role of who and other public health organisations

1. Good Morning

2. ROLE OF WHO & HEALTH
ORGANIZATIONS IN HEALTH
CARE OF THE COMMUNITY
Seminar-8
By
Dr.M.S.Bala Vidyadhar
Dt: 05-11-2015

3. Contents
• Introduction
• Brief History
• Pre-WHO Bodies
• WHO- In Detail
• WHO Oral Health Programs, Strategies & Database
• Other UN Agencies
• Bilateral Agencies
• Non-governmental & Other Agencies
• Conclusion
• References
• Previous Year Questions

4. Introduction
• "Nothing on earth is more international than disease“,
- Paul Russel.
• Health and disease have no political or geographical boundaries.
• Disease in any part of the world is a constant threat to other parts.
• In order to protect against the spread of disease from one country
to another, many attempts were made in the past by individual
rulers and States to place barriers against infection by detection and
isolation of incoming travellers

5. History
• History is replete with examples of the spread of pestilences -
particularly of plague and cholera, along trade routes.
• In the 14th century, a procedure known as "Quarantine" was
introduced in Europe to protect against the importation of plague.
• Ships, crews, travellers and cargoes, suspected of harbouring
infection, were detained for a 40-day period.
• The underlying idea was that the passage of time would give
dormant disease to manifest itself or die out.
• Quarantine soon became an established practice in many countries.
• This was the origin of international health work.

6. Pre- WHO Health Bodies

7. International Sanitary
Conference (1851)
• The origin of international health cooperation dates back to 1851,
when an international sanitary conference - the first of its kind - was
convened in Paris.
• The objective of this Conference was very limited i.e., to introduce
some order and uniformity into quarantine measures which varied
from country to country.
• The conference lasted six months with no lasting results. Some
members opposed quarantine, and some took an intermediate
position.

8. International Sanitary Conference (1851)
• Despite the many difficulties involved, an international sanitary code was
prepared, comprising 137 articles dealing with cholera, plague and yellow
fever.
• But, the sanitary code never came into force as it was ratified by only three
countries - France, Portugal and Sardinia withdrew in 1865.
• Thus the conference was generally regarded as having ended in failure.
• The 1851 conference was followed in rapid succession by further
conferences - no less than 10 conferences took place between 1851 and
1902, but they were equally unable to reach an agreement on quarantine
measures

9. Pan American Sanitary Bureau(1902)
• The next important milestone in international health work was the
establishment of Pan American Sanitary Bureau (PASB) in 1902 in
the Americas.
• It was primarily intended to coordinate quarantine procedures in the
American States.
• In 1924 an important document was signed by the American
Republic namely "The Pan American Sanitary Code" which is still
in force between the States.

10. Pan American Sanitary Bureau(1902)
• In 1947, the Bureau was reorganized and the organization was called
the Pan American Sanitary Organization (PASO).
• In 1949, an agreement was reached whereby the PASO would serve
as the WHO Regional Office for the Americas.
• In 1958, the name was changed to Pan American Health
Organization (PAHO).
• Over the years, PAHO has grown from a small information centre to
a major health agency with its headquarters in Washington, D.C.
• The Pan American Sanitary Bureau was the World's First
International Health Agency.

11. Office International D'Hygiene Publique (1907)
• In 1907, the "Office International d'Hygiene Publique" (OIHP),
generally known as the "Paris Office" was created to disseminate
information on communicable diseases and to supervise international
quarantine measures.
• At its inception, the OIHP was predominantly European, but later on a
considerable degree of cooperation grew up between OIHP and PASB.
• Sixty other countries, including British India, joined the OIHP, giving
the Office an international character.
• The OIHP continued to exist until 1950, by which time its
responsibilities had been taken over by the WHO.

12. The Health Organization of the League of
Nations (1923)
• After the first World War (1914-18), the League of Nations was
established to build a better world. It included a 'Health
Organization' to "take steps in matters of international concern for
the prevention and control of disease".
• The Health Organization of the League branched out into such
matters as nutrition, housing and rural hygiene, the training of
public health workers and the standardization of certain biological
preparations.

13. The Health Organization of the League of
Nations (1923)
• In 1939, the League of Nations was dissolved but its Health
Organization in Geneva continued to deal as best it could with
requests for information and the publication of the Weekly
Epidemiological Records was never suspended.

