The years from 1865-1895 saw many important developments in America following the Civil War. Some key events included the Bessemer process revolutionizing steel production, the publication of Darwin's theory of evolution, the establishment of the Buffalo Soldiers regiment, and the completion of the Transcontinental Railroad connecting the country. During this time period, many African Americans moved west in the Exodusters movement seeking freedom and land, while Native Americans faced increasing pressure to leave traditional lands. Industrialization and urbanization accelerated, leading to challenges like the rise of political machines, monopolies, trusts, and labor issues. Inventions like the telephone and portable cameras emerged, as did influential leaders like Booker T. Washington who sought economic opportunities for African Americans

1. The years of 1865-1895
1850’s- 1866
1859
1900
Bessemer Process- Social Darwism- Buffalo Soldiers-
Developed Published in 1859, Were members of
independantly by the book was on the the U.S. 10th Calvary
British manufacturer evolution of of regiment of the U.S.
Henry Bessemer and humans in society. army. Formed on
American iron maker Grew from Charles sept. 12, 1866 in
William Kelly around Darwin's theory. Kansas. Nickname
1850. This process Led to the idea that was given to negro
eventually made 90% of business success Calvary by the
the nations steel. Was and failure is by native Americans.
later replaced by the natural law.
open hearth process.

2. 1864 1866 1860’s+
Mug Wumps- Samuel Gompers- Socialism-
Republican party led the cigar makers economic
activist who bolted international union government system
from the U.S to join with other in which the
republican party by craft unions. Was government controls
supporting president of the AFL everything, from job
democratic worked for better profession to living
candidate Grover labor conditions quarters and even
Cleveland in the such as hours and wages.
election of 1864. pay. Were
successful in later
years.

3. 1862-1890 1862-1890 1876
Great Plains- Grassland
Homestead Act- Exodusters- African
extending through the west-
Congress passed this Americans who
central portion of the United
act which offered 160 moved from the post-
States. Highly developed
acres of land for free reconstruction South
to any free citizen or Native Americans lived in
to Kansas, took
these western plains.
intended citizen who advantage of the
Natives use to use this land
was head of the Homestead Act.
to hunt buffalo and trade
household. Over
goods made from the land.
600,000 families took
advantage of this
offer. Many were
exodusters.

4. Nov. 29, 1850-1871 1868-1881
1864
Sitting Bull-(Tatanke Lyotanka)
Sand Creek Massacre- Transcontinental Railroad-
Leader of the Sioux, Never signed
Cheynne returned to Government invested heavily in
the Treaty of Fort Laramie (said
Colorado’s Sand Creek Railroads, 170 million acres, half
the Sioux would live on a
reserve for the winter. a billion dollars. In the 1860’s 2
reservation along the Missouri
They thought the U.S companies began racing to race
river) The Treaty was eventually
Government was still track, one from the east and one
forced upon the leaders in 1868.
protecting them. from the west. Both companies
Other tribes signed the Treaty but
General S.R Curtis, Army reached Utah in the spring of
still expected to use their
Commander ordered 1869. 15 years later the country
traditional hunting grounds.
John Chivington to attack had boasted 5 transcontinental
Sitting Bull defeated General
the Natives. Killed over railroads.
Custer at thh Battle of Little Big
150 inhabitants, mainly
Horn. In 1881 he was killed by
women and children.
police after resisting arrest.

5. 1870’s 1870’s 1870’s
Graft- The illegal Kickback- Illegal Political Machines-
use of political payments for their Organization that
influence for services from the controlled the
personal gain. companies. The activities of a
Political persons workers/companies political party in a
began to scam would “kickback” city. Also offered
companies harshly. these portions of services to the
income. voters, and
businesses in
exchange for
political or financial
support. Political
Machines began
during the Civil War.

6. 1870’s 1870’s 1870’s+
Monopoly- Complete John D. Rockefeller- Trusts- People in a
control over and became a billionaire trust agreement
industry’s production, through trust turned their stock
wages, and prices. agreements. He over to people in a
The steel and oil eventually gained group of trusties-
company’s at this complete control of people who ran
time were the oil industry. He separate companies
monopoly's. gained this control by as one large
selling oil for less cooperation. In
than it cost to return the companies
produce, then when were entitled to divide
he gained complete the profits earned by
control he raised the trusts. Trusts were
prices super high. not legal mergers.

