The document discusses lessons that can be learned from the industrial development at Mab Ta Phut, Thailand. It summarizes that Mab Ta Phut is now one of the largest industrial estates in Thailand and the world, hosting many oil refineries, petrochemical plants, and other heavy industries. However, the rapid industrialization has caused severe pollution problems from air and water contamination. The local population suffers from high rates of respiratory diseases and cancer. While the economy has grown, people's quality of life has declined. Proper environmental planning and enforcement is needed to avoid similar issues at the Dawei project.

1. By DDA

2. Content
Part I
Introduction to Dawei
About Deep Seaport and Special Economic Zone
Timeline of Dawei Development Association
Part II
Lessons from Mad Ta Phut
Current Situation

3. capital
former name - Tavoy
bounded by Thailand on the east and Adman Sea
on the west
four townships & two sub-townships
Languages – Dawei Dialect
Population – about 500000
Ethnicities – Dawei, Karen, Mon and others
Local Economy – Fishery , Agriculture and others
Ancient Dawei Cities – 4

4. Overview
 Project area 250 > 205 square Km
 Total population 32,274
 Households 3977
 Villages 19 (industry estate)
 Infrastructure US $ 8.6 billion
 Industrial estate US $ 58 billion

5.  Farming > Over 9,000 acres
 Rubber > Over 9,000 acres
 Cashew > Over 12,000 acres
 Plantation > Over 8,000 acres
 Others > Over 1,000 acres

6. DAWEI
Project
Area

7.  ITD Co.ltd is the developer of Dawei Deep sea Port which
is a giant construction company of Thailand.
 MOU in 2008 June signed by Italian-Thai and Myanma
Port Authority. to build DSP and SEZ in Dawei.
 On the 2nd of November 2010, the Company signed the
Framework Agreement with the MPA and the Ministry
of Transport of the Union of Myanmar.
http://www.itd.co.th/en/news_02Nove53.php
 10 X bigger than Mab Ta Phut in Thailand


8. Dawei Deep Sea Port and SEZ Project Background
Time table Main work Total
Investments
(million baht)
Preparation • MoU with Myanmar Gov. on June 2008 Not yet clear.
(2008-2011) • Feasibility study & Conceptual Master Plan
• MoA Myanmar Port Authority (MPA), Ministry of
Transport with Myanmar Port Authority (MPA), Ministry of
Transport on Nov. 2010
- The most maximum land rent 75 years.
- MPA has share 20% with no real capital investment.
• Promote project to foreigner investors
• Road construction to Thai border
Phase 1 Mainly construction on deep sea port, infrastructure and 141,615
(2010-2014) associated work
Phase 2 Mainly construction on infrastructure and associated work 24,874
(2013-2017)
Phase 3 Mainly construction on trans-border corridor, deep sea 136,504
(2015-2019) port and infrastructure
Total investment 302,993
ITD’s share during construction period for 10 years up to 163,000
54% of total investment

11.  Roads
 Railways
 Transmission Lines
 Oil & Gas Pipelines
200 m.

12. 350 KM
DAWEI
PROJECT
KANCHANABURI
160 KM
BANGYAI
71 KM
110 KM
BANGKOK
THAILAND

13.  Temporary Small Port
Available for use as of June 2011
 Road Link To Thailand
Access Road 90% complete (as of June
2011)
 Water Reservoir
 400 MW Coal Power Plant
 Water and Waste Water Treatment Plan

14. Good location geographically for port development
 Natural water of East-West corridor of Aisa
Strategic location depth
 Natural shelter is good for anchorage
 No physical underwater and sub-soil obstructions
No laws mandating environmental impact assessments
 Sufficient flat hinterland for Industrial
 Sufficient have the freedom of speech or assembly
Citizens don’t supply of local constructionmaterials
Dawei Development Company Ltd report on June 2011

15. “Some industries are
not suitable to be
located in Thailand.
This is why they
decided to set up
there [in Dawei].”
According to an article in The International Herald
Tribune (―An Industrial Project That Could Change
Myanmar, Nov. 26, 2010),

16. “Thailand needed to
diversify its development
strategy and stop relying
so much on heavy
industry. I don’t think the
people want it in their
backyard.”
On the 11th of October2010, the Bangkok Post interview

17.  Cheap Labor “You have to think of
Myanmar as Thailand 50
“The cheapest in Asia,
even less than in years ago. There’s
Bangladesh.” nothing in the country
but wilderness and
cheap labor.”
ITD Project Manager Somchet
Thinaphong. _Surin Vichian, the ITD project
manager in charge of engineering.
The Irrawaddy, 8 June 2011,
available at The International Herald Tribune, 26 Nov.
http://www.irrawaddy.org/art 2010, available at
icle.php?art_id=21452.
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/27/world/
asia/27iht-myanmar.html.

