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The Division of Deontic Labour 
Truth, Image, Normativity 
Cagliari, October 23, 2014 
Barry Smith 
1
the philosophy of the dinner party 
Searle, Tuomela, Gilbert, Bratman deal with 
simple local interaction of cooperative agents 
communicating by speech 
“Would you like to dance?” 
“Let’s lift this table” 
“Waiter, bring me a beer!” 
“Shall we cook dinner together?” 
… 
2
beyond the philosophy of the dinner 
party 
3 
Phase 1: Massively shared agency involving 
participants who share a common goal – 
example: a symphony performance 
Phase 2: Massively shared agency involving 
substantial numbers of participants who are 
alienated from the overarching goal – 
example: an industrial enterprise, an army, the 
law, a city planning authority
first main thesis: 
the meshing of complex actions of 
large numbers of people is made 
possible through 
1. modularization 
2. hierarchically organized authorities 
both resting essentially on 
3. the meshing of (typically diagrammatic) 
documents 
4
Orchestal 
score with 
staves 
5
The Modularity of the Orchestral Score
The actions of the players in an 
orchestral performance 
• are intermeshed through the sets of intermeshed 
documents we call orchestral scores 
These documents are plan specifications (sets of 
instructions for playing instruments) 
The conductor provides the authority 
– to initiate commitment, thus to create a plan from a 
mere plan specification 
– to resolve disputes which arise along the way, for 
example as to interpretation, tempo, … 
7
Scores bring it about that specific obligation series are 
distributed in coordinated fashion across large groups 
8
players actions are coordinated and steered 
through time through conductor’s actions 
combined with intermeshed sets of instructions 
9
Massive shared agency presupposes modularity 
10
Modularity of Orchestral Score
12 
reflects modularity of orchestra
13
Authorities involved in maintaining the 
division of orchestral deontic labor that 
is involved in a symphony concert: 
Conductor 
Orchestral section leaders (First violin …) 
Rehearsal (drill) manager 
Orchestra manager 
Concert hall manager 
~ Composer 
– exerts authority only as mediated through the score 
14
Documents involved in maintaining 
the division of orchestral deontic labor 
scores, sub-scores 
contracts 
orchestra manager and conductor 
orchestra manager and players 
concert hall manager and orchestra manager 
concert hall manager and audience members 
(tickets) 
laws, including 
copyright law 
laws governing public assembly 
laws governing employment contracts 
laws governing sale of tickets 
15 
between
documents hold together the executions 
of horizontally and vertically meshed 
subplans 
through drill 
drill, too, is modularized 
based on individual and small group 
practice all the way up to full orchestra 
rehearsal 
16
How to do things with scores 
1. the author authors the score, thereby creates a possibility 
of performance, and thereby creates the work 
2. conductor and orchestra use the score as the specification 
of a plan (with subplans) and commit themselves to its 
execution, 
3. the orchestra members committing themselves to accept 
the authority of the conductor 
4. they use the score in to rehearsing the execution of their 
plan (develop score-coordinated expertise through drill) 
5. they schedule a concert, thereby making a commitment to 
each other, to their employer, and to a prospective 
audience to perform that work 
6. they perform the work 
17
Scott J. Shapiro, “Massively Shared 
Agency”, 2013 
[Bratman, Searle …] ‘are unable to account for 
the existence of massively shared agency. 
they ‘have largely concentrated on analyzing 
shared activities among highly committed 
participants. The working assumption has been 
that those who sing duets or paint houses 
together are all committed to the success of the 
activity.’ 
18
Shapiro: To adapt standard theory of collective 
agency to deal with massively shared actions we 
need to add authority 
Authorities are … “mesh creating” mechanisms. 
When disputes between participants break out with 
respect to the proper way to proceed, authorities 
can create a mesh between the subplans of the 
participants by demanding that both sides accept a 
certain solution. 
