immature fruit, culled mature fruit) •Only young fruit are susceptible – post-harvest diseases post- are associated with cracks in mature fruit •Sphaceloma perseae is an American pathogen, also found in S Africa and elsewhere in Eastern Hemisphere (not present in New Zealand and Australia) •Cool, wet weather critical for infection, eventual disease development •Considerable variation in cultivar susceptibility •Early fungicide applications are critical (vs anthracnose, (vs SER)
The most important diseases Sunblotch 23 July, Breakout 15: Plant health – B Better control of avocado sunblotch disease through improved diagnostic technologies. Geering
The most important diseases Sunblotch •Widespread problem which decreased in importance as cause and epidemiology better understood.
The most important diseases Sunblotch •Widespread problem which decreased in importance as cause and epidemiology better understood. •Symptoms conspicuous, but their absence unreliable indicators of absence of pathogen George Zentmyer ‘Fuerte’ ‘Hass’ Howard Ohr Howard Ohr
The most important diseases Sunblotch •Widespread problem which decreased in importance as cause and epidemiology better understood. •Symptoms conspicuous, but their absence unreliable indicators of absence of pathogen - symptomless infection and its impact not well understood (dwarfing, reduced fruit set?)
The most important diseases Sunblotch •Widespread problem which decreased in importance as cause and epidemiology better understood. •Symptoms conspicuous, but their absence unreliable indicators of absence of pathogen - symptomless infection and its impact not well understood (dwarfing, reduced fruit set?) •Pathogen, Avocado sunblotch viroid (ASBVd), is the smallest to affect any plant
The most important diseases Sunblotch •Widespread problem which decreased in importance as cause and epidemiology better understood. •Symptoms conspicuous, but their absence unreliable indicators of absence of pathogen - symptomless infection and its impact not well understood (dwarfing, reduced fruit set?) •Pathogen, Avocado sunblotch viroid (ASBVd), is the smallest to affect any plant •ASBVd is disseminated mechanically, via root grafts and pollen, and in infected bud wood
The most important diseases Sunblotch •Widespread problem which decreased in importance as cause and epidemiology better understood. •Symptoms conspicuous, but their absence unreliable indicators of absence of pathogen - symptomless infection and its impact not well understood (dwarfing, reduced fruit set?) •Pathogen, Avocado sunblotch viroid (ASBVd), is the smallest to affect any plant •ASBVd is disseminated mechanically, via root grafts and pollen, and in infected bud wood •New trees should be established with ASBVd-free materials (ANVAS accredited nurseries)
The most important diseases Armillaria root rot •Widespread problem, wide host range
The most important diseases Armillaria root rot •Widespread problem, wide host range •Lethal but, unlike PRR, develops slowly
The most important diseases Armillaria root rot •Widespread problem, wide host range •Lethal but, unlike PRR, develops slowly •Indistinct aboveground symptoms, but presence of basidiocarps can aid diagnosis John Menge
The most important diseases Armillaria root rot •Widespread problem, wide host range •Lethal but, unlike PRR, develops slowly •Indistinct aboveground symptoms, but presence of basidiocarps can aid diagnosis •Below ground presence of white rhizomorphs also assists diagnosis John Menge
The most important diseases Armillaria root rot •Widespread problem, wide host range •Lethal but, unlike PRR, develops slowly •Indistinct aboveground symptoms, but presence of basidiocarps can aid diagnosis •Below ground presence of white rhizomorphs also assist diagnosis •“Armillaria mellea” now recognized as a species complex
The most important diseases Armillaria root rot •Widespread problem, wide host range •Lethal but, unlike PRR, develops slowly •Indistinct aboveground symptoms, but presence of basidiocarps can aid diagnosis •Below ground presence of white rhizomorphs also assist diagnosis •“Armillaria mellea” now recognized as a species complex •A. socialis typically does not produce basidicarps or rhizomorphs
The most important diseases Armillaria root rot •Widespread problem, wide host range •Lethal but, unlike PRR, develops slowly •Indistinct aboveground symptoms, but presence of basidiocarps can aid diagnosis •Below ground presence of white rhizomorphs also assist diagnosis •“Armillaria mellea” now recognized as a species complex •A. socialis typically does not produce basidicarps or rhizomorphs •Species that are responsible in many areas have not been identified
The most important diseases Armillaria root rot •Widespread problem, wide host range •Lethal but, unlike PRR, develops slowly •Indistinct aboveground symptoms, but presence of basidiocarps can aid diagnosis •Below ground presence of white rhizomorphs also assist diagnosis •“Armillaria mellea” now recognized as a species complex •A. socialis typically does not produce basidicarps or rhizomorphs •Species that are responsible in many areas have not been identified •Management: Sanitation and fumigation
The most important diseases Rosellinia root rot (aka Dematophora or white root rot) •Temperate/subtropical disease with wide host range
The most important diseases Rosellinia root rot (aka Dematophora or white root rot) •Temperate/subtropical disease with wide host range •Serious problem in Israel and Spain, less important elsewhere (e.g. California, Mexico)
