What is Thalassemia and Types of Thalassemia? Thalassemia is an inherited blood disorder characterised by low haemoglobin (Haemoglobin is an iron rich protein present within the Red Blood Cells of the body. Haemoglobin is responsible for carrying oxygen to all parts of the body). http://www.bmthospitalindia.com/Pediatric-Thalassemia.html