14. The United Nations Relief
and Rehabilitation
Administration (1943)
• The United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA)
was set up in 1943 with the general purpose of organizing recovery from
the effects of the Second World War.
• The UNRRA had a health division to care for the health of the millions of
displaced persons, to restore and help services and to revive the machinery
for international interchange of information on epidemic diseases.
• UNRRA did outstanding work of preventing the spread of typhus and other
diseases, so that they never reached serious epidemic levels anywhere.

15. The United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation
Administration (1943)
• Similarly, UNRRA'S assistance to malaria control in such countries
as Greece and Italy, where war had disrupted peace-time anti-
malaria services, was on an immense scale.
• The world renowned campaign for the eradication of malaria from
Sardinia was begun as a joint effort of UNRRA, the Rockefeller
Foundation and the Italian Government.
• At the end of 1946, UNRRA terminated its official existence and its
health activities and financial assets were taken over by the Interim
Commission on the WHO.

16. WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION

17. WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION
• The World Health Organization is a specialized, non-political,
health agency of the United Nations, with headquarters at Geneva.
• In 1946, the Constitution was drafted by the "Technical
Preparatory Committee" under the chairmanship of Rene Sand, and
was approved in the same year by an International Health
Conference of 51 nations in New York.
• The constitution came into force on 7th April, 1948 which is
celebrated every year as "World Health Day".

18. Objectives
• The objective of the WHO is "The Attainment By All People's Of
The Highest Level Of Health" which is set out in the preamble of
the Constitution.
• The current objective of WHO is the attainment by all people of the
world a level of health that will permit them to lead a socially and
economically productive life - also known as Health for All.
• The WHO is unique among the UN Specialized Agencies in that it
has its own constitution, own governing bodies, own membership
and own budget.
• It is part of but not subordinate to the United Nations.

19. WHO (Contd.)
• In recent years, two major policy developments have influenced
the WHO.
• First, the Alma-Ata Conference in 1978 on primary health care
which provided both WHO and UNICEF with a common charter
for health, and secondly, the Global Strategy for Health for All.
• Both WHO and UNICEF are striving towards the goal of HFA
through health system based on primary health care.
• The preamble of the Constitution of WHO states :

20. Preamble Of The Constitution Of WHO

21. Preamble Of The Constitution Of WHO(contd.)

22. Membership
• Membership in WHO is open to all countries.
• While most countries are members of both the UN and of WHO,
there are some differences. Eg: Switzerland is a Member of WHO
but not of the United Nations.
• Associate Members participate without vote in the deliberations of
the WHO.
• Each Member State contributes yearly to the budget and each is
entitled to the services and aid the organization can provide.
• In 1948, the WHO had 56 Members. By 1996 WHO had 190
Member States and two Associate Members.

23. Work of WHO
• WHO's first Constitutional function is to act as the directing and
coordinating authority on all international health work.
• This function permits WHO's Member States
 To identify collectively priority health problems throughout the
world,
 To define collectively health policies and targets to cope with them,
 To devise collectively strategies, principles and programmes to
give effect to these policies and to attain the targets.

24. 1.PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF
SPECIFIC DISEASES
• Almost all communicable diseases are or have been at sometime the
subject of WHO activities. The global eradication of smallpox is an
outstanding example of international health cooperation.
• With the same energy and commitment with which WHO eradicated
smallpox, it is now directing the global battle against AIDS.
• An important activity of WHO is epidemiological surveillance of
communicable diseases.

25. PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF SPECIFIC
DISEASES
• The WHO collects and disseminates epidemiological information
on diseases subject to International Health Regulations and
occasionally other communicable diseases of international
importance through an Automatic Telex Reply Service (ATRS) and
the "Weekly Epidemiological Record” (WER).
• Member States can also make use of the WHO Emergency Scheme
for Epidemics" whenever necessary.
• The aim of International Health Regulations is to ensure maximum
security against international spread of diseases with the minimum
interference with world traffic.

26. PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF SPECIFIC
DISEASES
• The WHO has also paid attention in its programme of work to non-
communicable disease problems such as cancer, cardiovascular
diseases, genetic disorders, mental disorders, drug addiction and
dental diseases.
• The activities of WHO have also branched out into the fields of
vector biology and control, immunology, quality control of drugs
and biological products, drug evaluation and monitoring and
health laboratory technology as these activities are relevant to the
control of both communicable and non-communicable diseases.

27. PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF SPECIFIC
DISEASES
• Immunization against common diseases of childhood
Expanded Programme on Immunization is now a priority
programme of the WHO.
• The 30th World Health Assembly adopted a resolution aimed
at ensuring immunization of all children by 1990

28. 2. DEVELOPMENT OF
COMPREHENSIVE HEALTH SERVICES
• WHO's most important single function is to promote and support
national health policy development and the development of
comprehensive national health programmes.
• This broad field of endeavour encompasses a wide variety of
activities such as organizing health systems based on primary
health care, the development of health manpower and utilization,
building of long-term national capability, particularly in the areas
of health infrastructure development, and managerial capabilities
(including monitoring and evaluation) and health services
research.

29. DEVELOPMENT OF COMPREHENSIVE HEALTH
SERVICES
• Appropriate Technology for Health (ATH) is another new
programme launched by the WHO to encourage self sufficiency in
solving health problems.
• The new programme is part of WHO's efforts to build up primary
health care.
• WHO‘s main activities in 1980 were towards promoting national,
regional and global strategies for the attainment of Health for All.

30. 3. FAMILY HEALTH
• Family health is one of the major programme activities of WHO since
1970, and is broadly subdivided into:
 Maternal and child health care,
 Human reproduction,
 Nutrition
 Health education.
• The chief concern is improvement of the quality of life of the family as
a unit.

31. 4. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH
• Promotion of environmental health has always been an important activity of
WHO. It advises governments on national programmes for the provision of
basic sanitary services.
• Recent activities are directed to protection of the quality of air, water and
food; health conditions of work, radiation protection and early identification
of new hazards originating from new technological developments.
• A number of programmes have been developed such as the 'WHO
Environmental Health Criteria Programme' and 'WHO Environmental
Health Monitoring Programme' towards improving environmental health.
• The WHO is committed to attain the target adopted by Habitat, the UN
Conference on Human Settlements, to have "Water for All by 1990"

32. 5. HEALTH STATISTICS
• From its earliest days in 1947, WHO has been concerned with the
dissemination of a wide variety of morbidity and mortality
statistics relating to health problems.
• The data is published in the
a) Weekly Epidemiological Record
b) World Health Statistics Quarterly
c) World Health Statistics Annual.

33. HEALTH STATISTICS (Contd.)
• In order that statistics from different countries may be comparable,
WHO publishes 'International Classification of Diseases' which is
updated every 10th year.
• The Tenth Revision of ICD came into effect from 1st January 1993.
• Assistance is also given to countries in the improvement of their
medical records, and in the planning and operating national health
information systems.

34. 6. BIO-MEDICAL RESEARCH
• The WHO does not itself do research, but stimulates and
coordinates research work.
• It has established a world-wide network of WHO collaborating
centres, besides awarding grants to research workers and research
institutions for promoting research.
• There are Regional Advisory Committees on health research which
define regional health research priorities and a Global Advisory
Committee, which in close collaboration with the regional
committee deals with policy issues of global import.

35. BIO-MEDICAL RESEARCH (Contd.)
• Six tropical diseases are the target of the WHO Special
Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases to
develop new tools, strengthen research institutions and training
workers in the countries affected.
1. Malaria
2. Schistosomiasis
3. Trypanosomiasis
4. Filariasis
5. Leishmaniasis
6. Leprosy

36. 7. HEALTH LITERATURE AND
INFORMATION
• WHO acts as a clearing house for information on health problems.
• Its publications comprise hundreds of titles on a wide variety of
health subjects.
• The WHO library is one of the satellite centres of the Medical
Literature Analysis and Retrieval System (MEDLARS) of the U.S.
National Library of Medicine.
• MEDLARS is the only fully computerised indexing system
covering the whole of medicine on an international basis.
• The WHO has also a public information service both at headquarters
and each of the six regional offices.

37. 8. COOPERATION WITH OTHER
ORGANIZATIONS
• WHO collaborates with the UN and with the other specialized
agencies, and maintains various degrees of working
relationships.
• Besides, WHO has also established relations with a number of
International Governmental Organizations.

