mk bhavnagar university, net set remedial classes are being held. part of that, this ppt is about, net exam general paper 1, unit 2 research aptitude part 1.

1. MAIN SUBJECT : ENGLISH LITERATURE
PAPER 1. GENERAL PAPER.
UNIT : 2
“RESEARCH APTITUDE” (PART 1)
-RESOURCE PERSON.
-BHUMI DANGI.

3.  1. Meaning of Research: The term research includes two words, specifically 're' and 'search'. By
and large, 're' signifies again and 'search' signifies to discover. As indicated by Creswell, 'research is
a procedure of steps used to gather and analyse information to increase our understanding of a
particular topic or issue’.
In short, research is an acronym of the following that defines its essence.
R= Rational way of thinking
E= Expert and exhaustive treatment
S= Search and solution
E= Exactness
A= Analysis
R= Relationship of facts
C= Critical observation, careful planning, constructive attitude.
H= Honesty and hardworking
 2. Research Objectives:
1. Investigate some existing situation or problem.
2. Build or make another method or framework.
3. Generate new knowledge.
4. Explore and analyse more general issues.
5. Offer a solution to a problem.
6. Review and synthesize the existing knowledge.

4.  3. Research characteristics:
OBJECTIVITY RELIABILITY VALIDITY
ACCURACY
EMPIRICAL
RESEARCH
CYCLICAL LOGICAL
SYSTEMATIC
CREDIBILIY GENERALIZABILITY
CONTROLLED
FACTORS
REPLICABLE

5.  a. Objectivity: It means research with no inclination. Scientists, as a rule,
avoid the potential risk that outcomes are not influenced by their very own
quality, conduct and frame of mind. They critically examine the research
method to avoid any bias.
 b. Reliability: Reliability with regards to research is consistency. It alludes to
the degree to which an examination produces predictable outcomes. It can
also be termed as verifiability. If any research yields similar results each time,
then it is undertaken with a similar population in the given context and with
similar procedures, it is said to be termed as verifiability.
 c. Validity: Here, validity in research mainly stands for accuracy of
procedures, research instruments, tests, etc. The idea of legitimacy can
likewise be comprehended by suggesting a conversation starter, 'are we
estimating or ready to quantify what we initially proposed to gauge'.
 d. Accuracy: It is firmly identified with legitimacy. It is likewise how much
research procedures, instruments and devices are identified with one another.
Precision additionally measures whether the exploration apparatuses have
been chosen in the most ideal way and research methodology suit the
examination issue or not.
 e. Credibility: It is the utilization of best wellspring of data and the best
techniques in the exploration. The utilization of optional information spares
time and decreases cost. Be that as it may, the over the top dependence on
auxiliary information when the alternative of essential information is
accessible involves the danger of diminishing the validity of the exploration.
Hence, it has to be a trade-off between primary data and secondary data

6.  f. Generalizability: It is firmly identified with legitimacy. It alludes to how much
research discoveries can be connected to a bigger population. The sample considered is
the representative of the whole population so the findings should also be applicable to
the whole population
 g. Empirical research: It is based on real-life experiences, direct experiences or
observation by the researcher. It suggests that examination is connected essentially to
at least one parts of a genuine circumstance and manages solid information that gives a
premise to outer legitimacy to the aftereffects of the exploration.
 h. Systematic: For an exploration to be powerful, it must be deliberate. It is the main
way to deal with embrace any examination work and each progression must pursue the
other. There are a set of procedures that have been tested over a period of time and
are, thus, suitable to use in research. Therefore, each research should follow a definite
procedure.
 i. Controlled factors: In real-life experiences, there is always more than one factor that
affects the outcome of an event. Similarly, in research, various factors may affect the
outcome and some are taken as controlled factors, whereas the others are tested for
the possible outcome.
 j. Cyclical: Research is a repetitive procedure since it begins with an issue and finishes
with an issue.
 k. Logical: The statement, great research is coherent, infers that examination is guided
by the standards of sensible thinking. Enlistment and conclusion are of incredible
incentive in research.
 l. Replicable: This characteristic allows the results of the research to be confirmed by
repeating the study and after that building a sound basis for making decisions.

7.  1.Basic Research:
• Pure Research or Fundamental or conceptual or basic Research.
• Answer to how, when and what.
• Advancement of a theory
• Expands the Knowledge of processes of business and management
• Results in Universal Principles
• Pure research serves as the foundation for Applied Research.
• For example: Studying crystal structure of some metal or metallic compound just to gain Greater
Understanding
2.Applied Research:
• This Research is used to solve a specific problem
• Applied research is more glorified form of research
• Improves the understanding of particular problem
• In this research, fundamentals that are found out in pure research are applied to produce some
End Products. In brief it is an application of theory to find out the practical solution of a
problem.
• Application of Concepts
• Practical Concepts
• An example of Applied research is the application of x-rays in medicine. In the last 1800's, Wilhelm
Rontgen discovered the way to produce x-rays with the hepl of a cathode ray. He found out that
this new ray could go through the body. Realizing this, Rontgen believed that x-rays would be
very helpful in diagnosing and determining disease and injury in the body

