STIK

1. Introduction to Electric and
Electronics
Chapter 5

2. Contents
 Introduction
 Computer Circuit Basics
 Integrated Circuit
 An IC as a CPU
 Logic Gates

3. Learning Objectives
 At the end of this topic, students should
be able to:
 Define an IC
 Explain the stages of manufacturing a CPU
 Identify the types basic types of gates and
their symbols

4. Introduction

5. Introduction
 What is material?
 Elements, constituents, or substances of
which something is composed or can be made
 Structure of material
Material
Matter
Atoms

6. Introduction
 What is matter?
 Something that has mass which can exist
in the form of a solid, liquid, gas or plasma
 An atom is the smallest indivisible unit of
matter

9. Introduction
 Atom
 All matter is made up of atoms, and atoms are
made up of smaller particles.
 The three main particles making up an atom
are the proton, the neutron and the
electron.
 Electrons contain a negative charge, protons
a positive charge. Neutrons are neutral; they
have neither a positive nor a negative charge.

10. Introduction
 Atoms
 The number of electrons usually needs to
be the same as the number of protons.
 If the numbers are the same, the atom is
called balanced, and it is very stable.

11. Computer Circuit Basics

12.  Material can be divided into 3 types:
 Insulator
 Conductors
 Semi-conductors
Computer Circuit Basics

13.  Insulator
 Material that does not conduct electricity, such as glass,
ceramics or rubber.
 Conductor
 A material that allows an electric current to pass through
it such as metals.
 Semi-conductor
 A material that is neither a good conductor of electricity
nor a good insulator.
 A material whose electrical resistance can be switched
between insulating and conducting such as silicon.
Computer Circuit Basics

14.  Insulator
 The electrons are tightly bound to the
nucleus and do not move as freely
 Conductor
 The electrons in conductors can move
around somewhat freely
 Semi-Conductor
 Only a few electrons that can freely move
around
Computer Circuit Basics

15.  Circuit
 Electrons with a negative charge are
unable to move through the air to a
positively charged atom.
 They have to wait until there is a link or
bridge between the negative area and the
positive area.
 We usually call this bridge a "circuit."
Computer Circuit Basics

16.  Circuit
 When a bridge is created, the electrons
begin moving quickly.
 Depending on the resistance of the
material making up the bridge, they try to
get across as fast as they can.
 We can limit the number of electrons
crossing over the "circuit," by letting only a
certain number through at a time.
Computer Circuit Basics

17.  Circuit
 The number of electrons permitted to flow on
the circuit at one time is called "current".
 Current is measured using amperes, or
"Amps".
 The amount of charge between the sides of
the circuit is called "voltage."
 It is measure in volt.
Computer Circuit Basics

19. Integrated Circuit

20. Integrated Circuit
 Integrated Circuit
 An integrated circuit (IC) is a thin chip
consisting of at least two interconnected
semiconductor devices, mainly transistors,
as well as passive components like
resistors.

24. An IC as a CPU

25. Transistors
Semi-conductor Materials
Gates
Digital Circuit
IC
Microprocessor
An IC as a CPU

26. An IC as a CPU
 What are transistors?
 Transistors are tiny electrical devices that controls
current flow
 There are two types of standard transistors, NPN
and PNP

The leads are labeled base (B), collector (C) and
emitter (E).

27.  What are gates?
 Also known as logic gates.
 All gates are composed of at least one
transistor, so a modern CPU consists of
millions of logic gates.
 These are the components of electronic
devices that perform the Boolean process,
such as AND, OR and NOT.
An IC as a CPU

28. An IC as a CPU
 What is digital circuit?
 It is an electric circuits based on a number
of discrete voltage levels.
 In most cases there are two voltage levels:
one near to zero volts and one at a higher
level depending on the supply voltage in
use.
 These two levels are often represented as
L and H.

29. An IC as a CPU
 IC as a CPU
IC No. of gates Speed Use
Small Scale IC (SSI) 1-10 40K/s IBM 360
Medium Scale IC (MSI) 10-100 200K/s IBM370
Large Scale IC (LSI) 100-100K 1M/s Intel 4004
Very LSI (VLSI) 100K-1M 10M/s Intel 386
Ultra LSI (ULSI) >1M 100M/s Pentium
Categories of Integrated Circuit (IC) used as CPU

30. Logic Gates

31. Logic Gates
 The basic building blocks of computer
processing circuits are electronic gates
(composed of one or more electrical
switches).
 Basic processing functions of gates on
binary digits are performed with the
logical functions AND, OR, Exclusive
OR (XOR), and NOT.

32. Logic Gates
 Gates are sometimes called logic gates.
 Each gate has one or more digital inputs
(signals representing 0 and 1) and computes
as output.
 Typically, a signal between 0~1 Volt
represents one value (binary 0) and a signal
between 2~5 Volts represents the other
value (binary 1).
 The 1-bit memories can be combined in
groups of 16, 32 or 64 to form registers.

33. Logic Gates
Symbol Operator
+
.
’ or
OR
AND
NOT
XOR
Symbol And Operator for Basic Gates

34. Logic Gates
Formula Meaning
A + B = C
A . B = C
A’ = B = A
A B = C
A OR B producing C
A AND B producing C
NOT A producing B
A XOR B producing C
Formula And Meaning for Basic Gates

35. Logic Gates
AND NAND
NOT OR
NOR XOR
Special Symbol Representing Operators

36. End of Part I