19.  Livelihoods of local people
“There is no other place like our
village. we have enough to cook
and eat. We cannot access such a
place elsewhere.”

20.  Farmers > 59.3% ( 4,038 acres = 16.34 KM )
 Plantation > 26.9% ( 9,270 acres = 37.51 KM )
Main plants ►►cashew, areca, rubber
Other Plants►►Mango, coconut, tamarind,
durian, jack fruits, etc…
86% of workforce depends on their land
 Fishing > 2.4 %

21. Livelihoods of local people

25.  “the developer or investor shall bear the
expenses of transferring and paying
compensation…...
 Moreover, he shall carry out to fulfil
fundamental needs of persons who
transfer so as not to lower their original
standard.”

26.  ownership ( dama-ucha )
 No information provided
 Appraised compensation Vs Requested
amount
Plants Appraised Request ed (B) Requested (S)
Cashew 9,000 kyats 100,000 kyats 50,000 kyats
Rubber 15,000 kyats 300,000 kyats 100,000kyats
Areca 9,000 kyats 100,000 kyats 50,000 kyats
Durian 10,000 kyats 150,000 kyats 75,000 kyats
 One rubber plant earns up to 14,400 kyats per year

27.  No clear information provided
 Planned relocation area
 Negotiation process
 Approach to monk
 Forced to sign (Min Dat)
 123 acres of plantation


28. Facts about compensation for land and buildings
that will be relocated and the loss of long-term plants
houses house School Monast Office Clinic Cashew Rubber Areca Tamarin Durian Mango Coconut Jack Others Total
Village holds ary d
Htein 415 405 2 2 4216 1880 12369 493 28 2104 4704 909 1314 28017
Gyee
Ma Yin 136 135 1 1 2186 57 8798 407 40 972 3836 483 756 17535
Gyee
Pa Ra 321 314 1 1 1 3293 2779 4298 640 22 1543 3021 849 1389 17834
Dat
Mu Du 343 347 2 1 4971 6415 6820 852 22 1866 1677 822 1054 24499
Le 610 626 1 2 1 2366 5379 6039 563 114 1996 3472 993 1358 22280
Shaung
Nyaung 52 52 1 1 1516 128 163 104 22 46 1979
Bin Seik
All Total 1877 1879 8 8 1 1 18548 16510 38324 3083 226 8644 16814 4078 5917 112144

29.  550 Thai workers among 721 labors
 Myanmar Worker - 5500 Kyats
 Thai worker – 400 Bhats
“ Myanmar have no law to set minimum
labor salary for citizens. We Thai have it.”
ITD supervisor

30.  23.6 acre > Kyats (497) lakhs
 20,000 acres can be sold for (3,200)
Lakhs
Acres Time Amount
61775 60 years 30 B kyats
1 60 years 485,633
1 1 Year 8093
1 1 month 675

31. “I have no idea of how we will
survive if our lands were gone.
We have been working on these
lands for generations.
I prayed a big project would not
come true. ”
A farmer from Nabule

32. Since 2008
 Before DDA in Dawei

33. We do not inherit the earth from our ancestors.
We borrow it from our children.

36.  Toimprove Social, Economic, and
Environmental sectors
 Implementing and focus in 4 townships
 DDA Structure
› Coordination body (Yangon)
› Management Committee & members
(Dawei)
› Implementing Body (Dawei)

37.  Press conference on 15-12-2011

38.  Ministry of Energy (2) announced to the
press on 9th January, 2012 that the
proposed 4,000 megawatt coal-fired
power plant which is part of the Dawei
Special Economic Zone (DSEZ) is
cancelled. But the feasibility of building
400 megawatt coal-fired plant is being
considered for initial stage.
Source: Weekly Eleven, Voice

41. Lessons from Mab Ta Phut, Rayong

42. Facts about Rayong
• Once known for its agricultural and
fishery produces & products, and
coastal tourism
Gross Provincial Product 1981 (at constant price 1988):
million Baht
Agriculture
Trade and services
Industry and mining

43. • Implementation of Eastern
Seaboard (ESB) Development
Program since 1982 aimed at
regional development for national
benefits
• ESB was pushed by several
National Economic and Social
Development Plans
• Mab Ta Phut Industrial Estates
comprise of five major estates;
the main industries are oil
refineries, gas
separation, petrochemical, meta
l, and power plants