The most important diseases Rosellinia root rot (aka Dematophora or white root rot) •Temperate/subtropical disease with wide host range •Serious problem in Israel and Spain, less important elsewhere (e.g. California, Mexico) •Affected roots are covered by cottony white mycelium of the pathogen, Rosellinia necatrix (Dematophora necatrix) A. Sztejnberg C. Lopez
The most important diseases Rosellinia root rot (aka Dematophora or white root rot) Rosellinia pepo •Temperate/subtropical disease with wide host range •Serious problem in Israel and Spain, less important elsewhere (e.g. California, Mexico) •Affected roots are covered by cottony white mycelium of the pathogen, Rosellinia necatrix (Dematophora necatrix) • Two other species affect avocado in subtropics and tropics, cause black root rot Rosellinia bunodes
The most important diseases Rosellinia root rot (aka Dematophora or white root rot) C. Lopez •Temperate/subtropical disease with wide host range •Serious problem in Israel and Spain, less important elsewhere (e.g. California, Mexico) •Affected roots are covered by cottony white mycelium of the pathogen, Rosellinia necatrix (Dematophora necatrix) • Two other species affect avocado in subtropics and tropics, cause black root rot •White and black root rot cause general symptoms aboveground similar to those caused by other root diseases
The most important diseases Rosellinia root rot (aka Dematophora or white root rot) •Temperate/subtropical disease with wide host range •Serious problem in Israel and Spain, less important elsewhere (e.g. California, Mexico) •Affected roots are covered by cottony white mycelium of the pathogen, Rosellinia necatrix (Dematophora necatrix) • Two other species affect avocado in subtropics and tropics, cause black root rot •White and black root rot cause general symptoms aboveground •Pathogens move via hyphae/infested host material; management requires removal of affected trees, roots
New diseases 23 July, Breakout 15: Plant health – B •Preparing for biosecurity issues. Fraser •Laurel wilt: A global threat to avocado production. Ploetz
New diseases 23 July, Breakout 15: Plant health – B •Preparing for biosecurity issues Fraser •Laurel wilt: A global threat to avocado production Ploetz New pathogen (new encounter)
New diseases Laurel wilt Southeast US
New diseases Xyleborus glabratus mycangial x-section Raffaelea lauricola
New diseases Laurel wilt – pathogen movement Port Wentworth, GA Original host(s)?
New diseases 23 July, Breakout 15: Plant health – B •Preparing for biosecurity issues Fraser •Laurel wilt: A global threat to avocado production Ploetz New pathogen, new encounter disease New host, previously described pathogens
New diseases Diseases caused by Botryosphaeria spp.. spp.. Botryosphaeria australis B. dothidea B. lutea B. parva McDonald et al. 2009. Phytopathology 99:S81. Branch dieback, California
New diseases Diseases caused by Botryosphaeria spp.. spp.. Fruit rot, Taiwan Ni et al. 2009. Plant Disease 93:760 Neofusicoccum mangiferae
New diseases 23 July, Breakout 15: Plant health – B •Preparing for biosecurity issues Fraser •Laurel wilt: A global threat to avocado production Ploetz New pathogen, new encounter disease New host, previously described pathogen Old pathogen (new host
New diseases Leaf scorch, distortion and defoliation Costa Rica, Xylella fastidiosa Salvador Ochoa Salvador Ochoa
New diseases 23 July, Breakout 15: Plant health – B •Preparing for biosecurity issues Fraser •Laurel wilt: A global threat to avocado production Ploetz New pathogen, new encounter disease New host, previously described pathogen Old pathogen (new host, climate change?)
New diseases 23 July, Breakout 7: Plant health - A Phellinus noxius: brown root rot in avocado. Smith CMI Michelle Grose
Summary •Important avocado diseases Of the diseases that have global distributions, PRR, anthracnose and SER have the greatest impacts
Summary •Important avocado diseases Of the diseases that have global distributions, PRR, anthracnose and SER have the greatest impacts Depending upon the location, markets and resources for management, diseases with restricted distributions can also be destructive to (e.g. Armillaria root rot, Rosellinia root rot, sunblotch) sunblotch)
Summary •Important avocado diseases Of the diseases that have global distributions, PRR, anthracnose and SER have the greatest impacts Depending upon the location, markets and resources for management, diseases with restricted distributions can also be destructive to (e.g. Armillaria root rot, Rosellinia root rot, sunblotch), or potentially sunblotch), devastate (i.e. laurel wilt), local production
Summary •Important avocado diseases •Management Awareness of existing diseases and the prompt diagnosis of new or unrecognized problems are essential
Summary •Important avocado diseases •Management Awareness of existing diseases and the prompt diagnosis of new or unrecognized problems are essential Effective and economically justified measures to manage diseases depend on accurate understandings of the causes of and extent to which different diseases impact production
Summary •Important avocado diseases •Management •New and emerging diseases With increased international travel and commerce, new production practices, and changing environments, new diseases will arise or emerge worldwide.
Summary •Important avocado diseases •Management •New and emerging diseases With increased international travel and commerce, new production practices, and changing environments, new diseases will arise or emerge worldwide. Now, more than ever, effective plant health quarantines are needed.