Basis for Shapiro’s theory of the nature of law 
19
Legal systems are (roughly) 
• systems of intermeshed obligations 
• systems of intermeshed plans 
• systems of intermeshed instructions 
• system of intermeshed authorities 
which allow 
• conception of ever more complex intermeshed plans 
through reliance on shared commitments and on 
development of intermeshed expertise 
• excution of these plans through shared agency 
• investment in human and physical capital 
20
Searle: Directions of fit 
• world-to-mind: a plan is formulated to 
change the world (to make it conform 
to the mind of the planner …) 
• mind-to-world: an assertion is about 
something in the world 
• automatic mind-to-world-and-world-to- 
mind: I say “I promise to pay you 
$100 dollars” and thereby make it true 
that I promise to pay you $100 dollars 
21
directions of fit for documents 
• world-to-mind: a plan is formulated to 
change the world (to make it conform to 
the mind of the planner …) 
• mind-to-world: a report is published 
evaluating the success of the execution of 
the plan 
• automatic mind-to-world-and-world-to-mind: 
Act of Parliament is published 
declaring that such-and-such is the law and 
such-and-such is the law 
22
what begins as a plan, 
ends as a record 
23 
cartographic directions of fit
Blueprint 
what begins as a 
plan 
ends as a record 
• of process 
• of product 
24
Blueprint 
what begins as a 
plan 
ends as a record 
• of process 
• of product 
25
Blueprint associated with multiple series of 
documents with deontic powers 
chain of commitments 
 from order 
 to blueprint creation 
 to acceptance of 
blueprint 
 to process of building 
in accordance with 
blueprint 
 to acceptance of 
finished building 26
Plans will be modified along the way 
physical changes to the 
building to meet 
building codes 
changes in 
materials/suppliers 
changes in allowed 
physical processes 
changes in administrative 
(approval) processes 
27
Documents with different directions of 
fit become intermeshed through being 
stapled together over time 
28
second main thesis: 
there is a division of deontic labor 
effectuated through the medium of 
intermeshed documents, which allow the 
deontic effects of episodic acts to be 
extended through time 
29
• testaments allow the will of the testatrix to be 
made effective even after her death 
• mortgage notes attached to title deeds allow 
the value of your home to be used twice: as 
shelter and shelter and simultaneously as 
collateral on a loan 
30
documents attached to building plans create 
31 
• certification from planning authorities as to conformity to 
building codes of work performed 
• insurance against loss as a result of or in the course of building 
work being performed 
• warranty on behalf of architects and builders concerning 
quality of work performed 
• warranty on behalf of suppliers concerning quality of materials 
• security to architects, builders and suppliers that they will be 
paid in pre-specific instalments 
• all of these in turn create surety in the eyes of 
 utilities companies when connecting the building to 
electricity, gas and water supplies 
 providers of insurance protection for the building when 
once complete 
• potential purchasers thus adding to the monetary value of 
the building itself
conclusion 
the meshing of plans, authorities and groups 
of agents of the sort that is provided by 
documents and document acts is an 
indispensable pre-requisite of all that is 
valuable in modern civilization 
32
Role of plan + authority in the 
industrial enterprise 
the cooperation of the wage-laborers … their unification 
into one single productive body, and the establishment 
of a connection between their individual functions, ... are 
not their own act, but the act of the capital that brings 
them together and maintains them in that situation. … 
the interconnection between their various labors 
confronts them 
in the realm of ideas as a plan drawn up by the capitalist, 
and in practice as his authority, as the powerful will of a 
being outside them, who subjects their activity to his 
purpose. Das Kapital (quoted by Shapiro) 
33
Deontic drill 
34
scores and subscores / plans and subplans 
also allow training (rehearsal = pretend realization 
of a plan in advance of actual realization) 
35
it takes practice also to understand how to 
interpret and follow the instructions of the 
conductor 
36
we need training (drill) in order to 
learn how to execute diagrams 
37
How to do things with documents 
• An orchestral work (as something that 
can be rehearsed, performed and re-performed) 
– could not exist without a score 
– could not be rehearsed without scores and 
subscores 
– could not be performed without (either) 
scores or rehearsal 
38
We need training in order to execute 
traffic signs 
39
We need training in order to execute 
the rules of civil procedure 
40 
http://www.kibagames.com/Game/Lawyer_Dr 
