17. Genetic alterations
• Low grade papillary, non inavsive gain of function
mutation in FGFR3
• Activating mutation
in HRAS oncogene
(frequently seen)
• Chromosome 9
deletions
• High grade loss of function mutation in TP53 & RB
tumor suppressor genes
18. Molecular
genetics
Loss of heterozygosity of chromosome 9
Loss of heterozygosity of 3p, 5q and 17p – invasive tumors
Other markers – loss of heterozygosity in chromosomes 4,8 and 11
Overexpression of p53- correlates with prognosis
Associated high levels of MDM2
C-erbB-2 increased expression as grade of tumor increases
Overexpression of bcl-2- inversely correlated with tumor stage
Cyclin D1- corelats with tumor grade & stage
Genes- FHIT (tumor suppresssor gene at 3p14.2) & INK4A (chromosome 9p21)
19. Biopsy
Ideally- include underlying muscle
In addition to main tumor- three other
sites (one lateral to each ureteral orifice
& upper posterior wall) biopsies
separately submitted- recommended
Biopsy report
Grade
Configuration
Depth of penetration
Presence of muscle
Lymphatic invasion
Blood vessel invasion
Changes in adjacent
mucosa if present
35. Denuding
cystitis
• Cystoscopic appearance
• Tumor cells of CIS spread along
basement membrane & lift up
normal transitional cells- pagetoid
growth pattern
• Cause of false negative biopsies
• Repeat biopsies, if high clinical
suspicion.
36. IHC – in situ vs reactive atypia
Panel: CK20, cadherin, p53, CD44
CK20, cadherin, p53 +ve in CIS
CD44 +ve in invasive
49. Squamous cell carcinoma
• More in schistosomiasis
endemic areas
• Mixed urothelial with areas
of SCC more frequent
• Most are invasive, fungating
or infiltrative & ulcerative
84. TREATMENT
• Grade I & II
• Without muscle invasion
• Initially transurethral resection
• Sometimes supplemented with intravesical chemotherapy or radiation
therapy (if multiple/recurrent)
• Intravesical BCG immune therapy also given
90. Take home
message
Bladder is simple, lets not complicate it.!!
• Epithelial
• Urothelial
• adenoCarcinoma
• squamous
• Mesenchymal
• Leiomyosarcoma
• Rhabdomyosarcoma
• IHC always helps- CK7,CK20, HMWCK, Uroplakin,
thrombomodulin
Bladder tumors
91. References
Surgical pathology book by Ackerman
Dabb’s immunohistochemistry book
Robbins & cotran pathology book
From archives of AFIP: Neoplasms of the urinary
bladder:radiologic-pathologic correlation: Fade F.
Wong-You-Chong et al
Google
Editor's Notes
In females-bladder rests on uterus,vagina
In males it is in contact with prostate and colon
Lateral wall- urothelial
Base- adenocarcinoma
Trigone area – squamous, it can also be in lateral wall
Bladder neck – carcinoid tumors
Transitional= cause can change shape from cuboidal to flattened
Layer of cell- superficial- umbrella like, intermediate- cuboidal and basal layer
Bladder neoplasms can arise from any layer- epithelial or non epithelial=submucosal layer
Exstrophy= adenoCa of bladder ,
Diverticula = urothelial Ca,
Hunner’s cystitis seen in females, very common condition- lower perineal pain, urinary frequency
Malakoplakia- seen at trigone area as multiple nodules, seen mostly in immunocompromised pts
Cystoscopy appearance = frond like- can confuse with papillary
Here there is focal proliferation of basal cells which form buds then nodules which are called von brunn nests or islands, central cystic area with accumulation of mucin
CK 7 positivity
Can confuse with clear cell carcinoma of baldder- hob nail pattern in both, put ki 67- high index in Ca
IHC can help- put Pax 2 & pax 8 markers if from kidney
Chemical like beta napthylamines, drugs like phenacetin, cyclophosphamide
Smoking cigarettes not pipes or cigars
Variety of markers are being tried on urine – bladder tumor antigen, FDPs, telomerase, nuclear matrix protein 22
Chromosomal 9 abnormality study
Exophytic benign growth- benign epithlium
If confuse with URCa – put Ki 67, p53, CK20 all positive in Cancer
New addition to WHO
Low grade small solitary neoplasm, that neither invades nor metastasizes
Distinction from low grade can be difficult & subjeective
sEen in lamina propria,May be confused with brunn nest of cystitis glandularis and underdiagnosed
This tumor has aggressive behaviour
Resembles ovarian serous papillary Ca, but it has aggressive clinical course
Occur in chronic bladder infection & irritation. Also called bilharzial bladder carcinoma
More at trigone areas & lateral walls & in bladder diverticula
Cytoscopy- large ulcerated infiltrating mass
Primary – urachal or non urachal
Secondary (metastases)
Primary Adenocarcinoma- favors base of bladder or urachal regiom- lies in midline of dome of bladder
Easily identified on USG- soft tissue mass with heterogenous areas & calcified
<0.5% prevalence
most common in lateral bladder wall, central necrosis & cystic changes
Sheets of small cells with round hyperchromatic nuclei,sparse cytoplasm & mitoses & necrosis
Pts present with hematuria & obstruction
Can behave aggressively
Arise from primitive muscle cells, can occue anywhere in body except bone
Around age 10 years
May be assoc wd congen anomalies like neurofibromatosis, nephroblastomas, etc
Diffusely infiltrating lesion
Gelatinous
Majority –embryonal type some alveolar type
Malignant spindle cells with myxoid edematous stroma
Highly cellular zobe- cambium layer beneath urothelium is seen
GCDFP=gross cystic disease fluid protein
Lets wait for urine cytology to help diagnose bladder tumors early