Thank you •Avocados Australia and the New Zealand Avocado Growers Association •The ANZAGC09 meeting organizers For research support: •Florida Avocado Committee •University of Florida, IFAS Vice President •Pine Island Nursery •Zill High Performance Plants, Inc. •USDA, T-STAR Special Grants •Miami-Dade County Commission •USDA-APHIS For slides and information: Tony Cooke, Steve Fraedrich, Seymour Goldweber, Greg Johnson, Bud Mayfield, John Menge, Salvador Ochoa, Howard Ohr, Ken Pegg, Jorge Pena, Ken Pernezny, Dov Prusky, Bob Rabaglia, Jason Smith, Daniel Teliz, Mike Thomas, Tony Whiley and George Zentmyer

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Randy ploetz

  • 1. STATUS, IMPACT AND MANAGEMENT OF THE MAJOR DISEASES OF AVOCADO Randy Ploetz University of Florida Homestead, FL USA kelly12@ufl.edu http://trec.ifas.ufl.edu/personnel_faculty_randy_ploetz.shtml 4th Australian and New Zealand Avocado Grower’s Conference, Cairns, 21-24 July 2009 21-
  • 3. Disease Overview •Important avocado diseases •Impacts •Geographic distributions •Symptoms, causes and behaviour (epidemiology) •Management •New and emerging diseases
  • 4. The most important diseases Phytophthora root rot (PRR) 23 July, Breakout 7: Plant health - A •Managing Phytophthora cinnamomi. Dann and Pegg cinnamomi. •Improved timing of phosphonate injections for Pc control in New Zealand. Partridge
  • 5. The most important diseases Phytophthora root rot (PRR) •Most important disease of avocado worldwide
  • 6. The most important diseases Phytophthora root rot (PRR) •Most important disease of avocado worldwide •PRR has crippled avocado production in tropical America (avocados must be imported into Puerto Rico)
  • 7. The most important diseases Phytophthora root rot (PRR) •Most important disease of avocado worldwide •PRR has crippled avocado production in tropical America, destroyed important germplasm collections (e.g. Zamarano) Zamarano)
  • 8. The most important diseases Phytophthora root rot (PRR) •Most important disease of avocado worldwide •PRR has crippled avocado production in tropical America, destroyed important germplasm collections (e.g. Zamarano), and requires intense Zamarano), management in many areas
  • 9. The most important diseases Phytophthora root rot (PRR) •Most important disease of avocado worldwide •PRR has crippled avocado production in tropical America, destroyed important germplasm collections, and requires intense management •In Australia, losses of A$40 million/yr; in California, losses of US$44 million in 1989
  • 10. The most important diseases Phytophthora root rot (PRR) •Most important disease of avocado worldwide •PRR has crippled avocado production in tropical America, destroyed important germplasm collections, and requires intense management •In Australia, losses of A$40 million/yr; in California, losses of US$44 million in 1989 •PRR can kill or greatly debilitate trees,
  • 11. The most important diseases Phytophthora root rot (PRR) •Most important disease of avocado worldwide •PRR has crippled avocado production in tropical America, destroyed important germplasm collections, and requires intense management •In Australia, losses of A$40 million/yr; in California, losses of US$44 million in 1989 Vincent Wager •PRR can kill or greatly debilitate trees, but is often misdiagnosed California – avocado decline in poorly drained soil
  • 12. The most important diseases Phytophthora root rot (PRR) •Most important disease of avocado worldwide •PRR has crippled avocado production in tropical America, destroyed important germplasm collections, and requires intense management •In Australia, losses of A$40 million/yr; in California, losses of US$44 million in 1989 •PRR can kill or greatly debilitate trees, but is often Flooded 2 weeks misdiagnosed - P. cinnamomi +P. cinnamomi California – avocado decline in poorly drained soil Florida – tree mortality after hurricanes
  • 13. The most important diseases Phytophthora root rot (PRR) •Most important disease of avocado worldwide •PRR has crippled avocado production in tropical America, destroyed important germplasm collections, and requires intense management •In Australia, losses of A$40 million/yr; in California, losses of US$44 million in 1989 •PRR can kill or greatly debilitate trees, but is often misdiagnosed California – avocado decline in poorly drained soil Florida – tree mortality after hurricanes Peru – orchard decline
  • 14. The most important diseases Phytophthora root rot (PRR) Geographic distribution of Phytophthora cinnamomi
  • 15. The most important diseases Phytophthora root rot (PRR) Symptoms Dark, necrotic feeder roots
  • 16. The most important diseases Phytophthora root rot (PRR) Symptoms George Zentmyer Defoliation Wilting Ken Pegg
  • 17. The most important diseases Phytophthora root rot (PRR) Salvador Ochoa Symptoms Excessive set of small fruit Small, round fruit Salvador Ochoa
  • 18. The most important diseases Phytophthora root rot (PRR) Symptoms Nonuniform distribution of affected trees
  • 19. The most important diseases Phytophthora root rot (PRR) Symptoms Ken Pegg Sparse, chlorotic foliage