38. Structure Of WHO
• The WHO consists of three principal organs :
1. World Health Assembly,
2. The Executive Board
3. The Secretariat.

39. World Health Assembly
• This is the "Health Parliament" of Nations and the supreme governing
body of the organization.
• It meets annually, usually in May, & in Geneva, but from time to time in
other countries. (The 14th World Health Assembly met in New Delhi in
1961).
• The Assembly is composed of delegates representing Member States, each
of which has one vote.
• The Health Assembly also appoints the Director General on the nomination
of the Executive Board. On the occasion of each Health Assembly,
"technical discussions" on some subjects of world interest are organised.

40. World Health Assembly
• The main functions of the Health Assembly are :
i. To determine international health policy and programmes
ii. To review the work of the past year
iii. To approve the budget needed for the following year and
iv. To elect Member States to designate a person to serve for
three years on the Executive Board, and to replace the
retiring members.

41. THE EXECUTIVE BOARD
• The Board had originally 18 members, each designated by a
Member State. Subsequently, the number was raised to 24 and 30.
• The Health Assembly (1976) increased the membership from 30 to
31, providing that no fewer than three are to be elected from each
of the WHO regions.
• The members of the Board are to be "technically qualified in the
field of health"; they are designated by, but do not represent their
governments.

42. THE EXECUTIVE BOARD
• One-third of the membership is renewed every year.
• The Executive Board meets at least twice a year, generally in
January and shortly after the meeting of the World Health
Assembly in May.
• The main work of the Board is to give effect to the decisions and
policies of the Assembly.
• The Board also has power to take action itself in an emergency,
such as epidemics, earthquakes and floods where immediate
action is needed.

43. THE SECRETARIAT
• The secretariat is headed by the Director General who is the chief
technical and administrative officer of the Organization.
• The primary function of the WHO secretariat is to provide Member
States with technical and managerial support for their national
health development programmes.
• At WHO headquarters in Geneva, there are 5 Assistant Director
Generals each of whom is responsible for the work of such
divisions as may from time to time be assigned to him by the
Director General.

44. THE SECRETARIAT
• On 31st December, 1985, the WHO Secretariat comprised of the
following divisions:

45. Regions
• The regional organizations are an integral part of the WHO and have
under the constitution an important part in implementing the policies
and programmes of the WHO.
• The regional office is headed by the Regional Director, who is
assisted by technical and administrative officers, and members of the
secretariat.
• There is a regional committee composed of representatives of the
Member States in the region.

46. The South East Asia Region
• Headquarters : New Delhi
• Total members : 11 (as of 2010)
Year of joining Member country SEARO Population (million)
1972 Bangladesh 148.69
1982 Bhutan 0.726
1948 India 1224.6
1950 Indonesia 239.8
1973 Korea (Dem.People's Rep.) 24.3
1965 Maldives Islands 0.316
1948 Myanmar 47.96
1953 Nepal 29.9
1948 Sri Lanka 20.86
1947 Thailand 69.12
2002 Timor-Letse 1.12

47. The South East Asia Region
• The WHO activities in South East Asia Region cover a wide range of
subjects:
• Malaria eradication,
• Tuberculosis control,
• Control of other communicable diseases,
• Health laboratory services
• Production of vaccines,
• Health statistics,
• Public health administration and rural health services,

48. The South East Asia Region
• Maternal and child health,
• Nursing,
• Environmental health and water supply,
• Health education,
• Nutrition,
• Mental health,
• Dental health,
• Medical rehabilitation,
• Quality control of drugs and medical education.

49. Recent research published by WHO
• 27 April 2015
Finding a faster and more effective way to test Ebola treatments
• A new paper published in PLOS Medicine finds that the use of a
multi-stage approach to experimental drug evaluation can reach a
conclusion on drug safety and effectiveness faster than with the
traditional randomized control trial (RCT).
• The results provide valuable evidence for the fast-tracking of trials
for the Ebola outbreak in western Africa.

50. Recent research published by WHO
• 14 April 2015 | Geneva -
• WHO issued a public statement calling for the disclosure of
results from clinical trials for medical products, whatever the
result.
• The move aims to ensure that decisions related to the safety
and efficacy of vaccines, drugs and medical devices for use by
populations are supported by the best available evidence.