8.  3. Quantitative Research:
• Quantitative Research is the systematic Investigation of the observable event via
statistical, mathematical or computational technique.
• It is a research which can be represented or described according to some numerical
system.
• Experimental and Descriptive Research are the major classification of this Research.
• Its aim is to classify, count features construct statistical models in an attempt to explain
what has happened
• Data in this type of Research is in the form of numbers or statistics
• Researcher use tools such as questionnaire or equipment to collect numerical data
• Sample size is small
• It is used to develop hypothesis
 4.Qualitative Research:
• This type of Research is found common in social sciences where researchers intend to
study social and cultural phenomenon
• Unlike quantitative research no numerical measures are incorporated in qualitative
research, it uses in-depth analysis approach by taking case studies or events to study the
situation
• It is not involved in investigating and developing hypothesis
• Common perception of this research is emphasis on discovery rather than proof.
• Action research and Historic research are the major example.
• This research is the in depth understanding of social phenomenon within their natural
setup
• Methods of data collection includes observation, interview
• Sample size is large to allow generalization

9.  5.Comparative Research:
• This research deals with the comparison of similarities or
difference under same or varying condition.
• For example, study of health condition of people in nearby
village.
 6.Exploratory Research:
• This research is conducted for a problem that has not been
studied more clearly
• It helps to determine best research design, data collection
method.
• Techniques of exploratory research is: review of available
literature/data; discussion with customers, employees,
management, competitors; in-depth interview, focus group, case
studies or pilot studies.
• Purpose is to define terms, gain background information, to
clarify the problem, develop hypothesis and to develop problems
to be answered

10.  7.Conceptual and Empirical Research:
• Conceptual research is a methodology wherein research is conducted by
analyzing and observing already present information on a given topic.
• It is related to abstract concepts or ideas.
• Philosophers have long used conceptual research to develop new theories or
interpret existing theories in a different light.
• Conceptual research is related to some abstract theory or idea. It is generally
used by thinkers and philosophers to develop new concepts or to reinterpret
existing ones. Whereas, empirical research relies on experience or involves
observation alone, often without system and theory
 8.Mixed Research
• Both quantitative and qualitative researches are not exclusive. Qualitative
research may end in a hypothesis that can be quantitatively tested later.
Quantitative research may involve qualitative research elements.
• Quantitative research may answer questions, such as the extent and pattern of
poverty in India, but it may not be efficient in answering questions, such as
what is the experience of facing poverty, hardships, consequences and
circumstances that lead to poverty. This may be answered by qualitative
research. As quantitative research is generally well known, it may be useful
to outline when qualitative research is needed.

11.  1. POSITIVIST PARADIGM
• The term positivism was coined by the French philosopher Auguste Comte(thus he is
considered as Father of positivism) in the 19th century and reflected through by
Francis Bacon, John Locke, Isaac Newton.
• The term positivist has no negative connotation.
• In philosophy, positivism mainly adheres to the idea that ‘factual’ knowledge gained
through observation is trustworthy.
• Positivism relies upon quantifiable perceptions that prompted measurable
examinations.
• Here, the role of the researcher is limited to collect data collection and
interpretation in an objective way.
• Positivists usually adopt the deductive approach, the concentration is on facts.
• The researcher is independent that means maintaining minimal interaction with
participants and research is purely objective & the world is external.
• There is one reality, knowable within probability.
 Characteristics Of Positivism:
• Social events also take place on the basis of some laws in the same way as the natural
events occur. Thus, these laws can be identified with the help of scientific methods.
• Positivism is related to scientific point of view as well as scientific methodology.
• Positivism keeps itself away from religious and philosophical ideas.
• Positivism is a utility science and believes in the form that knowledge gained through
positivism can be used as a means of social reconstruction.

12.  Positivism Relies On The Following Aspects Of Science:
1. Science is deterministic as it explains the cause and effect relationships.
2. 2. Science is mechanistic as researchers develop hypotheses to be proved
or disapproved via the application of specific research methods.
3. 3. Science uses methods such as the selection of sample, measurements,
analysis and reaching conclusions about the hypothesis.
4. 4. Science deals with empiricism, where it is assessed as objective, as seen
or measured. Science must be value-free.
 Drawbacks Of Positivism
Positivism as epistemology is related with the accompanying arrangement of
impediments.
1. Positivism depends on involvement as a legitimate source of knowledge and
information.
2. A wide range of procedures can be seen as a specific variety of activities of
people or connections between people.
3. Appropriation of positivism in business studies and different examinations
can be reprimanded for dependence on the norm.
4. Sometimes positivism is a rejection of metaphysics. It is a place that holds
the objective of learning which is simply to describe the phenomena that
we experience.