  • 20. The most important diseases Phytophthora root rot (PRR) Symptoms “Hotspots”
  • 21. The most important diseases Phytophthora root rot (PRR) Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands Botryose hyphal thickenings Oospore Chlamydospores Sporangium
  • 22. The most important diseases Other Phytophthora spp. cause trunk diseases and fruit rots Trunk cankers: •P. boehmeriae (Mexico) •P. cinnamomi (Australia, Brazil, Cameroon, South Africa and USA) •P. citricola (Mexico and USA) •P. heveae (Guatemala and Mexico) •P. palmivora (Honduras) (Honduras)
  • 23. The most important diseases Other Phytophthora spp. cause trunk diseases and fruit rots Trunk cankers: •P. boehmeriae (Mexico) •P. cinnamomi (Australia, Brazil, Cameroon, South Africa and USA) •P. citricola (Mexico and USA) •P. heveae (Guatemala and Mexico) •P. palmivora (Honduras) (Honduras) Fruit rots: •P. boehmeriae (Mexico) •P. citricola (USA) •P. cactorum (Spain) Salvador Ochoa
  • 24. The most important diseases Phytophthora root rot (PRR) Epidemiology
  • 25. The most important diseases Phytophthora root rot (PRR) Management •Cultural http://www.dieback.net.au/howhelp_learning.php 14 online publications
  • 26. The most important diseases Phytophthora root rot (PRR) Management •Cultural In areas where P. cinnamomi is not found, exclusion is most important
  • 27. The most important diseases Phytophthora root rot (PRR) Management •Cultural In areas where P. cinnamomi is not found, exclusion is most important. Pathogen/disease-free plants are Pathogen/disease- essential. Clean soil and irrigation water are musts ANVAS accredited nurseries
  • 28. The most important diseases Phytophthora root rot (PRR) Management •Cultural In areas where P. cinnamomi is not found, exclusion is most important. Pathogen/disease-free plants are Pathogen/disease- essential. Pathogen-infested soil or water can have serious consequences in the nursery and field
  • 29. The most important diseases Phytophthora root rot (PRR) Management •Cultural In areas where P. cinnamomi is not found, exclusion is most important. Pathogen/disease-free plants are Pathogen/disease- essential. Do not treat plants in the nursery with metalaxyl or phosphonates
  • 30. The most important diseases Phytophthora root rot (PRR) Management •Cultural In areas where P. cinnamomi is not found, exclusion and sanitation are most important. Pathogen/disease-free Pathogen/disease- plants are also essential. Surface water is often infested with pathogens; it should be disinfested. When it is available, well water should be used.
  • 31. The most important diseases Phytophthora root rot (PRR) Management •Cultural In areas where P. cinnamomi is not found, exclusion is most important. Pathogen/disease-free plants are Pathogen/disease- essential. Composting…
  • 32. The most important diseases Phytophthora root rot (PRR) Management •Cultural In areas where P. cinnamomi is not found, exclusion is most important. Pathogen/disease-free plants are Pathogen/disease- essential. heat treatment…
  • 33. The most important diseases Phytophthora root rot (PRR) Management •Cultural In areas where P. cinnamomi is not found, exclusion is most important. Pathogen/disease-free plants are Pathogen/disease- essential. and solarization effectively disinfest soil
  • 34. The most important diseases Phytophthora root rot (PRR) Management •Cultural When P. cinnamomi is present, site selection (avoiding heavy or poorly drained soil),
  • 35. The most important diseases Phytophthora root rot (PRR) Management •Cultural When P. cinnamomi is present, site selection, raised beds,
  • 36. The most important diseases Phytophthora root rot (PRR) (PRR) Management •Cultural When P. cinnamomi is present, site Selection, raised beds, the use of composts
  • 37. The most important diseases Phytophthora root rot (PRR) Management •Cultural When P. cinnamomi is present, site Selection, raised beds, the use of composts, and soil amendments (e.g. gypsum, organic matter) can be beneficial
  • 38. The most important diseases Phytophthora root rot (PRR) Management •Cultural •Resistant rootstocks -Australia (Whiley) (Whiley) -Israel (Ben Yaacov) Yaacov) -Mexico (?) -South Africa (Merensky and FABI) (Merensky FABI) -Spain ((Gallo-Llobet) ) -US (University of Florida and USDA; University of California at Riverside)
  • 39. The most important diseases Phytophthora root rot (PRR) Management •Cultural •Resistant rootstocks UC Riverside Plant Pathology Department George Zentmyer Mike Coffey John Menge Greg Douhan
  • 40. The most important diseases UCR Phytophthora root rot (PRR) 116 advanced lines Management 55 tested in field •Cultural Three will be released soon: •Resistant rootstocks ‘Zentymyer’, ‘Uzi’ and ‘Steddom’ Zentymyer ’, ‘Steddom’ ‘Hass’ on ‘Dusa’ ‘Hass’ on ‘Eddie’
  • 41. The most important diseases Phytophthora root rot (PRR) Management •Cultural •Resistant rootstocks •Numbers game - Success depends on screening many seedlings n = 2,355
  • 42. The most important diseases Phytophthora root rot (PRR) Management •Cultural •Resistant rootstocks •Numbers game PRR-tolerant individuals are uncommon!
