3. LIGHTING
Light is a form of energy
without which there can be
no vision. When light strikes
an object, It may be
reflected, absorbed or
allowed to pass through.
4. TYPES OF LIGHT
SOURCE BASED CLASSIFICATION
LIGHT
NATURAL ARTIFICIAL
INCANDESCENT
/ FILAMENT
FLUORESCENT /
DISCHARGE
LED
5. NATURAL LIGHT
The bright radiant
energy of the sun,
daylight, is a major
determining factor
in the design of
hotel guestrooms
and homes,
especially where
large wall areas
have been
decorated with
glass.
6. ARTIFICIAL LIGHT
Generally speaking,
artificial lighting is
lighting which is man
made, such as
fluorescent, tungsten,
mercury vapor, sodium
vapor, halogen,
compact fluorescent, et
cetera. It can be turned
on and off at a flick of
a switch.
7. INCANDESCENT / FILAMENT
Light is produced by
heating any material,
usually metal to a
temperature at which
it glows. Typical
incandescent bulbs
have tungsten filament
in a sealed glass
container. Many gas
filled and halogen
lamps with halogen
mixed gas filling are
also available.
9. INCANDESCENT LAMPS
1. Glass Bulb with Metallic Filament
2. – High Melting Point, Strength & Resistance
3. – Low Evaporation
4. Filament heated to incandescence
5. Greater than 40 W- Inert Gas
6. Life – 750-1000 Hours
7. Heating causes stains
8. Warm Light
9. Less Distortion of colour
10. Poor Efficiency compared to fluorescent lamps
10. FLUORESCENT / DISCHARGE
A glass tube with inside
coating of fluorescent
powder is filled with
vaporized mercury and
argon. The ends are
then sealed with
cathodes. When electric
current activates the
gases in it, invisible UV
rays cause the
fluorescent coating to
produce visible light.
11. Glass Tubes with electrodes
Inert gas ionises Collision of electrons and
mercury Ultraviolet light Re-radiated by
fluorescent coating
Life- 5000 hours
Diffused, flat light
Efficiency – three times of incandescent lamps
Suitable for general lighting
Operating Temp- 1/5 of incandescent
Economical
12. LED LAMP
LIGHT EMITTING DIODES
LEDs are very small in size, consume very little
power, and are able to produce extremely high light
intensity outputs.
14. DIRECT LIGHTING
• This kind of light
comes from the sources
such as ceiling fixtures
or luminous ceiling that
shed light downward,
or from lamps with
translucent shades
spreading light in all
directions
15. INDIRECT LIGHTING
• Lighting in which
the light emitted by a source
is diffusely reflected.
• It may also come from a
lamp with an opaque shade
open only at the top.
• Light is then thrown against
the ceiling or washes against
the wall and is reflected back
into the room.
• It is softer than direct
lighting, but often more
costly in both installation and
operation.
16. DIFFUSED LIGHTING
• When light fittings
are completely
enclosed or concealed,
as with some globes
and ceiling panels, the
light is diffused since it
passes through the
glass or plastic.
Diffused lighting is also
glare- free and
produces a flat
appearance.
17. SEMI-INDIRECT LIGHTING
• It is possible to
have some light
passing through a
diffusing bowl and
some reflecting off
the ceiling where
the fixture is open
on top.
18. Summary Of Types Of Lighting
• Direct Lighting ( 90 to 100 percent of the light is directed
downward for maximum use.
• Indirect Lighting( 90 to 100 percent of the light is directed to
the ceilings and upper walls and is reflected to all parts of a
room.
• Semi-Direct Lighting( 60 to 90 percent of the light is directed
downward with the remainder directed upward.
• Semi-indirect Lighting ( 60 to 90 percent of the light is
directed upward with the remainder directed downward.
21. VALANCE LIGHTING
• A method of indirect
lighting, by concealing th
e fixture behind a suspen
ded valance, whereby th
e light can be directed up
ward or downward. The
panel parallel to the wall
at the top of the window.
22. CORNICE LIGHTING
A cornice is
installed under the
ceiling, with a
fixture hidden
beneath so as to
direct light
downwards only.
This can give a
dramatic effect on
drapery, pictures
and wall coverings.
23. COVE LIGHTING
This consists of
placing continuous
series of fluorescent
tubes in a groove
along one or more
walls of a room,
about 12 inches from
the ceiling. The light
reflects off the ceiling
and bathes the room
in indirect light.
24. TRACK LIGHTING
Track lighting consists of
lamps fixed to the ceiling
or wall in an array to offer
great variety. One strip
often holds spot light,
floodlights, and even
hanging fixtures that may
be turned around to follow
furniture placement. The
tracks can themselves be
movable as well for even
more flexible
arrangements.
25. SOFFIT LIGHTING
This refers to built
in light source
under a panel. It
may be fixed to a
ceiling or under a
cabinet. Soffit
lighting is often
used over a sink
or other work
areas.
27. CEILING FIXTURES
The definition of a troffer is
a long recessed
light fixture, especially on
in the ceiling or for a
fluorescent light.
EXAMPLE
A troffer is a fluorescent
light fixture recessed in
the ceiling.
28. LIGHT FITTINGS
A pendant light
is a lone light
fixture that hangs
from the ceiling
usually suspended
by a cord, chain,
or metal rod.
PENDANT
FITTINGS
•
•
•
•
•
•
29. WALL FIXTURE
These remain out of the
way and free table and
desk surfaces for other
things. At the same
time, they give direct
light where it is needed.
EXAMPLE
Fancy lights.
30. PORTABLE LAMPS
Floor and table
lamps can be moved
when and where
needed. They also
act as decorative
accessories.
EXAMPLE
Table lamp, torch
31. STANDARD LAMP
A lamp supported by
a vertical pole in
order that light
comes from above
those seated in the
vicinity.
32. SAFETY LIGHTING
As the name
suggests this
type of bright
lighting is used
for safety
reasons in areas
such as
stairways, along
corridors
swimming pools
and by way of
emergency
lighting
33. Light Fittings should be:-
Well positioned
Emit light in direction & quantity required
Pleasant- lit & unlit
Well made, durable
Mechanically sound & electrically safe
Not prone to overheating
Easily cleaned