51. Recent research published by WHO
• 17 March 2015 ¦ Geneva
• At the WHO-hosted Ministerial Conference on Global Action Against
Dementia the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Northern Ireland today announced that over US$ 100 million will be
invested in a pioneering new global Dementia Discovery Fund.
• Major pharmaceutical companies have committed in principle to
investing in promising research efforts for dementia through the project,
along with the nongovernmental organization Alzheimer’s Research UK
and the United Kingdom Government.
• The announcement was welcomed as the type of innovative mechanism
that could bring about a breakthrough in treatment.

52. WHO Oral Health Programme

53. WHO Oral Health Programme
• The threat of non-communicable diseases and the need to provide
urgent and effective public health responses led to the formulation
of a global strategy for prevention and control of these diseases,
endorsed in 2000 by the Fifty-third World Health Assembly
(resolution WHA 53.17).
• WHO's goals are to build healthy populations and communities
and to combat ill health.
• Four strategic directions provide the broad framework for
focusing WHO's technical work, which also have implications for
the Oral Health Programme.

54. WHO Oral Health Programme- Objectives
• Reducing oral disease burden and disability, especially in poor and
marginalized populations.
• Promoting healthy lifestyles and reducing risk factors to oral health
that arise from environmental, economic, social and behavioural
causes.
• Developing oral health systems that equitably improve oral health
outcomes, respond to people's legitimate demands, and are financially
fair.
• Framing policies in oral health, based on integration of oral health
into national and community health programmes, and promoting oral
health as an effective dimension for development policy of society.

55. Global Oral Health Database
• The global oral health database is currently being developed as part
of the WHO Global InfoBase and it provides for the outcome
evaluation of national and community oral health promotion and
disease prevention programmes.
• The data stimulate providers of oral health care in countries and
health authorities to implement preventive oral care programmes
by sharing experiences and ensures data for adjustment of ongoing
programmes.
• Oral health status of target population groups is monitored
worldwide and linked with selected chronic diseases and common
risk factors.

56. Objective:
• To ensure outcome driven oral health systems and programmes.
Future development:
• The future database will incorporate systematic information on risk
factors for oral health and link oral health to general health data. Oral
health systems data and self-care practices are to be included.
Collaboration
• Key persons in Member States are trained for data collection by the Oral
Health Unit;
• Calibration trials for epidemiological recording and advice on sampling
for national surveys take place based on the WHO Oral Health Surveys
Basic Methods manual.

57. Priority area info:
• The information system addresses oral diseases as part of the
NCD burdens and it incorporates data on oral manifestations
of HIV/AIDS and oral cancer.
Target audience
• The information is targeted towards oral health planners and
decision-makers at country level (Ministries of Health) and
the WHO Oral Health instruments are used in health systems
research worldwide.

58. Recent Oral Health Initiatives By WHO
• 2 April 2015 –
At the end of World Congress 2015, the Tokyo Declaration on
Dental care and oral health for healthy longevity was adopted to
call upon health policy-makers and professionals to significantly
reduce the global disease burden, promote greater equity, and
integrate oral health promotion into the NCD prevention and
control and development agenda.

59. Recent Oral Health Initiatives By WHO
• Spring 2016 –
The Global Oral Cancer Forum is an international assembly of
passionate professionals focused on building awareness of gaps
and innovations in prevention, patient care, technology, and
services across the oral cancer continuum by facilitating
partnerships that transcend cultural and economic diversity.

60. Other UN Agencies

61. UNICEF (United Nations International Children's
Emergency Fund)
• It was established in 1946 by the United Nations General Assembly to
deal with rehabilitation of children in war ravaged countries.
• In 1953, when the emergency functions were over, the General
Assembly gave it a new name "U.N. Children's Fund" but retained
the initials, UNICEF.
• UNICEF is governed by a thirty-nation Executive Board.
• The headquarters of the UNICEF is at United Nations, New York.