  • 43. The most important diseases Phytophthora root rot (PRR) Management •Cultural •Resistant rootstocks •Success depends on screening large numbers of seedlings Selections must be cloned
  • 44. The most important diseases Phytophthora root rot (PRR) Management •Cultural •Resistant rootstocks •Chemical Difficult prior to acylalinines (e.g. metalaxyl) metalaxyl)
  • 45. The most important diseases Phytophthora root rot (PRR) Management •Cultural •Resistant rootstocks •Chemical Difficult prior to acylalinines (e.g. metalaxyl) metalaxyl) -expensive before patent lapse -not effective in badly damaged trees (xylem mobile) -resistance -enhanced breakdown
  • 46. The most important diseases Phytophthora root rot (PRR) Management •Cultural •Resistant rootstocks •Chemical Difficult prior to acylalinines (e.g. metalaxyl) metalaxyl) -expensive -not effective in badly damaged trees (xylem mobile) -resistance -enhanced breakdown Aliette, Aliette, phosphoric acid products (phosphonates) (phosphonates)
  • 47. The most important diseases Phytophthora root rot (PRR) Management •Cultural •Resistant rootstocks •Chemical Difficult prior to acylalinines (e.g. metalaxyl) metalaxyl) -expensive -not effective in badly damaged trees (xylem mobile) -resistance -enhanced breakdown Aliette, Aliette, phosphoric acid products -active ingredient is xylem and phloem mobile: products can be injected for eventual redistribution to roots -Australia successfully contests Rhone-Poulenc’s patent Rhone-
  • 48. The most important diseases Phytophthora root rot (PRR) Management Ken Pegg Tony Whiley •Cultural •Resistant rootstocks •Chemical Difficult prior to acylalinines (e.g. metalaxyl) metalaxyl) -expensive -not effective in badly damaged trees (xylem mobile) -resistance -enhanced breakdown Aliette, Aliette, phosphoric acid products -xylem and phloem mobile: can be injected for eventual redistribution to roots - Australia successfully contests Rhone-Poulenc’s patent Rhone- Pioneers in the use of phosphonates to manage PRR
  • 49. The most important diseases Phytophthora root rot (PRR) Management •Cultural •Resistant rootstocks •Chemical Phosphonates can be injected into severely affected trees
  • 50. The most important diseases Phytophthora root rot (PRR) Management •Cultural •Resistant rootstocks •Chemical Phosphonates can be injected into severely affected trees, and in trees that have begun to recover can be applied as foliar sprays
  • 51. The most important diseases Phytophthora root rot (PRR) Management •Cultural •Resistant rootstocks •Chemical Phosphonates can be injected into severely affected trees or in trees that have begun to recover can be applied as foliar sprays, trunk sprays
  • 52. The most important diseases Phytophthora root rot (PRR) Management •Cultural •Resistant rootstocks •Chemical Phosphonates can be injected into severely affected trees, or in trees that have begun to recover can be applied as foliar sprays, trunk sprays, or soil drenches (albeit less effectively)
  • 53. The most important diseases Phytophthora root rot (PRR) Management •Cultural •Resistant rootstocks •Chemical •Biological Considerable interest Cook, R.J. and Baker, K.F. 1983. The Nature and Practice of Biological Control of Plant Pathogens.
  • 54. The most important diseases Phytophthora root rot (PRR) Management - Bacillus sp. + Bacillus sp. •Cultural •Resistant rootstocks •Chemical •Biological Considerable interest Ken Pegg Most success reported in glasshouse trials
  • 55. The most important diseases Phytophthora root rot (PRR) Management •Cultural •Resistant rootstocks •Chemical •Biological Considerable interest Most success reported in glasshouse trials Transferring glasshouse results to the field is a major challenge
  • 56. The most important diseases Phytophthora root rot (PRR) Management •Cultural •Resistant rootstocks •Chemical •Biological Considerable interest Australia California Most success reported in glasshouse trials Transferring glasshouse results to the field a major challenge Greatest success with natural disease suppression (e.g. Ashburner system)
  • 57. The most important diseases Phytophthora root rot (PRR) Management •Cultural •Resistant rootstocks •Chemical •Biological Considerable interest Most success reported in glasshouse trials Transferring glasshouse results to the field a major challenge Natural disease suppression Holistic combinations of 2 or more cultural, rootstock, chemical and biological tactics are most effective
  • 58. The most important diseases Pre- Pre- and post-harvest fruit diseases post- 22 and 23 July, Breakouts 6 and 10: Fruit quality Impacts of fruit disease management on quality. Dann and Coates
  • 59. The most important diseases Pre- Pre- and post-harvest fruit diseases post- Anthracnose •Most important fruit disease in humid environments
  • 60. The most important diseases Pre- Pre- and post-harvest fruit diseases post- Anthracnose •Most important fruit disease in humid environments •Pre-harvest Pre- Salvador Ochoa Salvador Ochoa Dov Prusky
  • 61. The most important diseases Pre- Pre- and post-harvest fruit diseases post- Anthracnose •Most important fruit disease in humid environments •Pre-harvest and post-harvest damage can occur; Pre- post- losses of up to 37% have been reported Dov Prusky Univ Hawaii
  • 62. The most important diseases Pre- Pre- and post-harvest fruit diseases post- Anthracnose •Most important fruit disease in humid environments •Pre- and post-harvest damage can occur; losses of up Pre- post- to 37% have been reported •Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, and in cooler environs gloeosporioides, C. acutatum, are responsible acutatum, CABI CABI Glomerella cingulata Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Colletotrichum acutatum