7. 1874-1876 1874 1870’s
George Armstrong Battle of Little Big Longhorns- were
Custer- Colonel, in Horn- This is where sturdy, short
1874 he reported General Custer was tempered breeds
the Black Hills had defeated by Sitting accustomed to the
gold “from the grass Bull. Battle only dry grasslands of
roots down.” He lasted an hour, none Southern Spain.
was defeated early of Custer’s men They were raised by
in June, 1876 at survived. The Spanish for food and
Little Big Horn River Natives knew Custer later Americans
by many Native was coming so they raised them for food.
Tribes including prepared, that’s why This was the
Sitting Bull. they were victorious. beginning of
cowboys and the
first masses of food.

8. 1870’s 1862- 1880’s
1890’s+
Long Drives- Overland Homesteader- Soddy- A sod
transport that lasted Settlers on the free home, often made
about 3 months. Typical land given to them freestanding houses
drive consisted of 1 by the Homestead by stacking blocks of
cowboy for every 250- Act. Only about prairie turf. Were
300 cattle, A cook who 10% of the land was warm in the winter
drove the chuck wagon actually settled by and cold in the
and set up camp, and a families in need, summer. Offered
wrangler who cared for most of is was used little light or air and
extra horses, also a trail for business. were heaven to
boss who earned over snakes and little
$100 negotiating with insects. Were
settlers and Natives. fireproof but leaked
badly when it rained.

9. 1867- 1870’s 1886
1870’s
Oliver Kelly- Started Grange- National Farmers Alliance-
the patrons of Organization of Organized by R.M.
Husbandry. An farmers started by Humphrey in 1886, in
organization for Oliver Kelly. Original Houston Texas. Members
farmers that became purpose was to be a in the colored alliance had to
popularly known as social outlet and work separately from this
the grange. provide an alliance to avoid violence.
educational forum Some accepted blacks,
for isolated farm many did not. Group
families. They later worked mainly against the
spent most of their Railroads because of the
time fighting against high prices for transport.
the Southern
Railroads.

10. 1880’s-
1876 1876
1890’s
Thomas Edison- A Alexander Ghram Andrew Carnegie-
pioneer who Bell- Revealed the He created the
established the telephone to the Carnegie’s steel
worlds first research world. Him and his industry which
laboratory in Menlo parter finally made produced more steel
park, New Jersey. communication than any British
There he perfected across the nation company. He gained
the incandescent light almost instant. control of the steel
bulb, and later a industry by vertical
power plant that integration. 1901 he
produced and controlled almost the
distributed power. entire industry.

11. 1879 1880 1880’s+
Dumbbell Jacob Rii’s- Urbanization-
Tenements- Also Described the growth of cities,
called the old law conditions of the mostly in regions of
tenements called sweaters working n the Northeast and
dumbbell tenements the tenements. Mid-west. This
after the slope of a There were no lunch growth was mainly
dumbbell. The or dinner breaks, the caused by the
narrow wasted slope workers ate while overflow of
of a dumbbell. Built they worked, the immigrants entering
in N.Y after the days were extremly the country.
tenement act of long, 10-12 hours.
1879, before the N.Y
state tenement.

12. 1881 1892 1895
Booker T. Ida B. Wells- W.E.D. Du Bois
Washington- Became an editor of -First African
African American a paper in Memphis. American to receive
educator , believed Three of her friends a doctorate from
that racism would were killed, she Harvard. Founded
end when blacks believes they were the Niagara
could prove to be killed because they movement, which
skilled workers and were black and insisted that blacks
skilled in society. wealthy. should seek a
Was born a slave, Liberal arts
later became the education so that
head of the state of African Americans
Alabama. can become well
educated leaders
and supported civil
rights for blacks.