44. The largest industrial estate
in Thailand and the fifth largest
in the World
Total area of the 5 Industrial Estates
16,891 rai
RIL IE
Asia IE
Hemaraj IE
Mab Ta Phut IE
Pa Daeng IE
44

45. Map Ta Phut and the nearby area are located with
109 large factories and many other facilities, including
3 industrial deep seaports, 3 oil refining plants
5 upstream petrochemical plants
40 intermediate and downstream petrochemical plants
29 chemical plants, 1 chemical fertilizer plant
10 gas production plants
12 iron&steel and other metal plants
4 petroleum tank farms, 2 secure landfills
3 coal power plants, several gas power plants.

47. 1988 1991
2003

48. Mab Ta Phut Town Plans
199
1
1988
Expansion of 200
industrial area 3
into

50. The example of Asia Industrial Estate 26

51. August
009
February
2010

52. where houses are buffer

54. 297 Stacks
109 Factories

55. The worst foul smell incident occurred in 1997 which
caused hundreds of students and teachers from the Map
Ta Phut Phanpittayakarn Secondary School fallen sick
and brought to the hospital nearby. At present the School
was moved to the new place which was five km. away
from the MTP IE.
Photo by Bangkok Post

57. Emissions
Standards were set for 9 VOCs in 2008
but up to present
3 VOCs still highly exceed the standards
Explosions
Leakage

58.  The law enforces EIA of each project
 But no cumulative impact analysis
 Decision of the National Environment
Board in 1998 on „Carrying Capacity‟
 The Study on the Carrying Capacity of
So2, NOx, PM10 of the Mab Ta Phut area
 If the carrying capacity is full, no more EIA
will be approved until the problems are
solved.

59. Politics of Pollution
 The study actually started in 2001
 Not finalize yet (even until the present!
2011)
 And the National Environment Board
made decision in Jan. 2007 to extend the
study for one more year!
 Many EIAs (around 100 projects) have
been approved during the study period.

60. Contamination of heavy metals in well water
and VOCs in ground water

61. Empirical evidence: sea water contaminated
with mercury and heavy metals

62. “Sanitary” landfill by EIA ??

63. Hazardous Waste Dumping
In the Vicinity of Map Ta Phut Area
Photo by EPN

64. Hazardous Waste Dumping Photo by EPN
In the Vicinity of Map Ta Phut Area

65. Land
reclamation
on the
shore:
location for
power
plants, sea
port, etc.

66. Collapsed house & Eroded shore…

67. After reparation
Severe coastal erosion
caused by land
reclamation and deep
seaport of the MTP IE,
Rayong province
Photo by CAIN, 2002

68.  How many years to identify as pollution?
 How many years to accept as problem?
 How many years to enforce and control?
 How many years to finally solve the
problem?

70. But wait!!
Are Rayong people
richer or happier??

71. Indicators Rayon Nakho Country
g n Average
Patho
m
GPP per capita in 2004 691,0 121,38 101,304
Baht/head/year 93 1
Income per household 21,08 20,478 14,778
Baht/month 3
Proportion of people with 5.60 2.36 11.25
poverty per cent
Unemployment rate per cent 1.8 0.5 1.3
Rate of new HIV/AIDS patients 15.8 0.6 3.3
per 100,000 people
Rate of households affected by 8.2 4.2 4.7

73. Out-patients Respiratory diseases
1984-2004 700
people
per
1,000!!
Per one thousand people
Rayong
National
Central
Region
1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004
Year
Year

74.  All sites Cancer and Leukemia incidence rates in
Muang District, where Mab Ta Phut is, are the
highest compared to other districts and are 3 times
and 5 times higher than the districts with lowest
rates respectively.
All sites cancer 3 times higher!!
District
Muang
Klang
Ban Khai
Pluakdaeng
BanChang
Wangchan
Khao Chamao
Nikompattana

75. Leukemia 5 times higher!!
District
Muang
Klang
Ban Khai
Pluakdaeng
BanChang
Wangchan
Khao Chamao
Nikompattana
Source: Thailand Cancer Epidemiological Study, 1997-2001,
National Cancer Institute

77. The Unbalanced Growth: One-Legged Economy
Gross Provincial Product 2006 (at constant price 1988):
Gross Provincial Product 1981 (at constant price million Baht
1988):
million Baht
Agriculture
Trade and services
Agriculture
Trade and services
Industry and mining
Industry and mining
1981 2006

