This presentation gives information about the classification of fingerprint that are useful in Forensic Investigation

1. Presented By
Bhupeshkumar M.V. Nanhe
Deptt. Of Criminology & Forensic Science,
Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar, (M.P.)

2. What is Fingerprints
 The reproduction of patterns of friction
ridges on the distal phalanges of fingers and
thumbs are called FINGERPRINTs.
 The scientific study of fingerprint is called
as Dactyloscopy.

3. Types of fingerprints
•Latent Fingerprints / Invisible
Fingerprint.
•Patent Fingerprint/Visible Fingerprint.
•Plastic Fingerprint

4. Patterns of Fingerprints
Arch
a) Plain arch
b) Tented arch
Loop
a) Radial loop
b) Ulnar loop

5. Whorl
a)Spiral whorl
b)Concentric whorl
Composite
a)Central pocket loop
b)Lateral pocket loop
c)Twin loop
d)Accidental

6. Primary Classification of
FINGERPRINTs.
This classification was given by Sir
Edward Richard Henry. This
classification also known as 10 Digit
classification.
 This classification is used for maintaining
the record of each and every criminal .

7.  To arrive at the Primary classification, first step will
be dividing the patterns into numerical and non-
numerical patterns.
Numerical Patterns :- Whorls & Composites
Non-numerical Pattern :- Arches & Loops
(If the pattern identified comes under the numerical pattern group then the
value assigned will be taken into account otherwise taken as ‘0’ )
Primary Classification of
FINGERPRINTs.

8.  Assign number to each fingers. Number starts from
right thumb to left little finger.
Primary Classification of
FINGERPRINTs.
RT 1 RI 2 RM 3 RR 4 RL 5
LT 6 LI 7 LM 8 LR 9 LL 10

9.  Pairing of two fingers and assign the numerical
values to the patterns.
Primary Classification of
FINGERPRINTs.
RT
16
RI
16
RM
8
RR
8
RL
4
LT
4
LI
2
LM
2
LR
1
LL
1

10. Formula for Primary classification :-
P.C. = sum of even no. of finger(s) +1
sum of odd no. of finger(s) +1
P.C. = 2 + 4 + 6 + 8 + 10 +1
1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 + 1
Primary Classification of
FINGERPRINTs.

11. Primary Classification of
FINGERPRINTs.
 For example :- we have the following pattern(s)
& their assigned numerical value(s).
1
W (16)
2
L (0)
3
A (0)
4
L (0)
5
W (4)
6
W (4)
7
L (0)
8
A (0)
9
L (0)
10
L (0)

12. Primary Classification of
FINGERPRINTs.
 P.C. = Numerator 2 (0) + 4 (0) + 6 (4) + 8 (0) + 10 (0) +1
Denominator 1(16) + 3 (0) + 5 (4) + 7 (0) + 9 (0) +1
= 0 + 0 + 4 + 0 + 0 + 1
16 + 0 + 4 + 0 + 0 +1
= 5
21
Maximum value :- 32/32 Minimum value :- 1/1

13. Given By- Hem Chandra Bose
Azizul Hague
Sir Edward Henry
It subdivides large group of classification of fingerprints
In this, the patterns which appears on index finger of both right and
left hand
are considered
 It consists of capital letter symbols for patterns of two index
fingers
The right index finger symbol should be taken at numerator &
the left one at denominator

14. The nine basic patterns on index fingers can
be-
Arch- a)Plain Arch(A)
b) Tented Arch(T)
Loop- a) Ulnar Loop(U)
b) Radial Loop(R)
Whorl(W)
Composite- a)Central pocket loop
b) Lateral pocket loop(S)
c) Twin Loop(S)
d) Accidental(X)

15. Formula:-
Secondary Classification=Right Index
Left Index
Example:-Consider, the pattern found on right index finger is whorl and
on left index finger is ulnar loop.
So, secondary classification for above example is,
S.C= RI
LI
= W
U

16.  It subdivides large group of fingerprint having primary and
secondary classification.
 This classification is applicable for whorl and loop patterns.
 It is represented by symbols I(Inner type), M(Meeting type),
O(Outer type) which are given to the Index, Middle and Ring finger
of right hand in numerator and same for left hand finger by
ridge tracing in loop .
 The symbols I, M & O are derived from the ridge tracing of
whorl appearing on Index, Middle and Ring finger.
 In case of loop pattern, Index, Middle and Ring finger are denoted by
I, M and R.

17. For index finger-
If the ridge count is :- 1 to 5, then I type
6 to 12, then M type
13 and above , then O type
For middle finger-
If the ridge count is :- 1 to 6,then I type
7 to 13, then M type
14 and above , then O type
For ring finger-
If the ridge count is :- 1 to 7, then I type
8 to 14, then M type
15 and above, then O type
SUB – SECONDARY
CLASSIFICATION

18. Formula:-
Sub-secondary classification = I M R (right hand)
I M R (left hand)
Example:-
Consider, for right hand ridge count for index finger,
middle finger and ring finger have ridge count 4, 9,
14 and for left hand ridge count for index, middle and ring finger
have ridge count 8, 18, 3
then,
SS.C = <I> <M> <R>
<I> <M> <R>
= I M M
M O I
M O I

20. FEATURES:
Most practical and accurate method of
handling single fingerprint.
Uses a special magnifying glass with a
recticles.
Chance prints found at crime scene can be
classified easily.

21. • Battley classification requires
use of magnifying lens
1. Reticule with a dot at its centre
2. Concentric circles around the dots
with radii of 3,5,7,9,11,13 and 15
mms.
3. Letters starting from A and reading
outwards mark the area of each circle.

22. Procedure:
 Prints of one finger are filed on 3”X5” sized card.
 Firstly, patterns are divided according to general
pattern types.
 Then they are subdivided according to Battley
classification.
 The magnifying glass is placed on the core of
the pattern and the area on which delta falls is
noted.

23. Limitations:
 This classification cannot be done for Arch pattern.

24. Question(s)????