  • 63. The most important diseases Pre- Pre- and post-harvest fruit diseases post- Anthracnose •Most important fruit disease in humid environments •Pre- and post-harvest damage can occur; losses of up Pre- post- to 37% have been reported •Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, and in cooler environs gloeosporioides, C. acutatum, are responsible acutatum, •Conidia are most important inoculum, inoculum,
  • 64. The most important diseases Pre- Pre- and post-harvest fruit diseases post- Anthracnose •Most important fruit disease in humid environments •Pre- and post-harvest damage can occur; losses of up Pre- post- to 37% have been reported •Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, and in cooler environs gloeosporioides, C. acutatum, are responsible acutatum, •Conidia are most important inoculum, and latent inoculum, infections are responsible for post-harvest disease post- Melanized appressoria are responsible structures; they germinate/infect as fruit ripen
  • 65. The most important diseases Salvador Ochoa Pre- Pre- and post-harvest fruit diseases post- Anthracnose Tony Whiley Salvador Ochoa •Most important fruit disease in humid environments •Pre- and post-harvest damage can occur; losses of up Tony Cooke to 37% have been reported Greg Johnson •Colletotrichum gloeosporiodes, and in cooler environs Dothiorella fruit rot C. acutatum, are responsible •Latent infections usually most important and are Stem-end rot responsible for post-harvest disease Stem- Stem-end rots and Dothiorella fruit rot •Most important fruit diseases after anthracnose
  • 66. The most important diseases Pre- Pre- and post-harvest fruit diseases post- John Menge Anthracnose •Most important fruit disease in humid environments •Pre- and post-harvest damage can occur; losses of up Pre- post- to 37% have been reported •Colletotrichum gloeosporiodes, and in cooler environs gloeosporiodes, C. acutatum, are responsible acutatum, •Latent infections usually most important and are responsible for post-harvest disease post- Stem- Stem-end rots and Dothiorella fruit rot •Most important fruit diseases after anthracnose •Pathogens are endophytes, also affect other organs endophytes,
  • 67. The most important diseases Pre- Pre- and post-harvest fruit diseases post- B. rhodina (Lasiodiplodia theobromae) Anthracnose •Most important fruit disease in humid environments •Pre- and post-harvest damage can occur; losses of up Pre- post- to 37% have been reported B. ribis •Colletotrichum gloeosporiodes, and in cooler environs gloeosporiodes, C. acutatum, are responsible acutatum, •Latent infections usually most important and are responsible for post-harvest disease post- Stem- Stem-end rots and Dothiorella fruit rot Fusicoccum aesculi •Most important fruit diseases after anthracnose B. obtusa •athogens are endophytes, also affect other organs endophytes, •Diverse pathogens, often Botryosphaeria spp.
  • 68. The most important diseases Scab Salvador Ochoa Ken Pernezny John Menge
  • 69. The most important diseases Scab Univ California Salvador Ochoa Physical abrasion – superficial resemblence to scab Univ California Ken Pernezny John Menge
  • 70. The most important diseases Scab •Serious problem in humid tropics and subtropics – significant losses (abscised immature fruit, culled mature fruit)
  • 71. The most important diseases Scab •Serious problem in humid tropics and subtropics – significant losses (abscised immature fruit, culled mature fruit) •Only young fruit are susceptible – post-harvest diseases post- are associated with cracks in mature fruit Anthracnose development associated with scab damage
  • 72. The most important diseases Scab •Serious problem in humid tropics and subtropics – significant losses (abscised immature fruit, culled mature fruit) •Only young fruit are susceptible – post-harvest diseases post- are associated with cracks in mature fruit •Sphaceloma perseae is an American pathogen, also found in S Africa and elsewhere in Eastern Hemisphere (not present in New Zealand and Australia)
  • 73. The most important diseases Scab •Serious problem in humid tropics and subtropics – significant losses (abscised immature fruit, culled mature fruit) •Only young fruit are susceptible – post-harvest diseases post- are associated with cracks in mature fruit •Sphaceloma perseae is an American pathogen, also found in S Africa and elsewhere in Eastern Hemisphere (not present in New Zealand and Australia) •Cool, wet weather critical for infection, eventual disease development
  • 74. The most important diseases Scab •Serious problem in humid tropics and subtropics – significant losses (abscised immature fruit, culled mature fruit) •Only young fruit are susceptible – post-harvest diseases post- are associated with cracks in mature fruit •Sphaceloma perseae is an American pathogen, also found in S Africa and elsewhere in Eastern Hemisphere (not present in New Zealand and Australia) •Cool, wet weather critical for infection, eventual disease development •Considerable variation in cultivar susceptibility •Early fungicide applications are critical (vs anthracnose, (vs SER)
  • 75. The most important diseases Sunblotch 23 July, Breakout 15: Plant health – B Better control of avocado sunblotch disease through improved diagnostic technologies. Geering
  • 76. The most important diseases Sunblotch •Widespread problem which decreased in importance as cause and epidemiology better understood.