78. Agriculture: not
death, but no growth
ผลิตภัณฑ์มวลรวมจังหวัดระยองด้านการเพาะปลูและประมง ณ ราคาคงที่ปี 2531
฿4,500
฿4,000
฿3,500
฿3,000
฿2,500
ล้านบาท
เพาะปลูกพืช
ประมง
฿2,000
฿1,500
฿1,000
฿500
฿0
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
ปี

79. Import content
Oil Refinery industry
Chemical industry
Electronic industry
Steel industry
Plastic industry
Wood and furniture
industry
Rubber industry

80. Employment proportion perหนึmillion Baht investment in Rayong
อัตราการจ้างงานต่อเงินลงทุน 1 งล้านบาทในจังหวัดระยอง
่
เครืGarment
องแต่งกาย
่
เฟอร์นิ เจอร์และเครืองเรือน
่
Furniture
Beverage
เครืองดื่ม
่
Food
อาหาร
Leather
เครืองหนั ง
่
Printing
สิ่งพิมพ์
Woods and wooden
อุตสาหกรรมไม้และผลิตภัณฑ์
products
อุตสาหกรรมเกษตร
Agricultural industry
ยาง
Rubber
Plastic
In petrochemical industry
พลาสติก
Electricity
ไฟฟ้า
every 67 million Baht,
Metal products
ผลิตภัณฑ์โลหะ
Textile
1 person will be employed.
สิ่งทอ
Machinery
เครืองจักรกล
่
Transportation
In leather industry, every 67
ขนส่ ง
Pulp and paper million Baht, 134 persons
กระดาษและผลิตภัณฑ์
Non-metals
อโลหะ
Others
will be employed.
อืนๆ
่
Metals
โลหะ
Chemicals
Petrochemicals
เคมี
ปิโตรเคมีและผลิตภัณฑ์
0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0

81. Increase productivity
and sustainable
agricultural
development
Agro-industry, not
petroleum and
petrochemical

82. What can be happened to Dawei if...
we have the biggest petrochemical
industrial complex

83.  Information on impacts in this
presentation is not final figures of
Dawei Development Projects, but
calculate based on information
from literature review and
Environmental Impact Assessment
(EIA) reports of the same kind of
project in Mab Ta Phut, Rayong
province, Thailand.
 So the information in these slides

84. Gross ProvincialมProduct of หวัดระยอง ณat constant price 1988
ผลิตภัณฑ์ วลรวมภายในจัง Rayong ราคาคงที่ ปี พ.ศ. 2531
฿250,000
# 1 in
Thailand
฿200,000
฿150,000
Million Baht
ล้านบาท การค้าและบริการ
Trade & service
อุตสาหกรรมและเหมืองแร่
Industry & Mining
฿100,000 เกษตร
Agriculture
฿50,000
฿0
2524 2526 2528 2530 2532 2534 2536 2538 2540 2542 2544 2546 2548
ปี
A.D.1981 Year A.D.2005

87.  CO2 emission around
30 million tons
CO2/year
 SO2 emission around
118,000 tons/year
 NOx emission around
119,000 tons/year
 TSP emission around
10,300 tons/year
 Release of Mercury to
Reference : own calculation

88. http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,
Impacts to trees
from ground-level
Ozone
: Natural Environmental Research Concil, Newcastle
University http://www.ncl.ac.uk/gane/page8.htm

89.  Burn coal about
11.4 million
tons/year
 Transport by very
large ship 10-16
ships/month
 Fly ash around
1,150,000
Reference : calculation based on E/HIA Gheco-One project in Mab Ta Phut, Thailand

90. Use sea water 20.6
million cubic
meter/day
(6,700 million cubic
meter/year)
And continuously
discharge
thecalculation basedamount to in Mab Ta Phut, Thailand
Reference :
same on E/HIA Gheco-One project

92. Amount of Organic Chemical Used by Petrochemical Industries
Organic Chemicals Amount (Tons/year)
Ethylene 1,386,000
Propylene 617,000
Vinyl Chloride (VCM) 610,000
Styrene 450,000
Xylenes 366,000
Benzene 300,000
Ethylene Dichloride (EDC)* 250,000
Butadiene 140,000
MTBE 55,000
Toluene 52,000
Butene-1 35,000
Hexane 2,000,000 ( / )
Ref.: Mab Ta Phut industrial group, Sustainable
Development Report 2003-2004

