2. Introduction
Disposal of human excreta:
Safe disposal of excreta, so that it does not
contaminate the environment, water, food or hands,
is essential for ensuring a healthy environment and
for protecting personal health.
This can be accomplished in many ways, some
requiring water, others requiring little or none.
Regardless of method, the safe disposal of human
faeces is one of the principal ways of breaking the
faecal–oral disease transmission cycle. Sanitation is
therefore a critical barrier to disease transmission.
3. Extent of Problem
• Most of the people of rural
area use open field for
defecation. They are
ignorant that faces are
infectious and pollute
water and soil and
promote fly breeding. Thus
the problem of excreta
disposal is bound up with
numerous beliefs and
habits based on ignorance.
7. Human excreta is
source of infection it is
an important causes of
environmental
Pollution.
Every society has a
responsibility for its
safe removal &
disposal so that it does
not constitute a threat
to public health.
8. Methods of Excreta disposal
1) Unsewered areas
o Service type latrines (conservancy system)
o Non service type ( sanitary latrines)
o Latrines used for Camps & temporary use
9. 2) Sewered areas(water carriage system & sewage
treatment)
• Screening
• Removal of grit
• Plain Sedimentation
Primary
treatment
• Trickling filters
• Activated Sludge process
Secondary
treatment
11. Service type (conservancy System)
The collection & removal of nightsoil from bucket or pail
latrines by human agency is called service type or
conservancy system, and the latrines are called service
latrines.
The night soil is carried by
Soil Cart’ to the place of final
Disposal where it is disposed by:
1) Composting
2) Burrial in shallow trenches
12.
13. 2) Non Service type (Sanitary latrines)
• Borehole latrine
• Dug well or pit latrine
• Water seal type latrine
PRAI type
RCA type
Sulav sauchalaya
• Septic tank
• Aqua privy
14.
15. Borehole Latrines
• Borehole latrines are most appropriate in situations
where a large number of latrines must be constructed rapidly,
and where pits are difficult to excavate, either because of ground
conditions or the lack of a labour force.
•The borehole has a typical diameter of 400mm and a depth of 5‐
10m. At least the top 0.5m should be lined.
•Last for (a family of) 5 people for 2 years
16. Advantages :
The borehole can be excavated quickly;
Suitable in hard ground conditions and appropriate where
only a small workforce is available.
Constraints :
o Drilling equipment is required
o There is a greater risk of groundwater pollution due to gre
ater depth than pit latrines
o Lifespan is short sides are liable to be fouled causing odour
and attracting flies ,there is a high likelihood of blockages.
o
This option should ,only be considered in extreme conditions
when pit excavation is not possible.
17. Pit latrine (Dug Well Latrine)
The pit should be as deep as possible (
at least 2m in depth)
Covered by a slab.
If the soil is loose, at least the top 1m o
f the pit should be lined to prevent c
ollapse.
A squat or drop‐hole is provided in the
slab which allows excreta to fall directly
into the pit.
Firmly supported on all sides &raised
above the surrounding ground level to
prevent surface water entering the pit.
The superstructure can be made from
materials available locally.
18. Advantages:
It is cheap
Quick to construct
No water needed for
operation.
Constraints:
o It is unsuitable where
water‐table is high, soil
is too unstable to dig
or ground is very rocky.
o Often odour problems
19.
20.
21. Several designs have been tried and are in
use.
Important of these are those made by:
1)Planning Research and Action Institute
(PRAI), Lucknow
2)Research cum Action Project (RCA),
Ministry of Health.
The RCA latrine is widely in use.
22. Design of RCA latrines
The RCA latrine comprises of a squatting plate, made of
an impervious material like cement concrete
This is easy to clean and maintain.
Raised footsteps are included in the squatting plate
There is a pan directly underneath the squatting plate.
The pan receives the night soil.
Pan is connected to the trap, which is a bent pipe.
23. The trap holds water and serves as a water seal
The depth of the water seal is 2 cm.
The trap is connected to the pit through a
connecting pipe.
When the pit fills up another one can be dug up
and pipe may be accordingly shifted.
The pit can also be made directly underneath
the pan.
An appropriate superstructure can be made
24. Advantages of RCA Latrines
It is easy to maintain the latrine.
Latrine is hand flushed by pouring 1 to 2 lit of
water every time the latrine is used.
The squatting plate should also be washed clean eve
ry day.
Water seal prevents access to flies and avoids release
of odour.
25. Septic Tank
An ideal system for hygienic final disposal of excreta
in the absence of a central sewerage system.
Excreta from many pour‐flush latrines can be
discharged into a septic tank.
Designed to collect and treat excreta and toilet waste
water.
Use is likely to be appropriate where
the volume of wastewater produced is too large for
disposal in pit latrines.
water‐borne sewerage is uneconomic or unaffordable.
26. Particularly suited to systems involving high water
use especially where waste
is used for flushing and anal ‐cleansing.
Difficult to manage for very large populations
Best suited to single households or a group of hous
eholds or institution such as Hospitals, Schools
The efficiency of a septic tank system is inferior t
o the sewage works but is much cheaper, quicker
and easier to provide and maintain
than sewage works.
27. Sulav Sauchalaya
The concept was introduced by Dr. B. Dubey.
He modified the standard hand flush latrine to suit rural Indi
an community.
It consists of a specially designed pan and a water seal trap
It is connected to a pit 3x3x3 feet.
Minimal water is needed in the process.
The excreta gets decomposed to manure in the pit.
This provides clean and sanitary toilets to the users at a minim
al cost.
These are also maintained by the Sulabh International
society.
28. AQUA PRIVY
An aqua‐privy is a latrine constructed directly above a septic
tank.
Aqua‐privies are appropriate
where pit latrines are unacceptable.
The amount of water required for flushing is much
smaller than for a septic‐tank due to the location of the tank.
It helps to exclude odours from the superstructure.
Not more than four families per latrine.
• Advantages : Reduced odour,
Ideal where water is used for anal cleansing easy to Clean.
•Constraints:
Increased quantity of water required, solid anal
cleansing materials may cause blockages,more expensive and
difficut to construct than simple pit latrines.
29. Latrines suitable for Camps & temporary Use
• Shallow trench latrine
• Deep trench latrine
• Pit latrine
• Borehole latrine
37. ODF States of India :
Kerala,Sikkim,Haryana,HimanchalPradesh,Uttarakhand
38. Some campaigns Related to Safe excreta disposal
IN Nepal :
ODF(Open deification free)
as a Social campaign
39.
40. References
• K. PARK’S Textbook of Preventive and Social
medicine ,Page 563-570
• Dr. NAVPREET’S Presentation on Excreta disposal
Assistant Professor, Department of Community Medicine
Govt. Medical College & Hospital, Chandigarh.
• www. google.com
• www.googleimages.com
• National Sanitation and hygiene Master Plan
Nepal(pdf)