  • 77. The most important diseases Sunblotch •Widespread problem which decreased in importance as cause and epidemiology better understood. •Symptoms conspicuous, but their absence unreliable indicators of absence of pathogen George Zentmyer ‘Fuerte’ ‘Hass’ Howard Ohr Howard Ohr
  • 78. The most important diseases Sunblotch •Widespread problem which decreased in importance as cause and epidemiology better understood. •Symptoms conspicuous, but their absence unreliable indicators of absence of pathogen - symptomless infection and its impact not well understood (dwarfing, reduced fruit set?)
  • 79. The most important diseases Sunblotch •Widespread problem which decreased in importance as cause and epidemiology better understood. •Symptoms conspicuous, but their absence unreliable indicators of absence of pathogen - symptomless infection and its impact not well understood (dwarfing, reduced fruit set?) •Pathogen, Avocado sunblotch viroid (ASBVd), is the smallest to affect any plant
  • 80. The most important diseases Sunblotch •Widespread problem which decreased in importance as cause and epidemiology better understood. •Symptoms conspicuous, but their absence unreliable indicators of absence of pathogen - symptomless infection and its impact not well understood (dwarfing, reduced fruit set?) •Pathogen, Avocado sunblotch viroid (ASBVd), is the smallest to affect any plant •ASBVd is disseminated mechanically, via root grafts and pollen, and in infected bud wood
  • 81. The most important diseases Sunblotch •Widespread problem which decreased in importance as cause and epidemiology better understood. •Symptoms conspicuous, but their absence unreliable indicators of absence of pathogen - symptomless infection and its impact not well understood (dwarfing, reduced fruit set?) •Pathogen, Avocado sunblotch viroid (ASBVd), is the smallest to affect any plant •ASBVd is disseminated mechanically, via root grafts and pollen, and in infected bud wood •New trees should be established with ASBVd-free materials (ANVAS accredited nurseries)
  • 82. The most important diseases Armillaria root rot •Widespread problem, wide host range
  • 83. The most important diseases Armillaria root rot •Widespread problem, wide host range •Lethal but, unlike PRR, develops slowly
  • 84. The most important diseases Armillaria root rot •Widespread problem, wide host range •Lethal but, unlike PRR, develops slowly •Indistinct aboveground symptoms, but presence of basidiocarps can aid diagnosis John Menge
  • 85. The most important diseases Armillaria root rot •Widespread problem, wide host range •Lethal but, unlike PRR, develops slowly •Indistinct aboveground symptoms, but presence of basidiocarps can aid diagnosis •Below ground presence of white rhizomorphs also assists diagnosis John Menge
  • 86. The most important diseases Armillaria root rot •Widespread problem, wide host range •Lethal but, unlike PRR, develops slowly •Indistinct aboveground symptoms, but presence of basidiocarps can aid diagnosis •Below ground presence of white rhizomorphs also assist diagnosis •“Armillaria mellea” now recognized as a species complex
  • 87. The most important diseases Armillaria root rot •Widespread problem, wide host range •Lethal but, unlike PRR, develops slowly •Indistinct aboveground symptoms, but presence of basidiocarps can aid diagnosis •Below ground presence of white rhizomorphs also assist diagnosis •“Armillaria mellea” now recognized as a species complex •A. socialis typically does not produce basidicarps or rhizomorphs
  • 88. The most important diseases Armillaria root rot •Widespread problem, wide host range •Lethal but, unlike PRR, develops slowly •Indistinct aboveground symptoms, but presence of basidiocarps can aid diagnosis •Below ground presence of white rhizomorphs also assist diagnosis •“Armillaria mellea” now recognized as a species complex •A. socialis typically does not produce basidicarps or rhizomorphs •Species that are responsible in many areas have not been identified
  • 89. The most important diseases Armillaria root rot •Widespread problem, wide host range •Lethal but, unlike PRR, develops slowly •Indistinct aboveground symptoms, but presence of basidiocarps can aid diagnosis •Below ground presence of white rhizomorphs also assist diagnosis •“Armillaria mellea” now recognized as a species complex •A. socialis typically does not produce basidicarps or rhizomorphs •Species that are responsible in many areas have not been identified •Management: Sanitation and fumigation
  • 90. The most important diseases Rosellinia root rot (aka Dematophora or white root rot) •Temperate/subtropical disease with wide host range
  • 91. The most important diseases Rosellinia root rot (aka Dematophora or white root rot) •Temperate/subtropical disease with wide host range •Serious problem in Israel and Spain, less important elsewhere (e.g. California, Mexico)
  • 92. The most important diseases Rosellinia root rot (aka Dematophora or white root rot) •Temperate/subtropical disease with wide host range •Serious problem in Israel and Spain, less important elsewhere (e.g. California, Mexico) •Affected roots are covered by cottony white mycelium of the pathogen, Rosellinia necatrix (Dematophora necatrix) A. Sztejnberg C. Lopez
  • 93. The most important diseases Rosellinia root rot (aka Dematophora or white root rot) Rosellinia pepo •Temperate/subtropical disease with wide host range •Serious problem in Israel and Spain, less important elsewhere (e.g. California, Mexico) •Affected roots are covered by cottony white mycelium of the pathogen, Rosellinia necatrix (Dematophora necatrix) • Two other species affect avocado in subtropics and tropics, cause black root rot Rosellinia bunodes
  • 94. The most important diseases Rosellinia root rot (aka Dematophora or white root rot) C. Lopez •Temperate/subtropical disease with wide host range •Serious problem in Israel and Spain, less important elsewhere (e.g. California, Mexico) •Affected roots are covered by cottony white mycelium of the pathogen, Rosellinia necatrix (Dematophora necatrix) • Two other species affect avocado in subtropics and tropics, cause black root rot •White and black root rot cause general symptoms aboveground similar to those caused by other root diseases
  • 95. The most important diseases Rosellinia root rot (aka Dematophora or white root rot) •Temperate/subtropical disease with wide host range •Serious problem in Israel and Spain, less important elsewhere (e.g. California, Mexico) •Affected roots are covered by cottony white mycelium of the pathogen, Rosellinia necatrix (Dematophora necatrix) • Two other species affect avocado in subtropics and tropics, cause black root rot •White and black root rot cause general symptoms aboveground •Pathogens move via hyphae/infested host material; management requires removal of affected trees, roots
  • 96. New diseases 23 July, Breakout 15: Plant health – B •Preparing for biosecurity issues. Fraser •Laurel wilt: A global threat to avocado production. Ploetz
  • 97. New diseases 23 July, Breakout 15: Plant health – B •Preparing for biosecurity issues Fraser •Laurel wilt: A global threat to avocado production Ploetz New pathogen (new encounter)
  • 99. New diseases Xyleborus glabratus mycangial x-section Raffaelea lauricola
  • 100. New diseases Laurel wilt – pathogen movement Port Wentworth, GA Original host(s)?