ess_Up 
http://www.kibagames.com 
/Game/Lawyer_Dress_Up
41 
modularity of command and control in the military also 
Fire 
Support 
Intelligence 
Air Logistics 
Operations 
Civil-Military 
Operations 
Targeting 
Maneuver & 
Blue Force 
Tracking 
US military operations center in Afghanistan

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The Division of Deontic Labor

  • 1. The Division of Deontic Labour Truth, Image, Normativity Cagliari, October 23, 2014 Barry Smith 1
  • 2. the philosophy of the dinner party Searle, Tuomela, Gilbert, Bratman deal with simple local interaction of cooperative agents communicating by speech “Would you like to dance?” “Let’s lift this table” “Waiter, bring me a beer!” “Shall we cook dinner together?” … 2
  • 3. beyond the philosophy of the dinner party 3 Phase 1: Massively shared agency involving participants who share a common goal – example: a symphony performance Phase 2: Massively shared agency involving substantial numbers of participants who are alienated from the overarching goal – example: an industrial enterprise, an army, the law, a city planning authority
  • 4. first main thesis: the meshing of complex actions of large numbers of people is made possible through 1. modularization 2. hierarchically organized authorities both resting essentially on 3. the meshing of (typically diagrammatic) documents 4
  • 6. The Modularity of the Orchestral Score
  • 7. The actions of the players in an orchestral performance • are intermeshed through the sets of intermeshed documents we call orchestral scores These documents are plan specifications (sets of instructions for playing instruments) The conductor provides the authority – to initiate commitment, thus to create a plan from a mere plan specification – to resolve disputes which arise along the way, for example as to interpretation, tempo, … 7
  • 8. Scores bring it about that specific obligation series are distributed in coordinated fashion across large groups 8
  • 9. players actions are coordinated and steered through time through conductor’s actions combined with intermeshed sets of instructions 9
  • 10. Massive shared agency presupposes modularity 10
  • 12. 12 reflects modularity of orchestra
  • 13. 13
  • 14. Authorities involved in maintaining the division of orchestral deontic labor that is involved in a symphony concert: Conductor Orchestral section leaders (First violin …) Rehearsal (drill) manager Orchestra manager Concert hall manager ~ Composer – exerts authority only as mediated through the score 14
  • 15. Documents involved in maintaining the division of orchestral deontic labor scores, sub-scores contracts orchestra manager and conductor orchestra manager and players concert hall manager and orchestra manager concert hall manager and audience members (tickets) laws, including copyright law laws governing public assembly laws governing employment contracts laws governing sale of tickets 15 between
  • 16. documents hold together the executions of horizontally and vertically meshed subplans through drill drill, too, is modularized based on individual and small group practice all the way up to full orchestra rehearsal 16
  • 17. How to do things with scores 1. the author authors the score, thereby creates a possibility of performance, and thereby creates the work 2. conductor and orchestra use the score as the specification of a plan (with subplans) and commit themselves to its execution, 3. the orchestra members committing themselves to accept the authority of the conductor 4. they use the score in to rehearsing the execution of their plan (develop score-coordinated expertise through drill) 5. they schedule a concert, thereby making a commitment to each other, to their employer, and to a prospective audience to perform that work 6. they perform the work 17
  • 18. Scott J. Shapiro, “Massively Shared Agency”, 2013 [Bratman, Searle …] ‘are unable to account for the existence of massively shared agency. they ‘have largely concentrated on analyzing shared activities among highly committed participants. The working assumption has been that those who sing duets or paint houses together are all committed to the success of the activity.’ 18
  • 19. Shapiro: To adapt standard theory of collective agency to deal with massively shared actions we need to add authority Authorities are … “mesh creating” mechanisms. When disputes between participants break out with respect to the proper way to proceed, authorities can create a mesh between the subplans of the participants by demanding that both sides accept a certain solution. Basis for Shapiro’s theory of the nature of law 19
  • 20. Legal systems are (roughly) • systems of intermeshed obligations • systems of intermeshed plans • systems of intermeshed instructions • system of intermeshed authorities which allow • conception of ever more complex intermeshed plans through reliance on shared commitments and on development of intermeshed expertise • excution of these plans through shared agency • investment in human and physical capital 20