62. UNICEF: Content of services
a) Child health
b) Child nutrition
c) Family and child welfare
d) Education -formal and non-formal

63. UNICEF: Content of services
• Currently, UNICEF is promoting a campaign known as GOBI campaign
to encourage 4 strategies for a "Child Health Revolution“.
• G for Growth Charts to better monitor child development
• O for Oral Rehydration to treat all mild and moderate dehydration
• B for Breast feeding, and
• I for Immunization against measles, diphtheria, polio, pertussis, tetanus
and tuberculosis.
• As full partners in primary health care, UNICEF and WHO have been
developing joint strategies in support of its implementation at country
level.

64. UNICEF: Content of services
• In short, UNICEF activities cover programmes assisting in :
a) Child survival, protection and development;
b) Interventions like immunization, improved infant feeding practices;
c) Child growth monitoring, home based diarrhoea management, drinking
water,
d) Environmental sanitation,
e) Birth spacing,
f) Education of girls and income-generating activities for women.

65. UNDP(United Nations
Development Programme)
• It was established in 1966. It is the main source of funds for
technical assistance.
• The member countries - rich and poor - of the United Nations
meet annually and pledge contributions to the UNDP.
• The basic objective of the UNDP is to help poorer nations
develop their human and natural resources more fully.
• The UNDP projects cover virtually every economic and social
sector - agriculture, industry, education and science, health, social
welfare, etc.

66. UN Fund for Population
Activities
• The United Nations Fund for Population Activities (UNFPA) has been
providing assistance to India since 1974.
• The UNFPA inputs are designed to develop national capability for the
manufacture of contraceptives, to develop population education
programmes, to undertake organized sector projects, to strengthen
programme management as well as to improve output of grass-root
level health workers and introduction of innovative approaches to
family planning and M& C healthcare.

67. The Food and Agriculture
Organization (FAO)
• Was formed in 1945 with headquarters in Rome. It was the first
UNO specialized agency created to look after several areas of world
cooperation.
• The chief aims of FAO are :
1. To help nations raise living standards
2. To improve nutrition of the people of all countries
3. To increase the efficiency of farming, forestry and fisheries
4. To better the condition of rural people and, through all these means,
to widen the opportunity of all people for productive work.

68. The Food and Agriculture
Organization (FAO)
• The most important aspect of FAO's work is towards ensuring that the food
is consumed by the people who need it, in sufficient quantities and in right
proportions, to develop and maintain a better state of nutrition throughout
the world . In this context, the FAO has organized a world Freedom from
Hunger Campaign (FFHC) in 1960.
• The FAO is also collaborating with other international agencies in the
Applied Nutrition Programmes. The joint WHO/FAO expert committees
have provided the basis for many cooperative activities - nutritional
surveys, training courses, seminars and the coordination of research
programmes on brucellosis and other zoonoses

69. WORLD BANK
• World bank is a specialized agency of United Nations. It was established
with the purpose of helping less developed countries raise their living
standards.
• The powers of the Bank are vested in a Board of Governors. The Bank gives
loans for projects that will lead to economic growth. (e.g.. India's
Population Projects).
• The projects are usually concerned with electric power, roads, railways,
agriculture, water supply. education, family planning, etc.
• Health and environmental components have been added to many projects.
• Cooperative programmes exist between WHO and the Bank. e.g.. projects
for water supply, World Food Programme, Population Control, and the
control of onchocerciasis programme in West Africa

70. BILATERALAGENCIES

71. USAID
• The US Government presently extends aid to India through three
agencies :
1. United States Agency for International Development (USAID);
2. The Public Law 480 (Food for Peace) Programme
3. The US Export-Import Bank.
• The USAID was created in 1961; it is in charge of activities
previously administered by the Technical Cooperation Mission
(TCM).

72. • The US has been assisting in a number of projects designed to
improve the health of India's people. These are malaria eradication,
medical education, nursing education, health education, water
supply and sanitation, control of communicable diseases, nutrition
and family planning.
• The recent trend in assistance from the USA is increasingly in the
support of agricultural and family planning programmes, with some
reduction in aid in the general public health field.

73. THE COLOMBO PLAN
• At a meeting of the commonwealth Foreign Ministers at Colombo
in January 1950, a programme was drawn up for cooperative
economic development in South and South East Asia.
• Membership comprises 20 developing countries within the region
and 6 non-regional members - Australia. Canada, Japan, New
Zealand, UK and USA.
• The bulk of Colombo Plan assistance goes into industrial and
agricultural development, but some support has also been given to
health promotion, mostly through fellowships.