  • 101. New diseases 23 July, Breakout 15: Plant health – B •Preparing for biosecurity issues Fraser •Laurel wilt: A global threat to avocado production Ploetz New pathogen, new encounter disease New host, previously described pathogens
  • 102. New diseases Diseases caused by Botryosphaeria spp.. spp.. Botryosphaeria australis B. dothidea B. lutea B. parva McDonald et al. 2009. Phytopathology 99:S81. Branch dieback, California
  • 103. New diseases Diseases caused by Botryosphaeria spp.. spp.. Fruit rot, Taiwan Ni et al. 2009. Plant Disease 93:760 Neofusicoccum mangiferae
  • 104. New diseases 23 July, Breakout 15: Plant health – B •Preparing for biosecurity issues Fraser •Laurel wilt: A global threat to avocado production Ploetz New pathogen, new encounter disease New host, previously described pathogen Old pathogen (new host
  • 105. New diseases Leaf scorch, distortion and defoliation Costa Rica, Xylella fastidiosa Salvador Ochoa Salvador Ochoa
  • 106. New diseases 23 July, Breakout 15: Plant health – B •Preparing for biosecurity issues Fraser •Laurel wilt: A global threat to avocado production Ploetz New pathogen, new encounter disease New host, previously described pathogen Old pathogen (new host, climate change?)
  • 107. New diseases 23 July, Breakout 7: Plant health - A Phellinus noxius: brown root rot in avocado. Smith CMI Michelle Grose
  • 108. Summary •Important avocado diseases Of the diseases that have global distributions, PRR, anthracnose and SER have the greatest impacts
  • 109. Summary •Important avocado diseases Of the diseases that have global distributions, PRR, anthracnose and SER have the greatest impacts Depending upon the location, markets and resources for management, diseases with restricted distributions can also be destructive to (e.g. Armillaria root rot, Rosellinia root rot, sunblotch) sunblotch)
  • 110. Summary •Important avocado diseases Of the diseases that have global distributions, PRR, anthracnose and SER have the greatest impacts Depending upon the location, markets and resources for management, diseases with restricted distributions can also be destructive to (e.g. Armillaria root rot, Rosellinia root rot, sunblotch), or potentially sunblotch), devastate (i.e. laurel wilt), local production
  • 111. Summary •Important avocado diseases •Management Awareness of existing diseases and the prompt diagnosis of new or unrecognized problems are essential
  • 112. Summary •Important avocado diseases •Management Awareness of existing diseases and the prompt diagnosis of new or unrecognized problems are essential Effective and economically justified measures to manage diseases depend on accurate understandings of the causes of and extent to which different diseases impact production
  • 113. Summary •Important avocado diseases •Management •New and emerging diseases With increased international travel and commerce, new production practices, and changing environments, new diseases will arise or emerge worldwide.
  • 114. Summary •Important avocado diseases •Management •New and emerging diseases With increased international travel and commerce, new production practices, and changing environments, new diseases will arise or emerge worldwide. Now, more than ever, effective plant health quarantines are needed.
  • 115. Thank you •Avocados Australia and the New Zealand Avocado Growers Association •The ANZAGC09 meeting organizers For research support: •Florida Avocado Committee •University of Florida, IFAS Vice President •Pine Island Nursery •Zill High Performance Plants, Inc. •USDA, T-STAR Special Grants •Miami-Dade County Commission •USDA-APHIS For slides and information: Tony Cooke, Steve Fraedrich, Seymour Goldweber, Greg Johnson, Bud Mayfield, John Menge, Salvador Ochoa, Howard Ohr, Ken Pegg, Jorge Pena, Ken Pernezny, Dov Prusky, Bob Rabaglia, Jason Smith, Daniel Teliz, Mike Thomas, Tony Whiley and George Zentmyer