1. Summary of Thomas Friedman’s The World Is Flat
In The World Is Flat, Thomas L. Friedman discusses events and technologies that are
“flattening” the world and increasing globalization. Friedman feels the world is highly
interconnected without regard to hierarchy, distance, organizational size, individual
status, culture, or language. He describes ten "flatteners" that are reshaping the world.
Flattener 1 – Fall of the Berlin Wall
The end of the Cold War broke down barriers between people. To catch your attention he
identifies this flattener with 9/11. November 9, 1989 is when the Berlin Wall fell. He
contrasts it with 9/11 which is journalistically neat but not terribly pertinent.
But Friedman doesn't stop with a political-historical event. About the same time (the
1980s), Apple and Microsoft were making personal computers available to the world. Not
only did the Berlin wall fall but Microsoft Windows opened [cute]. Part of flattener #1 is
the personal computer, the ability of individuals to put their thoughts in digital form.
Flattener 2 – The Internet
On August 9, 1995 Netscape went public with first internet browser available to the
public at large. Now people could access information from all over the world.
Flattener 3 - Workflow software
Many software developments, standards, and protocols enable computers and other
digital devices to interact over the internet so that work and other projects can be done by
people any where in the world.
Friedman notes that with the first three flatteners a collaboration platform is emerging for
people to share digital content inexpensively all over the world. In the mid to late 1990s
the world changed. The remaining flatteners expand on this opportunity for collaboration,
"steadily flattening the world even more."
Flattener 4 - Uploading
Uploading is Friedman's word for people creating content and contributing to the
Internet. This document is an example. Perhaps the most significant is the development
of open source software. Hierarchy and organization are not required; quality content and
work product can come from anywhere.
Flattener 5 – Outsourcing
Friedman recounts the story of Jack Welch at GE forcing his IT people to contract out
some of their work to Indian vendors, starting a tidal wave of change.
Flattener 6 - Offshoring
With instant and virtually cost free global transmission of data and communication,
companies can place each business department responsible for one part of the value chain
in the most productive geographic location.

2. Flattener 7 - Supply-Chaining
The rapid, accurate global movement of components and finished goods is now possible
on an unimaginable scale. Freidman describes a Wal-Mart distribution center as an
example.
Flattener 8 - Insourcing
If a company has an extraordinary skill, it may market that skill as a service even though
the company appears to be getting into something totally unrelated to their basic business.
Freidman used UPS as an example. UPS, the package delivery company, has a major
hub at Louisville Airport. Toshiba’s turn around time on the repair of laptop computers
was too long and affecting customer satisfaction. They turned to UPS to operate the
repair shop in Louisville. Computers are returned to the customer in 3 days. UPS is also
managing Papa John's pizza delivery as well as their supply logistics. UPS is good at
scheduling, delivering and keeping track of items. UPS sells that skill as a service.
Flattener 9 - In-Forming
Friedman describes this as "the individual's personal analog to uploading, outsourcing,
insourcing, supply-chaining and offshoring... the ability to build and deploy your own
personal supply chain - a supply chain of information, knowledge and entertainment."
Flattener 10 - Steroids
All sorts of things are happening to magnify the previous nine flatteners. Examples are
the continued effects of Moore's Law, wi-fi, instant messaging, file sharing, P2P, VoIP,
videoconferencing...
Next he talks about "the triple convergence" which brings home how these ten flatteners
are changing and will change the world.
His first point is the sum is more than the parts. Each development has value in itself but
it is much more valuable when combined with the others. A PC is great, but coupled with
the internet the possibilities expand tremendously. The ten flatteners taken together
constitute a quantum leap and "created a whole new platform. It is a global Web-enabled
platform for multiple forms of collaboration".
The second convergence addresses the fact that the world today looks much the same as
the world yesterday. With any major technological advance there is a lag between
invention and major impact because organizations, processes, and facilities have to be
redesigned around the new capability. Friedman gives various examples starting with
light bulbs and electric motors. Each changed society but there was a lag.
The third convergence is globalization. He speaks of "new players, on a new playing
field, developing new processes and habits for horizontal collaboration - that I believe is
the most potent force... The scale of the global community that is soon going to be able to
participate in all sorts of discovery and innovation is something the world has simply
never seen before." He sites many examples of international developments.

3. Related Subject Matter
In the 1990s there were a number of books attempting to predict the shape of the post-
Cold War world. Paul M. Kennedy wrote The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers
expressing the US was a superpower but like many superpowers before, it will lose its
position due to financial and geographic over extension, internal weariness, coalescing
opposition, and changing circumstances.
In The End of History and the Last Man, Francis Fukuyama proclaimed that free markets
and liberal democracy had triumphed and many nations would model themselves on
those principles
Samuel P. Huntington (The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of the World Order)
talked of major, multi-national cultural groups competing with one another, e.g. Islam
versus liberal, democratic western nations.
Friedman's The Lexus and the Olive Tree describes the power and force for change of the
developing global economy. It also describes the deep rooted emotional reaction and
opposition to change.