74. THE COLOMBO PLAN
• The All India Institute of medical sciences, New Delhi was
established with financial assistance from New Zealand.
• The Plan provides for visits to countries by experts who can offer
advice on local problems and train the local people.
• Colombo plan seeks to improve living standards of the people of
the area by reviewing developmental plans and coordinating
development assistance.

75. Swedish International
Development Agency(SIDA)
• It is assisting the National Tuberculosis Control Programme since
1979. The SIDA assistance is usually spent on procurement of
supplies like X-ray unit, microscopes and anti-tuberculosis drugs.
• SIDA authorities are also supporting the Short Course
chemotherapy Drug Regimens under pilot study, which were
introduced in 18 districts of the country during 1983-84, and pilot
phase-I of the Revised strategy of NTP in 5 sites namely Delhi,
Bangalore, Mumbai, Kolkata and Mehsana (Gujarat) since 1993.

76. DANIDA
• The Government of Denmark is providing assistance for the
development of services under National Blindness Control
Programme since 1978.

77. NON-GOVERNMENTAL AND
OTHER AGENCIES

78. Rockefeller Foundation
• The Rockefeller Foundation is a philanthropic organization chartered
in 1913 and endowed by Mr. John D. Rockefeller.
• Its purpose is to promote the well-being of mankind throughout the
world. In its early years, the Foundation was active chiefly in public
health and medical education.
• Subsequently, its interest was expanded to include the advancement of
life sciences, the social sciences, the humanities and the agricultural
sciences.

79. Rockefeller Foundation
• The work of the Rockefeller Foundation in India began in 1920 with a
scheme for the control of hookworm disease in the then Madras Presidency.
• Since then, the Foundation has been associated with several medical and
public health programmes in India.
• The establishment of the All India Institute of Hygiene and Public Health
at Kolkata was in a large measure due to the cooperation of the Rockefeller
Foundation.
• At present the Foundation is directing its support to the improvement of
agriculture, family planning and rural training centres as well as to
medical education

80. Rockefeller Foundation
• The Foundation‘s programme included :
• The training of competent teachers and research workers;
• Training abroad of candidates from India through fellowships and travel
grants;
• The sponsoring of visits of a large number of medical specialists from the
USA;
• Providing grants-in-aid to selected institutions;
• Development of medical college libraries;
• Population studies;
• Assistance to research projects and institutions (eg: National Institute Of
Virology At Pune and more recently the Setting Up Of A Field
Demonstration Area Ballabhgarh) in connection with a department of
preventive and social medicine, as well as to the All India Institute of
Medical Sciences.

81. Ford Foundation
• The Ford Foundation has been active in the development of rural health
services and family planning.
• The Ford Foundation has helped India in the following projects :
1. Orientation training centres
2. Research-cum- action projects
3. Pilot project in rural health services, Gandhigram Tamil Nadu
4. Establishment of NIHAE (National Institute of Health Administration
and Education at Delhi).
5. Calcutta water supply and drainage scheme
6. Family planning programme

82. CARE (Co-operative for
Assistance and Relief Everywhere)
• It was founded in North America in the wake of the
Second World War in the year 1945.
• It is one of the world's largest independent, non-profit, non-sectarian
international relief and development organization. CARE provides
emergency aid and long term development assistance.
• CARE began its operation in India in 1950. Till the end of 1980s, the
primary objective of CARE - India was to provide food for children in
the age group of 6-11 years.
• From mid 1980s, CARE-India focused its food support in the ICDS
programme and in development of programmes in the areas of health
and income supplementation.

83. CARE (Co-operative for Assistance and Relief
Everywhere)
• It is helping in the following projects :
1. Integrated Nutrition and Health Project;
2. Better Health and Nutrition Project;
3. Anaemia Control Project;
4. Improving Women‘s Health Project;
5. Improved Health Care for Adolescent Girl‘s Project;
6. Child Survival Project;
7. Improving Women‘s Reproductive Health and Family Spacing Project;
8. Konkan Integrated Development Project etc.
• Currently it has projects in Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh,
Maharashtra, Orissa, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal.

