Sociology Of Health And Illness

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Mike Harris

Education Health & Medicine Technology

Sociology of Health and Illness Sociological Perspectives for Health and Social Care 2008

HEALTH ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Illness, disease, sickness, the sick role ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Two different views of Illness ,[object Object],[object Object]

The biomedical model of health ,[object Object]

Biomedical model: Assumptions and criticisms ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Biomedical model ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

The social model of health ,[object Object]

The modern social model of health ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Problems of social models of health ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

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The basic sociological concepts and its relevance to health and nursing: • Definition of Social science/Sociology- pg 2 in Pretoruis & pg 3 in Du Toit • Sociologist- pg 8 in Pretoruis • Anthropology- pg 7 in Du Toit • Definition of a Social perspective- pg 10 in Du Toit • Sociological imagination- pg 9 in Du Toit. • Medical sociology. • Definition of Social interaction- pg 80 in Du Toit • Society- definition in Reader, characteristics, • Community- definition in Reader, characteristics, • Urban and rural communities (interaction and differences) • Social structures (Status: ascribed, achieved, master; Position and role: role set, role strain, role conflict)- pg 85 in Du Toit • Social groups- pg 125 in Du Toit • The family: functions pf 172, transformation, alternative forms, • Social institutions - pg 189 in Du Toit • Social stratification- pg 103 in Du Toit • Social relationships (Primary & Secondary relationship characteristics) - pg 96-98 in Du Toit

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EDITORIAL THE ETHICAL IMPLICATIONS OF THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH: A GLOBAL RENAISSANCE FOR BIOETHICS In this special issue, Bioethics explores the ethical issues that relate to the social determinants of health. As the articles demonstrate, the recognition that social factors help to determine a population’s health offers bioethics new challenges and new opportunities. With this recognition, fundamental bioethical concepts, such as causation, autonomy, rights, and justice, take on new meanings. Likewise, mainstay bioethical issues, including the equitable distribution of resources, the duties of pro- fessionals, and the conflict between paternalism and autonomy, become amenable to new perspectives. The realization that social forces help to determine health is hardly new. For millennia people have recog- nized a relationship between the social environment and disease. In the 19th century, sanitarians blamed the rampant filth of growing cities for the incessant outbreaks of disease. Later progressive reformers lambasted both poverty and poor working conditions for disease and premature death. The pioneers of epidemiology docu- mented these relationships. The field of bioethics has never been closed to such concerns. Since its inception in the 1960s and 1970s, however, bioethics has deployed much of its intellectual energy on the moral issues that relate to the development, distribution, and delivery of health care services. In so doing, the field reflected medicine’s eclipse of public health in the 20th century. As medicine became predomi- nant and illness became more and more amenable to individualized medical treatment, ethical discourse came to emphasize clinical encounters. At the same time, as disease and health increasingly came to be seen as result- ing from individual factors, individuals began to be viewed as morally culpable for both their illnesses and the impact of those illnesses on others. Not surprisingly, given the importance that bioethics placed upon individual patients and providers, autonomy surfaced as a key concern. In the early years bioethicists focused on the autonomy of patients. Following the lead of John Stuart Mill, bioethicists revealed the dangers of medical paternalism and explained why and how patient autonomy should be respected. In this they were highly successful, as informed consent became both widely regarded and legally established. Individual autonomy remained of paramount interest in the 1990s. By then, however, the concern widened to include the autonomy of physicians. At least within the USA, physicians criticized managed care for interfering with their ability to make decisions for their patients and infringing upon their professional autonomy. And throughout the developed world, as health care costs rose, market solutions were debated. Patients began to be viewed as ‘consumers’ of medical care instead of as patients in need of treatment and care. Not surprisingly, once patients were.

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Concept of health and disease (concept and definition of health,well being, illness,sickness and disease; philosophy of health; concept and definition of disease; changing concepts of health; dimensions of health; spectrum of health; iceberg phenomenon of disease; responsibility for health: Individual, community, state and international) Concept of causation (germ theory of disease; epidemiological triad; multi-factorial causation; web of causation; natural history of disease: pre-pathogenesis and pathogenesis phase)Determinants of health Prevention, its levels in line with phases of disease concurrent to natural history Concept of modes of intervention in different levels of prevention Burden of disease (concept of burden of disease; measurements used in burden of disease: DALY, QALY, YLL, YLD) Indicators of Health (Concept and characteristics of health indicator; Different types of mortality and morbidity indicators: mortality Indicators-crude death rate; age-specific death rate; infant mortality rate; maternal mortality rate and ratio; Morbidity indicators:

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