13.  Post – Positivism
• As we discussed, positivism is associated with quantitative research strategies.
• There is one specific perspective on how research ought to be directed, which suggests
what we should carry out research in social sciences in ways that are similar to the
methods within the natural sciences.
• Two people observe the same event but understand it differently, based upon their own
experiences and beliefs.
• Objectivity can be achieved by using multiple measurements, observations and
triangulating the data to gain a more clear comprehension of what’s going on as a
general rule.
• It is important to note that the post-positivists share a lot in common with positivists,
but most of the research approaches and practices in social science today fit better
into the post-positivist category. • Since the inception of the 21st century, the focus of
research shifted from ‘reality’ to ‘critical reality’.
• Physicists like Werner Heisenberg and Niels Bohr focused on this reality.
• The emphasis was turned away from absolute certainty to probability.
Now, the scientist was portrayed as a person who constructs knowledge, instead of just
passively noting the laws of nature and no matter how faithfully the scientist adheres
to scientifically method research, research outcomes are neither totally objective nor
unquestionably certain.
• This approach was called up as post-positivism, where it describes a less strict form of
positivism.
• Post positivists support the idea that social scientists and natural scientists share the
same goals for research and employ similar methods of investigation.
• It tends to be distinguished from positivism as indicated by whether the attention is on
hypothesis verification(positivism) or on theory misrepresentation(post-positivism).

14.  Experimental research is designed for establishing causal relationships. It
begins with a question concerning the relationship between two or more
variables. Simultaneously, the researcher develops one or more hypotheses to
state the nature of expected relationship. The experiment is the event
planned and carried out by Then researcher tries to get evidence. The
application of experimental method yielded better results in physical
sciences. Therefore, this method was soon applied to other sciences like
biological sciences and medicine.
In its simplest form, an experiment has three characteristics as follows:
1. An independent variable is manipulated.
2. All other variables except the independent variables are held constant.
3. The effect of manipulation of the independent variable on the dependent
variable is observed.
 The variable upon which the effects of changes are observed is called the
dependent variable, which is observed but not manipulated by the
experimenter. The dependent variable is so named because its value is
hypothesized to depend upon and vary with the value of the independent
variable. For example, to examine the effect of different teaching methods
upon achievement in reading, an investigator would manipulate method,
the independent variable, by using different teaching methods in order to
ascertain their effect upon achievement, the dependent variable

15.  The term ‘Descriptive’ is self-explanatory and the research that describes a
situation, an event and an institution is descriptive research. It describes the nature
of a situation as it exists at the time of study. Descriptive research answers the
questions who, what, where, when and how…
 Descriptive research is a quantitative research method. In simple words, descriptive
research is all about describing the phenomenon, observing and drawing conclusions
from it. Here, the information is collected without changing the environment (i.e.,
nothing is manipulated). It is ‘any study that is not truly experimental’.
 It includes surveys and fact-finding enquiries with adequate interpretation. National
Sample Surveys (NSS) and Census can be taken as the best examples of descriptive
research. Census unveils what exists, but not necessarily known earlier by us with
accuracy, such as population, literacy, etc., and also the differences among states.
‘The study of socio-economic status of distance education students in India’
describes the gender composition, economic status of students, rural-urban
composition, etc. The findings (description) of one such study, say in 2009, can be
different than what one would find in a similar study in 2019. The aim of descriptive
research is to describe ‘what exists’ with respect to variables or conditions in a
situation. Studying relationships between two or more variable also falls under the
scope of descriptive studies. For example, ‘study the problem of relationship
between residential status of learners and their performance in university
examination’. We can go little beyond and study the cause and effect relationships
among variables. You may try to find out the causes of drop out among the rural
background students. For example, in human research, a descriptive research can
provide information about the naturally occurring health status, behaviour, attitudes
or other characteristics of a particular group.

16.  EX-POST FACTO RESEARCH –
1. It is used in social sciences and business organizations.
2. It is conducted in context of a phenomenon after it has
occurred or at the time of its occurrence.
3. It basically deals with non-manipulated variables of a
phenomenon.
 HISTORICAL RESEARCH –
1. It ¡s another dimension of descriptive research and
somewhat similar to ex post facto research.
2. It usually focuses on the historical aspect of an issue of
interest or problem.
3. Examples are growth of trade unions in India, evolution of
modern education system in India, etc.

17.  Analytical Research
1. In this method, the researcher uses facts or
information already available.
2. It attempts to make critical evaluation of
the material.
 Explanatory Research
Explanatory research attempts to answer how
and why between two aspects of a situation
or a phenomenon. For example, why
examination related stress leads to rote
learning?
Why and how stress leads to a heart disease?

18.  Classification Of Research On The Basis Of Process
 Quantitative Research
It is similar to Deductive Research. It is also termed as linear research as it
typically follows a linear path.
1. Stating with testable hypothesis
2. 2. Collection of data
3. 3. Analysing the data
4. 4. Accepting or rejecting the hypothesis.
Quantitative research is mostly associated with the positivist or post positivist
paradigm. It involves collecting and converting data into numerical form. We
can do statistical calculations and draw conclusions.
 Qualitative Research
1. This is basically an approach and not just a method to conduct research.
2. Qualitative research is basically inductive or spiral in nature and has a very
different structure. The researcher starts with a tentative idea or question
and these questions become more specific with progress in research. Then, a
pattern may emerge in research. Thus in qualitative research, one starts with
observation and ends with a theoretical position or stance. Thus, it is
inductive in nature, i.e., the research moves from specific to theory.

19. BHUMI DANGI
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