84. International Red Cross
• The Red Cross is a non-political non-official
international humanitarian organization devoted
to the service of mankind in peace and war.
• Started by Henry Durant in 1859.
• In his book "Un Souvenir de Solferine" and in
countless interviews with eminent persons,
throughout Europe, Dunant urged that voluntary
national societies be founded "which in time of
war would render aid to the wounded without
distinction of nationality".

85. International Red Cross
• Dunant's plea met with success. The First Geneva Convention took place
in 1864 and a treaty was signed for the relief of the wounded and the sick
of the armies in the field.
• Thus came into being the International Committee of the Red Cross
(ICRC), an independent, neutral institution, the founder organization of
the Red Cross.
• It has since grown into a mighty mission with branches all over the world
symbolising the spirit of compassion and universal brotherhood.
• In 1919, the League of the Red Cross Society was created with
headquarters in Geneva to coordinate the work of the national societies,
which now number more than 90.

86. Role of Red Cross
• In the beginning, the role of the Red Cross was largely confined to
humanitarian service on behalf of the victims of war.
• Later on the work of the Red Cross was extended to other
programmes which would prevent human suffering.
• These comprise service to armed forces, service to war veterans,
disaster service, first aid and nursing, health education and
maternity and child welfare services.

87. Indian Red Cross
• The Red Cross Society of India was established by an Act of the Indian
Legislature in 1920 with the three objectives of the Improvement Of
Health, Prevention Of Disease And Mitigation Of Suffering.
• The Red Cross Home at Bangalore for disabled ex-servicemen is one of
the pioneer institutions of its kind in Asia.
• Disaster services comprise distribution of milk, medicines, Vitamin tablets,
cod liver oil and hundred other items to the famine stricken people and to
those who have been hit by the floods.
• In the development of maternity and child welfare services, the Society has
done pioneering work and has functioned as an auxiliary of the country's
health services.

88. Junior Red Cross
• It is one of the most active sections of the Society.
• It gives an opportunity to lakhs of boys and girls all over India to
be associated with activities like the village uplift, first aid, anti-
epidemic work and building up of an international fraternity of
youth, thus promoting international friendliness, understanding
and cooperation.

90. Andaman and Nicobar Island (32)
Andhra Pradesh (4447)
Arunachal Pradesh (212)
Assam (2088)
Bihar (3434)
Chandigarh (126)
Chhattisgarh (630)
Dadra and Nagar Haveli (10)
Daman and Diu (11)
Delhi (4151)
Goa (87)
Gujarat (3184)
Haryana (1023)
Himachal Pradesh (396)
Jammu and Kashmir (780)
Jharkhand (1423)
Karnataka (3143)
Kerala (1531)
State-wise list of VOs/NGOs signed up on the NGO-PS
Lakshadweep (12)
Madhya Pradesh (3302)
Maharashtra (7779)
Manipur (1706)
Meghalaya (201)
Mizoram (78)
Nagaland (351)
Orissa (3486)
Puducherry (134)
Punjab (681)
Rajasthan (2405)
Sikkim (88)
Tamil Nadu (4228)
Tripura (289)
Uttar Pradesh (11243)
Uttarkhand (912)
West Bengal (6749)

91. Conclusion
• Health and disease have no political or geographical
boundaries.
• Disease in any part of the world is a constant threat to other
parts.
• Hence bodies like WHO, Other UN & Governmental & Non-
Governmental Bodies provide a valuable resource in
promoting health care.

92. References
• Park's Textbook Of Preventive And Social Medicine: 22nd
Edition
• Textbook Of Preventive And Social Medicine by Mahajan.
• Public Health Dentistry by SobenPeter: 5th edition
• http://www.who.int/topics/research/en/
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_NGOs
• http://www.who.int/entity/en/
• http://www.who.int
• http://www.searo.who.int/mediacentre/en/
• https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/Pan_Ame
rican_Health_Organization_building
• www.wikipedia.com

93. Previous year questions
• Role Of WHO In Health Care Of Community: RGUHS (March
98, March 2002, May 2006, May 2009, May 2011, Nov. 2011) :
20 Mks.
• NGO’s & Other Agencies In Global Health: RGUHS- Nov.2013:
20 Mks
• WHO: Sumandeep University (April 2012): 20mks
• Role Of Voluntary Organizations In Improving Health Of
Population (March-2011): 20mks