  • 21. Searle: Directions of fit • world-to-mind: a plan is formulated to change the world (to make it conform to the mind of the planner …) • mind-to-world: an assertion is about something in the world • automatic mind-to-world-and-world-to- mind: I say “I promise to pay you $100 dollars” and thereby make it true that I promise to pay you $100 dollars 21
  • 22. directions of fit for documents • world-to-mind: a plan is formulated to change the world (to make it conform to the mind of the planner …) • mind-to-world: a report is published evaluating the success of the execution of the plan • automatic mind-to-world-and-world-to-mind: Act of Parliament is published declaring that such-and-such is the law and such-and-such is the law 22
  • 23. what begins as a plan, ends as a record 23 cartographic directions of fit
  • 24. Blueprint what begins as a plan ends as a record • of process • of product 24
  • 25. Blueprint what begins as a plan ends as a record • of process • of product 25
  • 26. Blueprint associated with multiple series of documents with deontic powers chain of commitments  from order  to blueprint creation  to acceptance of blueprint  to process of building in accordance with blueprint  to acceptance of finished building 26
  • 27. Plans will be modified along the way physical changes to the building to meet building codes changes in materials/suppliers changes in allowed physical processes changes in administrative (approval) processes 27
  • 28. Documents with different directions of fit become intermeshed through being stapled together over time 28
  • 29. second main thesis: there is a division of deontic labor effectuated through the medium of intermeshed documents, which allow the deontic effects of episodic acts to be extended through time 29
  • 30. • testaments allow the will of the testatrix to be made effective even after her death • mortgage notes attached to title deeds allow the value of your home to be used twice: as shelter and shelter and simultaneously as collateral on a loan 30
  • 31. documents attached to building plans create 31 • certification from planning authorities as to conformity to building codes of work performed • insurance against loss as a result of or in the course of building work being performed • warranty on behalf of architects and builders concerning quality of work performed • warranty on behalf of suppliers concerning quality of materials • security to architects, builders and suppliers that they will be paid in pre-specific instalments • all of these in turn create surety in the eyes of  utilities companies when connecting the building to electricity, gas and water supplies  providers of insurance protection for the building when once complete • potential purchasers thus adding to the monetary value of the building itself
  • 32. conclusion the meshing of plans, authorities and groups of agents of the sort that is provided by documents and document acts is an indispensable pre-requisite of all that is valuable in modern civilization 32
  • 33. Role of plan + authority in the industrial enterprise the cooperation of the wage-laborers … their unification into one single productive body, and the establishment of a connection between their individual functions, ... are not their own act, but the act of the capital that brings them together and maintains them in that situation. … the interconnection between their various labors confronts them in the realm of ideas as a plan drawn up by the capitalist, and in practice as his authority, as the powerful will of a being outside them, who subjects their activity to his purpose. Das Kapital (quoted by Shapiro) 33
  • 35. scores and subscores / plans and subplans also allow training (rehearsal = pretend realization of a plan in advance of actual realization) 35
  • 36. it takes practice also to understand how to interpret and follow the instructions of the conductor 36
  • 37. we need training (drill) in order to learn how to execute diagrams 37
  • 38. How to do things with documents • An orchestral work (as something that can be rehearsed, performed and re-performed) – could not exist without a score – could not be rehearsed without scores and subscores – could not be performed without (either) scores or rehearsal 38
  • 39. We need training in order to execute traffic signs 39
  • 40. We need training in order to execute the rules of civil procedure 40 http://www.kibagames.com/Game/Lawyer_Dr ess_Up http://www.kibagames.com /Game/Lawyer_Dress_Up
  • 41. 41 modularity of command and control in the military also Fire Support Intelligence Air Logistics Operations Civil-Military Operations Targeting Maneuver & Blue Force Tracking US military operations center in Afghanistan