13. 1880’s 1881 1888
Fredrick Law Booker T. George Eastman-
Olmsted- Washington- Invented the first
Landscape architect, African American portable camera’s
helped draw upon a educator that that anyone could
plan for believed racism buy and use. He
“greensward” which would end once released his first
was selected to blacks acquired Kodiak camera in
become central useful labor skills 1888, cost 25$ and
park, in N.Y. city. and proved their had 100 pictures
He later designed economic value to worth of film.
many other area’s of society. Was later
St. Louis and head of the
Boston. University of
Alabama.

14. 1890 1890 1890
Sherman Anti-Trust Vaudeville- Theatre Collective
act- Made it illegal where many Black Bargaining-
to for trusts that performers Negotiation between
inferred with free entertained representatives of
trade between states audiences here. labor and
or with countries. Shows initially management, to
This law was poorly enforced racism, but reach written
defined and poorly later became normal agreements on
enforced. theatres. wages, hours, and
working conditions.

15. 1890’s 1890 1890’s
Settlement House- Jane Adams- One Urbanization-
Community centers of the most Growth of cities,
in slum influential members mostly in regions of
neighborhoods that of the improvement the northeast and
provided assistance of settlement Midwest. This
to people in the houses. Founded growth was mainly
area, especially the Locust caused by the huge
immigrants. settlement house in flow of immigrants
Settlement workers Hampton, Virginia. into the country.
lived in the houses Was the first
to understand the settlement for
problems first hand. blacks.

16. 1892 1890’s 1890’s+
Scab- Ellis Island- Place in Melting Pot- Mixture
Strikebreakers, used N.Y where of people of different
to help keep immigrants had to cultures and races
companies operating go to gain who blended togther
without strikes citizenship. 20% of by abandoning their
ruining companies immigrants were native languages
profits. held for more than a and cultures. Many
day, only 2% of refused to give up
these people were their cultures. As
sent home. more immigrants
entered the country,
the hatred for them
increased.

17. 1850’s- 1866
1859
1900
Bessemer Process- Social Darwism- Buffalo Soldiers-
Developed Published in 1859, Were members of
independently by the book was on the the U.S. 10th Calvary
British manufacturer evolution of of regiment of the U.S.
Henry Bessemer and humans in society. army. Formed on
American iron maker Grew from Charles sept. 12, 1866 in
William Kelly around Darwin's theory. Kansas. Nickname
1850. This process Led to the idea that was given to negro
eventually made 90% of business success Calvary by the
the nations steel. Was and failure is by native Americans.
later replaced by the natural law.
open hearth process.

18. 1896 1896 1896
William McKinley- William Jennings Bryan- Cross of Gold
Republican party stated Former Nebraska Speech- Speech
the gold standard and congressmen, editior of the delivered by William
nominated McKinley for Omaha World Heralds. Jennings. Said that
president. Had millions of Delivered the cross of gold men would not be
funds backing him unlike speech at the Democratic crucified by gold.
his opponent. Spoke on convention. He won the He rejected making
his front porch while other Democratic nomination, gold our money
spread his word. Got 7 populist liked him but not standard.
million votes to 6.5 million. his V.P.. His funds and
The East and Middle support was no match for
west carried him to McKinley.
victory.

19. 1900 1900 1909
Patronage- The Civil Service- Orville and Wilbur
giving of gov. jobs to Government Wright- Were
people who helped a administration. bicycles
candidate get Reformers began to manufacturers from
elected, known as press for the Ohio. Experimented
the spoil system. elimination of with new engines
patronage. Believed strong enough to
government jobs carry objects
should go to through the air.
qualified people. They first built a
glider, then a
biplane. Their first
successful flight was
in Kitty Hawk N.C.

20. 1870’s 1877 1870’s
Literacy test- used Grandfather Clause- Segregation-
in the south mainly Used by southern separation of Blacks
towards African states, stated that and whites in public
Americans to restrict even if a man failed and private facilities.
their voting rights. the literacy test or Later known as the
Blacks were asked could not afford the Jim Crow Laws
more difficult poll tax, he was still named after a
questions that entitled to vote if his famous song at the
whites. father or grandfather time. Southern
had been eligible to states enforced
vote before January these laws strongly.
1, 1867.

21.  All images are from the Library of Congress.