93. VOCs Carcino Other health impacts
gen*
Benzene Group Impact on hemogobin,
central nervous system
Vinylethylene Group Impact on nervous system
2A , stomach , more risk for
Leukemia
Ethylene Group More risk on cancer
Dichloride 2B
1,1 – Group Impact on lever, kidney,
Dichloroethy and fetus
*IARC: International Agency for Research on Cancer
lene
Group Carcinogenic to humans
Group A Probably carcinogenic to humans
Group 2B
Group Impact on lever, nervous
(Possibly carcinogenic to humans)
system

94. Evidence from some examples
Potential impacts – the Produce Produc
VOCs = 246.75
kg/year
Air pollution (Vent
gas) = 268 tons/year
Water use 34.6
million m3/y
Hazardous Wastewater
waste m3/year
300 tons/year

95. Evidence from some examples
Potential impacts - Ethylbenzene
Styrene Monomer Project 30
VOCs =
tons/y
SO2 = 400
tons/y
NOx = 192
tons/y
TSP = 77
tons/y
Wastewater
,700 m3/y
Hazardous
Water use
waste
9 000 m3/y
213 tons/year

96. • Important source of pollution
• But not open information on
the substances sending to Flare
• Also, no law to control and
reduce as well as no
monitoring system on Flare
http://airfresh-
society.blogspot.com/2010_02_01_ar
http://www.oknation.net/blog/payont/2009/12/13

97. Chemical accidents and disasters
• Statistic of
chemical
accidents in
Rayong between
1999-2008
• More
information
shows that
during Jan. –

98. Potential impacts Unit Coefficient
1) Air pollution
- SO2 ton/Km2/day 6.25
- NO2 ton/Km2/day 5
- PM ton/Km2/day 1.25
2) Carbondioxide ton CO2 6.25
absorption /Km2/yr
3) Oxygen emission ton O2 4.37
/Km2/yr
4) Waste
- Municipal solid waste ton/Km2/day 1.43
- Industrial waste ton/Km2/day 10.69
- Hazardous waste ton/Km2/day 0.64
5) Water consumption m3/Km2/day 30,000
6) Wastewater discharge m3/Km2/day 7,500
7) BOD loading kg/Km2/day 41.25
Source: Healthy Public Policy Foundation, 2011

99. These are what can be happened if
you
live nearby 194 km2 –Industrial zone
Zone Area(km2)
1) Port & heavy industry 20
2) Petrochemical complex 10
3) Upstream petrochemical 34
complex
4) Downstream petrochemical 31.1
complex
5) Medium industry 59.8
6) Light industry 38.8
* excluding township area 20 km2
Total 193.7*
Source: ITD

100. SO2>> 1,213 ton/day (442,563 ton/yr)
NO2>> 970 ton/day (354,050 ton/yr)
PM >> 243 ton/day (88,513 ton/yr)
Air
pollution

101. Global
warming
CO2 absorption>> 1,213 ton/yr
O2 emission>> 848 ton/yr

102. Big mountain of
Waste
Municipal solid waste >> 277 ton/day
(101,258
ton/yr)
Industrial waste >> 2,074 ton/day
(756,959 ton/yr)
Hazardous waste >> 124 ton/day
(45,318 ton/yr)

103. Big problem of Water
Water consumption : 5,820,000 m3/day
Wastewater discharge : 1,455,000m3/day
BOD loading: 8,003 kg/day

104. Can you imagine about your children’s
future if they have to live with
the 194 km2 Industrial zone???

105. Increasing of the new comer

106. Increasing of the new comer
No. of Population 2006 2009
in Map Ta Phut
Registered 41,884 47,348
Unregistered 78,040 106,101

107. New recreational area

108. New neighbor

109. New coast

110. New atmosphere of workplace

111. New….

112. Reservoir area; Ka Lone Ma Yin Gyi village
Htar village

115. has no study yet and no plan for maintaining

117. 6000 acres of mangrove only in deep sea port
area, no concern raised for this

118.  Deforestation – a lost trees are being cut
just for access roads
 No study on cumulative impact of
industries

119.  Food from marine, mangrove and forest
will be lost
 Developers don‟t consider for local
people‟s livelihood in reality
 Unsuitable job opportunity for local
people
 No chance for local business even for
sellers

120.  No exact information about project
 No clear information about compensation
 Not clear for relocation
 Unfair communication between villagers
and authority (investor)
 No transparency (pre project study, EIA, SIA
and HIA reports)
 People are living under rumors and anxiety